Writing a literature review on nutrition during pregnancy is a complex and demanding task that

requires a deep understanding of the subject matter, as well as the ability to critically analyze and
synthesize a wide range of scientific studies and data. The process involves extensive research across
various databases, journals, and publications to identify relevant studies, followed by a careful
evaluation of the methodologies, findings, and conclusions of these studies to provide a
comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the topic.

The challenges of writing such a literature review are manifold. Firstly, the researcher must have a
solid background in both nutrition and pregnancy-related health issues to accurately interpret the
scientific literature. This includes understanding the specific nutritional needs during pregnancy, the
impact of nutrition on both maternal and fetal health, and the potential risks and benefits of various
dietary patterns and interventions.

Secondly, the sheer volume of existing research on nutrition during pregnancy can be overwhelming,
making it difficult to identify the most relevant and high-quality studies. Researchers must also
navigate the complexities of different research designs, methodologies, and statistical analyses used
in nutrition studies, which can vary widely and affect the interpretation of results.

Additionally, synthesizing the findings from diverse studies into a coherent literature review requires
strong analytical and writing skills. The reviewer must be able to draw connections between studies,
identify patterns and discrepancies in the literature, and present the information in a clear, organized,
and accessible manner. This often involves distilling complex scientific concepts and data into
language that can be understood by a wider audience, including healthcare professionals,
policymakers, and the general public.

