TH 20°" CENTURY ARCHITECTS AND THEIR LANDMARK PROJECTS HACE HARRISON WITH LE COBUSIER ‘© Design the United nation secretariat of 1950 «The first strong statement of the new office building from 39 stories of green-tinted glass. 1. MIES VAN DER ROLE; Style ~ Classicism 1886-1969 ¢ Built the SEAGRAM’S BUILDING in new york in 1958 «The last word in tall building printy and precision in amber and bronze materials © Mater piece of marble, chrome and grey glass «Design chair, stool and glass topped table © Classical works © Seagram building Apartment house ‘¢ Use of steel and glass ‘* Details, materials and other the product of industrial design MIES VAN DER ROHE 1886-1969 — style- classicism «Never went to an arch. School but was an apprentice to local architects In 1908, joined the office of Peter Behrens © Use of steel and glass and the products of industrial design © Disciplined details © Expert use of materials «Passion for order, precision, rational Master piece of marble, chrome, and grey glass «Designed chair, stool and glass topped table, open planning, partitions, free-flow of space CLASSICISM; metal, glass, marble Rational © Formal * Perfection ¢ Refinement of portion © Logical structure that in clearly revealed ‘© Highly proponent - MiesVan Der Rohe 2. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT - 1959 ‘* Greatest architect of the 20" century © Style; humanism * Deviated from eclecticism for; individualism 4a. Scanned with CamScannervvvv? vvvvv ary Never showed much interest in skeleton construction Had little use for classification forms A master of planning, an imagination of space Individualism —deviate from eclecticism Pioneered use of cantilever Open-planning, free flow of space Use of site materials not disturbing site e.g. Kaf man House- fowling water Works; these include Kanf man house [falling water] Larkin house Robie house Johnson house Gugenhein and Taliesin museums Wright, Frank Llyoyd Studied engineering 1885-7 at the university of Wisconsin in Madison worked for Allen D conover and later practiced in the firm of John Lyman silebee, Sullivan and Dankmar, Adler the followed the organic ideal in Architecture Characteristics of his style ‘©The over hanging roofs «The emphasis placed on horizontal The fascination and proetry of addictive and interlocking of forms Some of His works include; Larlan Building, Buffalo N.Y (1904-5) Unity Church, Oak park [1905-7] Kaufmann House [falling water ] Near mill Run [1935-9] Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York [1935-9] «Taliesin west, near Scottsdale, Arizona (1937] 3, WALTER GROPIUS Bauhaus school [one of the most important movement of the 20" century] Teaching of art and craft to meet new technology Emphasized basic design, purism and functionalism: Non dependence on the past Stabilized system of teaching in the field of art and design Work; FAGIN FACTORY OF 1911 Collaboration of art and craft in one hand, trade and industry in the other hand Two dominant principles = Standardization through the manchine a2 Scanned with CamScannereee eee "Design through collaboration Demonstrated with great scientific rationalism ‘The worshops were cantilevered out over the lower floor and Completely wrapped by glass curtain walls Fulfillment of new space conceptions and the Organization of volumes into a unified composition \Waltare Gropius was born in Berlin on 19" may 1883. Gropius's father was also an architect. He studied architecture in Munich and Berlin. He joined the practice of Peter Betweens at AEG after graduation. He was the founder of Bauttaus — a school of arts and crafts opened in 1919, His Works; © Fagus factory at Alfeld [1911] * Deutscherwerkbund exhibition, Cologne [1914] 4. LE COBUSIER Use of pilotis or split Building independent from ground Wall free from structural skeleton leading to freely composed facade Roof gardens Modular system based in human dimension Faronred built ~ in furniture Master of concrete Cubism and expressionist Works; Villa savoire Chapel of Rochanp Swiss dormitory — Paris Chandigarh town planning Le Corbusier Pseudonym of Charles EdouardJeanneret. [1887-1965] was the dominant figure internationally inn modern architecture from 1920-1960. He developed his practical and artistic skills at the arts and crafts school in La Chaux-de-funds. Appreticeship under Augusteperret and Peter Behrens. Modulur-a system of propotions way the human figure as its basis His works 1. Monastry of steMaric-de-la-Tourette [1957-60] . Villa savoye, Poissy [1929 - 34] 3, Cite de Refuge, Paris [1932-3] xv 43 Scanned with CamScanner: Fa 's the famous for his five points of ne architecture. tre — Dame -. du-Haut, Ronchamp [1950-4] Pg 109 The Pilotis * Roof terraces © Free Plan * Continuous Horizontal window Strips * Free Farcade Composition Common Diclum The house is a manchine - rationality in plan, functionality 5. Zaha Hadid An Iraq Architect based in London. She was involved in the