Test Bank for E Marketing 7th Edition by Strauss and

Frost ISBN 9780132953443

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CHAPTER SIX
E-MARKETING RESEARCH

Multiple Choice

1. Knowledge management is the process of managing ________ of information.

a. creation
b. use
c. dissemination
d. all of the above
(a; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)

2. A complete marketing knowledge database includes all the data about ________.
a. customers
b. prospects
c. competitors
d. all of the above
(d; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)

3. Which of the following is not a part of the marketing information system?

a. assessing information needs
b. gathering information
c. manipulating information to align with the company’s vision
d. dissemination information to marketing decision makers
(c; Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)

4. Internal records ________.

a. focus entirely on customer characteristics and behavior
b. are generally under the control of the marketing department
c. can provide marketers with information about sales and inventory movements
d. are of little importance to marketers
(c; Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)

5. Secondary data ________.

a. are generally more costly to acquire or generate than primary data
b. are always publicly generated and available
c. are almost always derived from surveys and focus groups
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 d. can be collected more quickly and less expensively than primary data
(d; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)

6. Primary data ________.

a. are gathered for the first time to solve a specific problem
b. can be collected online using focus groups, observation, interviews and survey research
c. are more expensive and time consuming than secondary data collection
d. all of the above
(d; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)

7. All of the following are true of data mining except ________.

a. It focuses on human-made data rather than nature
b. It can utilize cross-sell data
c. Its major task is to single out online opinion leaders
d. Evolutionary programming is a sophisticated form of data mining
(c; Difficult; LO3; Use of Information Technology)

8. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of online focus groups as compared to

traditional focus groups?
a. online focus groups can accommodate only 4 to 8 participants
b. nonverbal communication is lost
c. there is a problem of authenticity
d. some participants can be more influenced by opinions of other participants
(d; Moderate; LO3; Analytic Skills)

9. Response rates for e-mail surveys are best when respondents ________.
a. are called by a third-party research organization
b. use spam filters
c. are members of special interest lists
d. none of the above
(c; Moderate; LO2; Analytic Skills)

10. ________ is/are the biggest disadvantages of online survey research?

a. Sample representativeness and measurement validity
b. Rising cost of online surveys
c. Response time of those who complete questionnaires online
d. Data entry errors
(a; Difficult; LO3; Analytic Skills)

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11. Which of the following is not of ethical concern regarding survey research on the Internet?
a. respondents are increasingly upset at getting unsolicited e-mail for online surveys
b. some researchers harvest e-mail addresses from forums without permission
c. opt-in communities usually cost the client firms more than traditional methods
d. user data is relatively easy and profitable to sell, although many users prefer that it be
kept private
(c; Difficult; LO3; Analytic Skills)

12. Client-side data collection involves ________.

a. collecting data about consumers navigation and click behavior at a web site
b. collecting information about consumer surfing from the user’s computer
c. using cookies to manage e-commerce tools, such as shopping carts
d. all of the above
(b; Difficult; LO5; Analytic Skills)

13. Data warehouses are repositories for ________.

a. marketing data
b. current customer data
c. accounting data
d. the entire organization’s historical data
(d; Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)

14. Data mining allows marketers to uncover data patterns that can help them ________.
a. refine marketing mix strategies
b. identify new product opportunities
c. predict consumer behavior
d. all of the above
(d; Easy; LO5; Analytic Skills)

15. Customer profiling can aid in all of the following except ________.
a. increasing direct mailing costs by targeting high-response customers
b. selecting target groups for promotional appeals
c. understanding the important characteristics of heavy product users
d. directing distinctive cross-selling activities to particular customer segments
(a; Difficult; LO4; Analytic Skills)

16. RFM analysis scans the database for all of the following criteria except ________.
a. relevancy
b. recency
c. frequency
d. monetary value
(a; Easy; LO6; Analytic Skills)

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17. ________ can perform all data mining, customer profiling, and RFM analysis at any time
through access to the data warehouse and distribute results to appropriate staff members.
a. IT personnel
b. Individual marketing personnel
c. Data warehouse consultants
d. Transaction processing databases
(b; Difficult; LO6; Analytic Skills)