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Dairy products: Dairy foods such as milk, cheese, fromage frais and yoghurt are important because
they contain calcium and other nutrients that your baby needs. Young people must arrive at the
reproductive period in their lives literate in the basics of nutrition and health and valuing their health
as an important personal resource. Green Leafy Vegetables: Green leafy vegetables contain many
protective components that help to keep us healthy, especially during pregnancy. India’s maternal
and infant mortality rates in rural areas are among the highest in the world. Preconception Peer
Educators University of Delaware 2013. This guide is motivated by the need for all health care
providers to put into action that which is agreed to be desirable—the inclusion of nutritional care in
comprehensive health care. Low birth weight (LBW, newborns weighing less than 2500?g at birth) is
a significant global health problem and a major underlying cause of perinatal mortality and
morbidity. Numerous authors support the opinion that the lack of obligatory quality control of food
supplements is associated with many low-quality products which could have harmful health effects.
High-dose calcium, zinc or long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation and nutritional education
decreased the risk of PTB. Sushi: Its fine to eat sushi and other dishes made with raw fish when
you're pregnant as long as the fish used to make it has been frozen first. Data from reviews were
independently extracted by two authors using a predesigned data extraction form. No other part of
this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form
of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise
copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the
purposes of official use by the U.S. Government. Caffine: High levels of caffeine can result in babies
having a low birth weight, which can increase the risk of health problems in later life. Have a
balanced diet: To include wholegrain, vegetables, nuts, seeds, fruit, fish and lean meet. 2.Drink well:
Adequate fluid intake of 2-3 litres per day Avoid fizzy drinks, fruit juices, tea and coffee. 3.Take
supplements: Ensure an adequate intake of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids. Reviews
where the study population comprised women with singleton and multiple pregnancies were only
included if data were presented separately. Yet many women still receive little guidance regarding
maternal nutrition. You may also eat healthy snacks in order to get the required nutrients. The lack of
proper nutrition or irrational use of dietary supplements may have deleterious effects on both the
mother and the developing fetus. Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil-transmitted
helminths during pregnancy. Vitamin C Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with
other micronutrients compared with placebo, no placebo or other micronutrients was assessed in one
review that included 29 RCTs and quasi-RCTs randomising 24?300 pregnant women. 45 No
significant differences in PTB, SGA or IUGR could be found between groups. Lack of vitamin D in
pregnant women may lead to rickets, type 1 diabetes, and schizophrenia in children. The following
paper illustrates the interdependent relationship between proper nutrition and adequate exercise in
order to achieve balance directed towards optimum body function. Finally, it is desirable to resolve
the conflicting results of the effect of maternal protein intake on milk. As in those IOM reports, the
focus is primarily on healthy women. Dietary Reference Intakes: (DRI) is a set of nutrient reference
values. Vitamin E Twenty-one RCTs and quasi-RCTs randomising 22?129 pregnant women living in
areas with inadequate vitamin E intake or areas with presumed adequate intake were included in this
review. 46 Any vitamin E supplementation did not reduce PTB, SGA or IUGR. Folic acid: Folic
acid: All women who could get pregnant are advised to take a 400 microgram folic acid tablet every
day, though some women with conditions including diabetes and epilepsy need a higher 5mg dose,
which can be prescribed by your GP. Nutritional guidelines known as MyPyramid for Moms Grains
Vegetables Fruits Milk Products Meat and Beans. In conclusion, here we presented a comprehensive
compilation of mostly nutrition-specific and some nutrition-sensitive interventions aimed to reduce
LBW. The World Health Organization recommends that a pregnant woman eat a minimum of 75
grams of protein per day.
Each woman starts off their pregnancy at a different weight and BMI. Based on current evidence,
especially MMN supplementation and preventive antimalarial drugs during pregnancy may be
considered for policy and practice. Deficiency of this vitamin or milk restriction in pregnant women
may lead to smaller babies (that is babies with lower birth weight). No effects on PTB were seen in
both interventions and LBW was not assessed. Although most Teenage Pregnancies are
unintentional. Less clear effects of deficiencies of zinc, copper, magnesium and selenium have been
reported. Avoid the caffeine that is present in soda or coffee. Yet the use of this guide is only one
step in promoting optimal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. For this reason, the nutrition of
the mother is important from before conception (probably several months before) as well as
throughout pregnancy and breast feeding. Food in this group contains important nutrients such as
iron, zinc, calcium, and various vitamins. Health Talk on ANC Diet vies in Lesson Plan Format use
for OBG Assignment sub. Extreme underweight or overweight Nutritional status Environmental
toxins Elevated plasma homocysteine and deficiency of vitamin B 12 Excessive caffeine intake.
Marine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-
eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction. The risk of listeria is much higher with cheeses such as
camembert, brie or chevre (a type of goat's cheese) and others with a similar rind, or pate, which you
shouldn't eat during pregnancy. This article aims to review nutritional requirements during pregnancy
and focus on the consequences of improper nutritional intake. Pregnant women should avoid raw or
uncooked eggs and liver products. The optimized intake of microelements and vitamins could be
beneficial and even prevent common pathological conditions which frequently occur during
pregnancy. A healthy mom and healthy baby is the goal for every pregnancy. Another review
investigated the effect of zinc supplementation in adolescent pregnancy from five RCTs involving
1855 adolescent pregnant women. 34 Oral zinc supplementation reduced the likelihood of LBW by
61%, but no significant difference in PTB was observed. In many situations, people who use
marijuana regularly claim that it has none of the long-term side effects of alcohol and that its short-
term use creates a very different “high” than alcohol use, leaving the user more open and relaxed and
less confrontational. These. Having a glass of skim milk and a small portion of a sandwich is one
such example. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. Citrus
fruit varieties such as grapes, guava, strawberries, oranges, kiwis, tomatoes, melons, mangoes,
lemons, potatoes, and peppers should also be consumed during pregnancy. It can harm the nervous
system of the unborn baby, so always check before you eat. Single most important requirement
Baby’s growth and development depend on nutrients from mother. Extreme underweight or
overweight Nutritional status Environmental toxins Elevated plasma homocysteine and deficiency of
vitamin B 12 Excessive caffeine intake. She has completed the Nutrition And Healthy Living Cornell
Certificate Program, Cornell University, US. Design a creative an effective strategy to improve the
health of our campus community and help achieve a Health Campus 2010 objective. Vitamin A
supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes. Each question is answered
as yes (clearly done), no (clearly not done), cannot answer or not applicable.
We categorised similar interventions together creating nine groups: supplementation with vitamins,
minerals, MMNs, proteins, marine oil and fatty acids, nutritional education, reduced salt intake,
deworming and preventive antimalarial drugs. We limited the control group to placebo, no
intervention or absence of the intervention. Extreme underweight or overweight Nutritional status
Environmental toxins Elevated plasma homocysteine and deficiency of vitamin B 12 Excessive
caffeine intake. First, the identification of normative values for nutritional status should be based on
observations of representative, healthy, lactating women in the United States. In this, the Institute
acts under both the Academy's 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser to the
federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues of medical care, research, and
education. Dried fruit contain more sugar) Wheat: Bread is a good source of carbohydrates, provided
it is wholemeal. Nutritional guidelines known as MyPyramid for Moms Grains Vegetables Fruits
Milk Products Meat and Beans. Folic acid is an important nutrient for pregnant mothers. Another
review compared pregnancy outcomes of 18?587 randomised women from 25 RCTs receiving oral
calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) with women receiving
placebo or no treatment. 28 No statistically significant group differences were observed for LBW,
PTB or IUGR. Freezing kills the worms and makes raw fish safe to eat. Carbohydrates: Slow burning
(complex carbohydrates) such as oats, whole-wheat, brown rice provide energy for a longer period.
Therefore, pregnant woman should consume up to four servings of these vegetables each day. Some
nutrition problems require the expertise and skills of a registered dietitian or a nutritionist; these are
indicated in appropriate places in the guide along with questions other care providers should ask to
help them to identify nutritional problems. We encourage all members of the health care team,
especially nurses and physicians, to become more involved in providing nutritional care from
preconception through the postpartum period. Go for options like leafy greens, berries, citrus fruits,
carrots, and bell peppers. You don't need to cut out caffeine completely but don't have more than
200mg a day. Yet many women still receive little guidance regarding maternal nutrition. We intended
to summarise the evidence from multiple systematic reviews and to our knowledge, this is the first
overview review focusing on nutrition interventions to prevent or reduce the risk of LBW. Your
doctor will be able to tell you how much weight you should gain during your pregnancy and how
many calories you should be consuming each day. Conclusion: It was concluded that antenatal multi-
micronutrient supplementation (Folic acid, Iron, Calcium and Vitamin D) had a significant positive
effect on pregnancy and its outcome. Download Free PDF View PDF Nutritional Management for
Pregnant Women-an extended role of Pharmacist Munira Momin Download Free PDF View PDF A
REVIEW ON SUPPLEMENTATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND ITS EFFECT ON
PREGNANCY OUTCOME Journal ijmr.net.in(UGC Approved) Background: Pregnancy is one of
the most important periods in life when increased micronutrients needed by the body; both for the
health and well-being of the mother and for the growing fetus and newborn child. No other part of
this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form
of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise
copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the
purposes of official use by the U.S. Government. Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary
salt, or high intake, in pregnancy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, states that there’s
no safe level of alcohol during pregnancy. Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally
peer reviewed. Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. 4 million neonatal deaths: when. In this
unit, you will read about the nutritional requirements of women during pregnancy and lactation, the
adverse consequences of under-nutrition and the intervention strategies aimed at minimizing if not
eliminating these adverse effects. KdSL (all), AD (half) and OOB (half) screened studies for
eligibility. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 1999; 3. 42. ? Salam RA, Haider BA, Humayun Q, et al.
For many years, Save the Children published the Mother’s Day Report Card which includes data on
the health of women and children worldwide. Dairy products: Consume dairy products such as milk,
cheese, and yogurt to ensure you get enough calcium and other essential nutrients.