design of the Mill Done in Year 2000 and in presently involved in the reconstruction of Mecca 6. Gehry Frank O Born in Toronto 1929. Studied at the university of southernCalifonia in Los Angeles and at Harvard University He is Famous for his ‘no rules’ Architecture Examples of His Works are 1, Stata Centre — Massachusetts institute of Technology 7. THOMAS JEFFERSON To him a knowledge of arch was essential for the education of every gentlemen an the proper guid for young America was Roman arch In design of building, generally practical and rentional Completely taken with the classic examples he had studied in Europe Often he would ransack palladio’s books searching for joist the ‘right’ facade for his blogs 8. SIR NORMAN FOSTER OF FOSTER ASSOCIATES London Born in Manchester in 1935. He studied at the university of Manchester and at Yale University. Foster himself and eight other architect in chosing his wife Foster in one of the most important representatives of an architecture based on modern technology [high tech] His Work 1. The Sainsbury centre visual centre visual arts university of East Anglia hear Norwich [1978] 2. Headquarters of Hongleong and Shangai Banking Corporation in Hong-Kong, 3. Willis, Faber and Dumas Administration building Ipswich [1975] 9. LOUIS SULLIVAN Scanned with CamScannerng the architect who most exemplified the spirit of the Chicago school, High rise ilding works; * Wain wright building in St. Louis [n0 apology for taliness} + Auditorium building in Chicago + Transportation Building Verticality with uninterrupted piers Form follow function ARCHITECTURAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT AND STYLES 1. CLASSICISM [classical architecture] © Very precise rules about Proportion Details and Presidents, called Palladianism, A stylistic cleaning after Baroque exuberance Stereo metrically pure forms such as i. The cone fi, Cube iil, Pyramid iv. Sphere f. Sparse decoration or sometimes completely avoided g. The orders, if used, were structural fh. Arational and formal style in which perfection and refinement of proportion in paramount i. Structure is logical and clearly revealed j. The details are elegant and highly refined k. Chief proponent was Mies Van Der Rohe |. Materials used are often hand and reflective such as metal, glass, and marble m. 2. Humanism Romantic in nature # Based upon a complex interplay of 3-dimensional space Natural setting and natural materials emphasized © The structural frame is generally covered and de-emphasized 45 Scanned with CamScannerww | © Articulation of form © Free flow of space HUMANISM - Frank Lloyd wright © Romantic in nature * Based upon complex interplay of 3 dimensional space ‘* Natural setting and natural materials emphasized while the structural frame in generally covered and de-emphasized © Articulation of form f © Freeflow of space © Frank Lloyd wright 3. Romanticism * Rebellion against the up limes of industrialism © Enthusiasm for nature © Reaction against reason, pretension and skepticism * Anorganic architecture © ROMANTICISM: © Originated in England © It was a reaction against the industrial revolution which also had its origin in England ‘© Industrial revolution started and developed after the discovery of the steam engine by James watt, a Scotsman in 1769 later became the way out of the consignment problem of the industrial revolution; © Romanticism —a rebellion against the ugliness of industrialism and commercialism + Itexpressed a new enthuncism for nature and «© Areaction against reason, pretention, and skepticism © An organic architecture ~ being at one with nature «Romanticism And gothic forms because the solution; gothic style in English country homes, belongs to Horace Walpole e.g. his strawberry hill near London in 1750 © This because the great period of eclecticism 4, Eclecticism ‘© Freedom to select from among the styles of the part «Frequent mixing of elements of the style with those of another «Battle of styles © Egyptian hospital builtin Virginia, a Chinese temple in New York, e.tc. 46 Scanned with CamScannerECLECTICISM i.e freedom to select from away the style of the past, Frequently A mixing of element of one style with those of another After the functional and structural request of a design has been satisfied, the architect was ‘commissioned to provide a facade choosing from a norman castle, a renaissances palace Temple in even an oriental mosque Structure that were majorly important for the engineering concepts were built As in Europe, one revival let to another in America, until the resulting eclecticism became known as the ‘battle of styles’ these were the days when an Egyptian hospital was built in virgina, a chinese temple in N.Y e.t.c. GEORGISM Developed in England in the 18" century Transferred into America by colonists This was through building mannals, carpenters, hand books and architectural textbook The sophisticated stone details in the England type was