18. ________ are two metrics currently in widespread use for knowledge management?
a. Return on Investment (ROI) and Total Quality Management (TQM)
b. Return on Assets (ROA) and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
c. Return on Investment (ROI) and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
d. Return on Assets (ROA) and Total Quality Management (TQM)
(c; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)

19. The internet is fertile ground for primary data collection because of ________.
a. clickstream data collection
b. electronic data interchange
c. declining cooperation from consumers using traditional approaches
d. increasing payments to research subjects
(c; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)

20. Bar code scanners, credit card terminals, and manual computer entry by retail clerks
represent various forms of ________.
a. virtual space data collection
b. real-space primary data collection
c. Catalina marketing
d. all of the above
(b; Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)

True/False

21. Information overload is a reality for consumers and marketers alike.

a. True
b. False
(a; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)

22. Computers and the internet create knowledge, but people are the enablers of learning.
a. True
b. False
(b; Difficult; LO2; Analytic Skills)

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23. U.S. agencies collect more data than governments in other countries, but they do not
disseminate as much.
a. True
b. False
(b; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)

24. The internet is a consistent source of high quality, reliable information.

a. True
b. False
(b; Difficult; LO2; Analytic Skills)

25. Experimental research attempts to test cause-and-effect relationships.

a. True
b. False
(a; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)

26. In-depth interviews are better conducted in person than over the Web.
a. True
b. False
(a; Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)

27. Marketers cannot draw a specific probability sample of internet users because a list of all users
does not exist.
a. True
b. False
(a; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)

28. Although Really Simple Syndication (RSS) is a powerful information sharing tool, it is limited
because users cannot subscribe to it.
a. True
b. False
(b; Difficult; LO4; Use of Information Technology)

29. Data mining involves the extraction of hidden predictive information in large databases
through statistical analysis.
a. True
b. False
(a; Easy; LO6; Analytic Skills)

30. Marketing research is relatively inexpensive.

a. True
b. False
(b; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)
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31. It is mandatory that e-marketers know the techniques (e.g., algorithmic objectives) that
search engines use to direct users to Web sites in order to create effective Web sites.
a. True
b. False
(b; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)

32. In judging information quality on the Web, e-marketers should not be seduced by good
design.
a. True
b. False
(b; Easy; LO2; Analytic Skills)

Essay Questions

33. What are the most important inclusions in a marketing knowledge database?
 Data about customers
 Prospects
 Competitors
 Analyses and outputs based on the data
 Access to marketing experts
(Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)

34. Compare and contrast primary and secondary data.

 Secondary Data
a. Information not collected to solve a specific problem
b. Collected more quickly
c. Less expensive
d. May not meet the meet the e-marketers needs
e. No control on quality of the information
f. Can be out dated
 Primary Data
a. Information collected to solve specific problem
b. Time consuming
c. More expensive
d. Directed to meet the e-marketers needs
e. Marketers controls the quality
f. Proprietary
g. Data is current
(Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)

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35. What can e-marketers learn about internet users through content analysis?
 Consumer characteristics (e.g., Facebook profiles)
 Customer preferences (e.g., company and competitor site traffic and Twitter streams)
 Brand images (e.g., product review and rating sites and Google group discussions)

36. What are the ethical concerns facing online marketing research and how do they affect data
collection?
 Unsolicited e-mail requests, which can lead to negative responses
 Harvesting of e-mail addresses without permission, can lead to negative response or
low response rate
 Conduct “surveys” for the purpose of building a database for later solicitation. Lead
to lower response rates
 Issue of privacy of data. Result of lower response rates.
(Moderate; LO2; Analytic Skills)

37. List and define the four types of analysis of data from a data warehouse that e-marketers can
use?
 Data Mining – extraction of information in databases to find patterns in the data to
predict future behavior
 Customer Profiling – Uses data warehouse information to help marketers understand
characteristics and behavior of specific target markets
 RFM Analysis- Reviews database for individual customer information for recency (last
purchase; LO1; Analytic Skills), frequency (how often have purchases been made; LO1;
Analytic Skills) and monetary (amount of money spent on product purchases; LO1;
Analytic Skills)
 Report Generation – regular generated reports that marketers specify the information
that appears in these reports
(Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)

38. Identify 3-4 different kinds of primary data collection methods that can be implemented on
the Internet.
 Online experiments
 Online focus groups
 Online observation
 Online survey research (e-mail or Web)
(Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)

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39. What is a citizen journalist?
 An internet user who contributes her/his perspectives on a topic or issue by posting
content (e.g. text, music, photos) to blogs, forums, and web sites without editorial review
or oversight.
(Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)

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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
ornament; but the main figures and general design have perished.
The walls of the opposite chamber were never cased with marble, so
that the pilgrims were able to leave here the same tokens of their
visits as they left at St. Sixtus’. The graffiti are of the same general
character, but of a somewhat later date; the old forms of prayer have
disappeared; most of the names and inscriptions are in Latin; and
among the few that are Greek, there are symptoms of Byzantine
peculiarities.
The chief object of interest, however, now remaining in these
chambers is the epitaph which stands in the middle of the smaller
room. Of course, this was not its original position; but it has been so
placed, in order that we may see both sides of the stone without
difficulty, for both are inscribed. The stone was originally used for an
inscription in honour of Caracalla, belonging to the year 214. The
Christian inscription on the other side professes to have been set up
by “Damasus, Bishop, to Eusebius, Bishop and Martyr,” and to have
been written by Furius Dionysius Filocalus, “a worshipper (cultor)
and lover of Pope Damasus.” But it is easy to see at a glance that it
never was really executed by the same hand to which we are
indebted for so many other beautiful productions of that Pope. At
first, therefore, and whilst only a few fragments of this inscription had
been recovered, De Rossi was tempted to conjecture that it might be
one of the earliest efforts of the artist who subsequently attained
such perfection. At length, however, the difficulty was solved in a
more sure and satisfactory way. A diligent search in the earth with
which the chamber was filled brought to light several fragments of
the original stone, on which the letters are executed with the same
faultlessness as on the other specimens of its class. The visitor to
the Catacombs may see them painted, in a different colour from the
rest, in the copy of the epitaph which De Rossi has caused to be
affixed to the wall; and he will observe that amongst them are some
letters which are wanting in the more ancient copy transcribed on the
reverse of Caracalla’s monument. It is clear that the original must
have been broken in pieces, by the Lombards or other ancient
plunderers of the Catacombs, and that the copy which we now see is
one of the restorations by Pope Vigilus or some other Pontiff about
that time (page 47). The copyist was so ignorant that he could only
transcribe the letters which were on the spot before his eyes, and,
even when he was conscious that a letter was missing, he could only
leave a vacant space, being doubtful how it should be supplied.
Witness the space left for the first letter of Domino in the penultimate
line of the inscription, and the word in altogether omitted in the third
line.

“Heraclius forbad those who had fallen away [in times of

persecution] to grieve for their sins.
But Eusebius taught those unhappy men to weep for their crimes.
The people are divided into parties; fury increases;
Sedition, murder, fighting, quarrelling, and strife.
Presently both [the Pope and the heretic] are exiled by the cruelty
of the tyrant,
Although the Pope was preserving the bonds of peace inviolate.
He bore his exile with joy, looking to the Lord as his Judge.
 And on the shore of Sicily gave up the world and his life.”