reproduced in wood, often eitha high degree of quality ‘Symmetrical, with 4 room in each of two storeys and each room had its non fire-place Plastered ceilings, wood paneled walls ECLECTICISM In both librarieslight and airy reading and stacks room requirement were met not in any other material but successfully eith iron columns and arches though no great developments in creative energy yet there were three in the 2nd half of the 19" century in the 2 half of the 19" century, there are whole decades in d arch work of sign. ECLECTICISM CONTROL HENRY HOBSON RICHARDSON Henry Hobson Richardson, shortly after the civil war , to answer the U.S after being one of the first American to study at Ecole des Beanx Arts in Paris Won the competition for the trinity church in Boston Later developed the Richardson Romanesque with follow every city His master piece - the Marshall field war home in Chicago where He composed on honest skeleton of masonry piers and are relying on mass and the vertical rthython of windows for exter intel The two of Americas most unique architectural contribution The ballon frame and the sky scraper The ballon frame — directly connected with America’s industrialization ‘The principle involves thin plates and studys held together only by in constraist to the traditional and expensive mortised and tenon joint a7 Scanned with CamScanner‘Smooth flat plain undecorated surface [often painted white] The complete elimination of all mouldings and ornaments * Flat roofs * Large expenses of glass held in steel frames {curtain wall] * Very free planning made possible by the adoption of steel framed or concrete roof and slab construction - steel cage * Cantilever principle, over hanging floors, supporting columns 8. The Ecole Des Beaux Arts The famous school of design in Paris Rigidly emphasized the historic styles Towards the middle of the 19h century, Henri Labrouste, an architect of rare vision, ‘employed iron for the family of the bibliotequeSte-Genreviere in Paris. A few years later, the biblotequenationale{this full potential master piece) 9. ART NOUVEAN [started in Belgium also one of the centre industrialization) Started with the disaffection of John Ruskin and with morws with the machine age Then in the 1890's Henri Van de Velre and victor horta searched for a new honesty ~a new morality in artistic expression Hortas’s experiments with flexible and free curving forms, all reacted closely to forms found in nature Concentrated principally on the decorative arts. Fantastic architecture ‘movement developed along the line e.g church of agradafamila, handi Undertaking lines of sea weed to floors, walls, ceiling, and stair rail. |. Berjim Bird's Nest . Burj Khalifa . The Architecture of Constantinople THE SKYSCRAPER IN 1850 Elisha Graves developed the first practical elevation Subsequent improvement in his design concided directly with each increase in building height If the elevator made the skyscraper practical, metal construction made it possible Lery Buffington designed the first skyscraper which was built 49 Scanned with CamScanner* Therefore the honour falls on William leBaron Jenney who actually built his Home Insurance Co. building Chicago in 1883, * _Jenney was regarded as the founder of the Chicago school that innovate the set the pace for inventive and direct office structures during the close of the 19" century ‘Three great development in structural theory based directly upon sclentific thinking = The enclosure of great areas In the Crystal palace = The spanning of great distance in the Brooklyn Bridge = The reaching of great height In the Effel Tower ‘THE CRYSTAL PALACE [Joseph Paxton, designer] * Constructed in London for the Great Exhibition of 1852 * Conceived to show the progress of man in the 19™ century © Itbought together under the roofdisplay from all over the world © Joseph Paxton Was an English horticulturist ‘© The palace bought him knighthood, a parliament seat, and world fame ‘¢ After 230 designs had been submitted and rejected # Inccast iron and glass, a light and airy structure of great beaty and many extraordinary features © Designed in 9 days «The first prefabricated as well as the first demountable building of modern times ‘¢ The largest building the world has ever seen 18arcres of woofed space enclosing nearly a million square feet Erected in five months ‘Perfectly fireproof system of construction ‘¢ Nothing but iron and glass, neither of which will burn; but meet ‘¢ This precisely happen in 1937 when it was destroyed by an intense 20min fire THE BROKLYN BRIDGE [John Roebling a youngGerman] «He perfected both cable and bridge to obtain greater spans ‘* Asuspended tension structure which has never been surpassed and only rarely equaled Questions 1. Write a short note on Arc Charles EdouardJeanneret i. Telling me characteristics of their design ii, Stating at least 3 of their works and ili, Sketching of one of them. 50 Scanned with CamScanner