Having sufficiently considered the form of the inscription, let us

now say a few words about its substance, which is important,
because it restores to us a lost chapter of Church history. Every
student knows how keenly contested in the early ages of the Church
was the question as to the discipline to be observed towards those
Christians who relapsed into an outward profession of Paganism
under the pressure of persecution. There were some who would fain
close the door of reconciliation altogether against these unhappy
men (miseri), whilst others claimed for them restitution of all
Christian privileges before they had brought forth worthy fruits of
penance.
The question arose whenever a persecution followed after a long
term of peace; for during such a time men’s minds were specially apt
to decline from primitive fervour, and the number of the lapsed to
increase. We are not surprised, therefore, to find the question
agitated during the persecution of Decius in the middle of the third
century. There is still extant a touching letter, written to St. Cyprian
by the clergy of Rome at a time when the Holy See was vacant after
the martyrdom of St. Fabian, which clearly defines the tradition and
practice of the Church. In it they say that absolution was freely given
to those of the lapsed who are in danger of death, but to others only
when wholesome penance has been exacted; and they declare that
“they have left nothing undone that the perverse may not boast of
their being too easy, nor the true penitents accuse them of inflexible
cruelty.” The same question arose under the same circumstances in
the persecution of Diocletian. Pope Marcellus was firm in upholding
the Church’s discipline, but he was resisted with such violence that
public order was disturbed in the city by the strife of contending
factions, and the Pope was banished by order of the Emperor
Maxentius. This we learn from another inscription of Pope Damasus,
who says that he wrote it in order that the faithful might not be
ignorant of the merit of the holy Pontiff. Eusebius was the immediate
successor of Marcellus, and the epitaph now before us is clearly a
continuation of the same history, ending in the same punishment of
the Pope, as the reward of his contention for the liberties of the
Church. For it should be remembered that these Popes were driven
from their see and died in exile, not because they refused to
apostatize, but because they insisted on maintaining the integrity of
ecclesiastical discipline. They may justly be reckoned, therefore,
among the earliest of that noble army of martyrs, who, from those
days even to our own, have braved every danger rather than
consent to govern the Church in accordance with other than the
Church’s rules.
It yet remains to make two further remarks upon the epitaph of
Pope Eusebius before we leave it. The first is, that he is called a
martyr, though it nowhere appears that he really shed his blood; but
this is by no means the only instance in which the title of martyr is
given in ancient documents to men who have suffered for the faith
and died whilst those sufferings continued. And secondly, it is to be
observed that although we have no record of the translation of the
body of St. Eusebius from Sicily to Rome, there is no reason to
doubt the fact. All the earliest monuments speak of him as buried in
a crypt of the Cemetery of St. Callixtus, and although the law forbad
the translation of the bodies of those who had died in exile unless
the emperor’s permission had been previously obtained, the old
lawyers tell us that this permission was freely given. Numerous
examples teach us the great anxiety of the ancient churches to have
their bishops buried in the midst of them; no doubt, therefore, the
necessary permission was asked for, as soon as a change in the
imperial policy towards the Church made it possible; and the body of
St. Eusebius was recovered and brought to Rome soon after his
death, just as that of one of his predecessors, St. Pontian, had been
brought from Sardinia by St. Fabian.
 CHAPTER IV.
THE TOMB OF ST. CORNELIUS.

We have not promised to conduct the visitor to everything that is

worth seeing in this cemetery, but only to enumerate and explain the
principal monuments of historical importance which every stranger
usually sees. And the only specimen of this class which remains to
be spoken of is the tomb of St. Cornelius, which lies some way off. In
order to reach it we must traverse a vast network of galleries, narrow
and irregular, connecting what were once independent cemeteries,
or at least were areæ added at various times to the Cemetery of
Callixtus. If our guide is not in too great haste, he may allow us to
step aside into two or three chambers by the way, in which are
certain objects of interest worth looking at. The first is a long
inscription belonging to the last decade of the third century, in which
the Deacon Severus records that he has obtained leave from the
Pope Marcellinus to make a double chamber, with arcosolia and a
luminare, in which himself and his family may have quiet graves
(mansionem in pace quietam). This is in the third area of the
cemetery, next to the area in which we visited the crypt of St.
Eusebius.
In the adjoining area, and belonging probably to the same date, is
a very curious fresco, much damaged by having been cut through for
the sake of making a grave behind it, yet still easily distinguishable in
all its main features. The Good Shepherd occupies the centre of the
painting. On either side is an apostle, probably SS. Peter and Paul,
hastening away from Christ, Who has sent them to go and teach all
nations. These are represented by two sheep standing before each
of the apostles; and over their heads hangs a rock, whence pour
down streams of water, which the apostles are receiving in their
hands and turning on the heads of the sheep. We need no special
explanation of this; we have already learnt that the Rock is Christ,
and that the waters represent all Christian graces and sacraments.
But what is worth noticing in this picture is the various attitudes of the
sheep, and the corresponding distribution of the water. A perfect
torrent is falling on the animal that stands with outstretched neck and
head uplifted, drinking in all he hears with simplicity and eagerness;
whilst another, which has turned its back upon the apostle, is left
without any water at all. Of the other two, one is standing with head
downcast, as if in doubt and perplexity, and upon him too grace is
still being poured out more abundantly than upon the fourth, which is
eating grass, i.e., occupied with the affairs of this world.
On the right hand side of this arcosolium are two representations
of Moses; in the one he is striking the rock, and one of the Jews is
catching some of the water which gushes forth; in the other he is
taking off his shoes, preparing to obey the summons of God, who is
represented by a hand coming forth from the cloud. The painting on
the other side of the arcosolium is even more defaced than that in
the centre. A large semi-circular recess has been cut through it, and
then the smoke of the lamp which burnt in this recess during the
fourth and fifth centuries has almost obliterated the little that
remained of the figure of our Lord. He stood between two of His
apostles, who are offering Him bread and fish, and six baskets of
loaves stand on the ground before them.
And now we will not linger any more upon the road, but follow our
guide, who hurries forward along the intricate passages until he
lands us at last in an irregularly shaped space, illuminated by a
luminare, decorated with paintings, and bearing manifest tokens of
having been once a great centre of devotion. There is the pillar to
support the usual vessel of oil or more precious unguents to be burnt
before the tomb of the martyr; and hard by is a gravestone let into
the wall with the words Cornelius Martyr, Ep.
The stone does not close one of the common graves such as are
seen in the walls of the galleries or of the cubicula, neither is the
grave an ordinary arcosolium. The lower part of it, indeed, resembles
an arcosolium inasmuch as it is large enough to contain three or four
bodies, but there is no arch over it. The opening is rectangular, not
circular, and yet there is no trace of any slab having been let into the
wall to cover the top of the grave. It is probable, therefore, that a
sarcophagus once filled the vacant space, and that the top of this
sarcophagus served as the mensa or altar, an arrangement of which
other examples have been found.
But how came Pope Cornelius to be buried here, and not with his
predecessors in the Papal Crypt? He was Pope, a.d. 250, between
Fabian and Lucius, both of whom were buried, as we have seen, in
that crypt. It is to be observed, however, that Cornelius is the only
Pope, during the first three centuries, who bore the name of a noble
Roman family; and many ancient epitaphs have been found in the
area round this tomb, of persons who belonged to the same family. It
is obvious, therefore, to conjecture that this sepulchre was the
private property of some branch of the Gens Cornelia. The public
Cemetery of St. Callixtus may have been closed at this time by order
of the Government; but even without such a reason, it may have
been the wish of the family that the Pope should not be separated in
burial from the rest of his race. The same circumstance would
account for the epitaph being written in Latin, not in Greek, for many
of the old patrician families clung to the language of their forefathers
long after the use of Greek had come into fashion; and this departure
from the official language of the Church (for such, in fact, Greek
really was at that time) is quite of a piece with the preference of the
domestic to the official burial-place.
But whatever may be the true explanation of these circumstances,
the fact is at least certain that Cornelius was buried here; and above
and below the opening of his tomb are fragments, still adhering to
the wall, of large slabs of marble, containing a few letters of what
were once important inscriptions. The upper inscription was
unquestionably the work of Damasus. The letters of the lower,
though closely resembling the Damasine type, yet present a few
points of difference—sufficient to warrant the conjecture of De Rossi
that they were executed by the same hand, but with slight variations,
in order to mark that it belonged to another series of monuments. We
subjoin a copy of both inscriptions, in the form in which De Rossi
believes them to have been originally written. In the first inscription
the difference of type will distinguish the earlier half of each line,
which is a conjectural restoration, from the latter half which still
remains in situ; and in estimating the degree of probability of the
restorations, the reader should bear in mind two things: first, that the
Damasine inscriptions were engraved with such mathematical
precision that no emendations are admissible which would materially
increase or diminish the number of letters in each line; and secondly,
that whereas Damasus was in the habit of repeating himself very
frequently in his epitaphs, several of De Rossi’s restorations are
mere literal reproductions of some of his favourite forms of speech.
Had the following epitaph been found in some ancient MS., and
there attributed to Pope Damasus, we are confident that no critic
would have seen reason to doubt its genuineness:—

ASPICE, DESCENSU EXSTRUCTO TENEBRISQUE FUGATIS,

CORNELI MONUMENTA VIDES TUMULUMQUE SACRATUM.
HOC OPUS ÆGROTI DAMASI PRÆSTANTIA FECIT,
ESSET UT ACCESSUS MELIOR, POPULISQUE PARATUM
AUXILIUM SANCTI, ET VALEAS SI FUNDERE PURO
CORDE PRECES, DAMASUS MELIOR CONSURGERE
POSSET,
QUEM NON LUCIS AMOR, TENUIT MAGE CURA LABORIS.

“Behold, a new staircase having been made, and the darkness

put to flight,
You see the monuments of Cornelius and his sacred tomb.
This work the zeal of Damasus has accomplished, at a time when
he was sick;
That so the means of approach might be better, and the aid of the
saint
Put more within the reach of the people; and that if you pour forth
prayers
From a pure heart, Damasus may rise up in better health;
Though it has not been love of life, but rather anxiety for work,
that has retained him in this life.”

The second inscription De Rossi would restore as follows:—

SIRICIUS PERFECIT OPUS,
CONCLUSIT ET ARCAM
 MARMORE, CORNELI QUONIAM
PIA MEMBRA RETENTAT
—that is to say, he supposes that, Damasus having died, his
successor Siricius completed the work that had been begun, and,
furthermore, strengthened the wall which enclosed the tomb of St.
Cornelius with this very thick slab of marble—a work which may
have been rendered necessary by the alterations already made by
Damasus. Of course, these restorations of the mutilated inscriptions
must always remain more or less doubtful, for we fear there is no
chance of any other fragments of the original ever coming to light.
We publish them under the same reserve with which he himself
proposes them, as at least approximations to the truth. He says that,
without daring to affirm their literal correctness, there are certainly
strong reasons for believing that they exactly reproduce the sense of
the original.
This same tomb of St. Cornelius will supply us with an example of
De Rossi’s power of happy conjecture, confirmed with absolute
certainty by subsequent discoveries. He had often publicly
expressed his confident expectation of finding at this tomb of St.
Cornelius some memorial of his cotemporary, St. Cyprian. These two
saints were martyred on the same day, though in different years; and
their feasts were, therefore, always celebrated together, just as they
are now, on the 16th of September, all the liturgical prayers for the
day being common to both. Now, De Rossi had found in one of the
old Itineraries, to whose accuracy of detail he had been greatly
indebted, an extraordinary misstatement, viz., that the bodies of both
these saints rested together in the same catacomb, whereas
everybody knows that St. Cyprian was buried in Africa. He
conjectured, therefore, that the pilgrim had been led into this blunder
by something he had seen at the tomb of St. Cornelius. On its
rediscovery, the cause of the error stands at once revealed.
Immediately on the right hand side of the grave are two large figures
of bishops painted on the wall, with a legend by the side of each,
declaring them to be St. Cornelius and St. Cyprian.
On the other side of the tomb is another painting, executed in the
same style, on the wall at the end of the gallery: two figures of
bishops, again designated by their proper names and titles. Only one
of these can now be deciphered, s̅c̅s̅ xustus p̅p̅ r̅o̅m̅, i.e., Pope
Sixtus II., of whose connection with this cemetery we have already
heard so often. The other name began with an O, and was probably
St. Optatus, an African bishop and martyr, whose body had been
brought to Rome and buried in this cemetery.
These paintings are manifestly a late work: perhaps they were
executed in the days of Leo III., a.d. 795-815, of whom it is recorded
in the Liber Pontificalis, that “he renewed the Cemetery of Sts. Sixtus
and Cornelius on the Appian Way;” and the legend which runs round
them would have a special significance as the motto of one who had
been almost miraculously delivered out of the hands of his enemies
by the Emperor Charlemagne. It is taken from the 17th verse of the
58th Psalm: “Ego autem cantabo virtutem Tuam et exaltabo
misericordiam Tuam quia factus es et susceptor meus.”... “I will sing
Thy strength, and will extol Thy mercy, for Thou art become my
support.” Of course, this had not been the earliest ornamentation of
these walls. Even now, we can detect traces of a more ancient
painting, and of graffiti upon it, underlying this later work. The graffiti
are only the names of priests and deacons, who either came here to
offer the holy sacrifice, or perhaps to take part in the translation of
the relics: “Leo prb., Theodorus prb., Kiprianus Diaconus,” &c.
We are drawing very near to the end of our subterranean walk:
indeed, the staircase which is to restore us to the upper air close to
the very entrance of the vineyard is immediately behind us, as we
stand contemplating the tomb of St. Cornelius. Nevertheless, if we
are not too weary, nor our guide too impatient, we should do well to
resist the temptation to escape, until we have first visited two small
chambers which are in the immediate neighbourhood. They contain
some of the most ancient specimens of painting to be found in the
whole range of the Catacombs. The ceilings are divided into circles
and other geometrical figures, and then the spaces are filled up with
graceful arabesques, birds, and flowers, peacocks, and dancing
genii. It was the sight of such paintings as these which led the
Protestant writer quoted in a former chapter to express an opinion
that, on first entering some of the decorated chambers in the
Catacombs, it is not easy to determine whether the work is Christian
or Pagan. Here, indeed, the Good Shepherd in one centre and
Daniel between two lions in the other soon solve the doubt; but all
the other details and the excellence of their execution may well have
suggested it. No one can doubt that the paintings belong to the very
earliest period of Christian art, when the forms and traditions of the
classical age had not yet died away.
In the first of the two chambers we are speaking of, there is
nothing special to be seen besides the ceiling; but the second and
more distant is more richly decorated. Here, two sepulchral
chambers open one into the other: over the doorway which admits to
the inner vault is represented the Baptism of our Lord by St. John:
He is coming up out of the water and the dove is descending upon
Him. On the wall opposite to the entrance is that fish carrying the
basket of bread and wine that has been already described (page 81).
On the wall to the left is a pail of milk standing on a kind of altar
between two sheep, and we know from St. Irenæus and from some
of the earliest and most authentic acts of the martyrs that milk was
an accepted symbol of the Holy Eucharist. Opposite to this are
doves and trees, which are often used as types of the souls of the
blessed in Paradise. Thus, on one side we have the faithful on earth
standing around the Divine food which prepares for heaven; and on
the other, souls released from the prison of the body have flown
away and are at rest, reposing amid the joys of another world; so
that it would almost seem as though the same sequence of ideas
presided over the decoration of these chambers, as was certainly
present to the minds of those who designed the ornamentation of the
sacramental chambers in the Cemetery of St. Callixtus (page 84).
And now at length we must conclude our visit to St. Callixtus. We
fear that we have already enumerated more than can be seen with
advantage during the course of a single visit; yet it is worth an effort
to see it all, because it includes monuments which illustrate nearly
every century of the period during which the Catacombs were used.
It is for this reason that a visit to St. Callixtus is so singularly
valuable, whether it be intended to take this cemetery as a sample of
all, or only to use it as an introduction to others. Those who propose
to pursue the subject further would do well to visit next the Catacomb
of SS. Nereus and Achilles, which lies at no great distance, off the
Via Ardeatina; then the Cemetery of Pretextatus on the other side of
the Via Appia; and finally, the Cœmeterium Ostrianum on the Via
Nomentana. When these have been carefully examined, there will
still remain many interesting monuments, of considerable historical
importance, in other less famous cemeteries; but enough will have
been seen to give an excellent general acquaintance with the main
characteristics of Roma Sotterranea.

PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.

EDINBURGH AND LONDON
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A VISIT TO
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