UNIT SEVEN

PIPELINES AND WELDING TECHNOLOGY

‫االنابيب وتقنية اللحام‬
Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes which are usually buried. The
oil is moved through the pipelines by pump stations along the pipeline.

‫ٕرمً إٌفػ خالي‬٠ .‫ذذفٓ ذذد عطخ اٌرشتح‬ٚ ‫الر‬ٛ‫ ِادج اٌف‬ٚ‫ة إٌفػ ػادج ِٓ اٌثالعره ا‬١‫ذرُ صٕاػح أات‬
.‫ب‬ٛ‫ي االٔث‬ٛ‫ غ‬ٍٝ‫اعطح ِذطاخ ظخ ػ‬ٛ‫ة ت‬١‫االٔات‬

Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material, such as natural gas or oil,

pose special safety concerns and there have been various accidents. Pipelines can
be the target of vandalism.

ِٓ ‫ح‬١‫لائ‬ٚ ‫ش‬١‫ ذرطٍة ذذات‬ٟ‫اٌر‬ٚ ‫ إٌفػ‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ ِصً اٌغاص اٌطث‬،‫االشرؼاي‬ٚ ‫اد لاتٍح ٌالٔفجاس‬ِٛ ً‫ة تٕم‬١‫َ االٔات‬ٛ‫ذم‬
.‫ة ِصذس ٌٍذِاس‬١‫ْ االٔات‬ٛ‫ ِٓ اٌّّىٓ اْ ذى‬. ٗ‫ػ‬ٕٛ‫ادز ِر‬ٛ‫ٕاٌه د‬ٙ‫ِغ رٌه ف‬ٚ ‫ع خاص‬ٛٔ

Oil pipelines are made with inner diameter typically from 4 to 48 inches (100 to
1,220 mm). Most pipelines are typically buried at a depth of about 3 to 6 feet (0.91
to 1.83 m).

‫ْ ػادج‬ٛ‫ة ذى‬١‫ ِؼظُ االٔات‬. )ٍُِ 1,220 ٌٝ‫ ا‬100( ‫ أج‬48 ٌٝ‫ ا‬4 ٓ١‫اح ِا ت‬ٚ‫رش‬٠ ‫ة ػادج تمطش‬١‫ذصٕغ االٔات‬
.)َ1.83 ٌٝ‫ ا‬0.91( َ‫ لذ‬6 ٌٝ‫ ا‬3 ٓ١‫اح ِات‬ٚ‫ٔح ذذد اٌرشتح تاػّاق ذرش‬ٛ‫ِذف‬

To protect pipes from impact, abrasion, and corrosion, a variety of methods are
used. These can include wood lagging (wood slats), concrete coating, rock shield,
high –density polyethylene, imported sand padding, and padding machines.

. ‫ػٗ ِٓ اٌطشق‬ٕٛ‫ػح ِر‬ّٛ‫اٌصذأ ذغرخذَ ػادج ِج‬ٚ ً‫ اٌراو‬،‫ح‬١‫ة ِٓ اٌّؤششاخ اٌخاسج‬١‫ح االٔات‬٠‫ِٓ اجً دّا‬
ٓ١ٍ١‫ اش‬ٌٟٛ‫ ِادج اٌث‬،‫ح‬٠‫ط صخش‬ٚ‫ ذش‬،ٟ‫ح (ششائخ ِٓ اٌخشة) غالء اعّٕر‬١‫اصي اٌخشث‬ٛ‫ذشًّ ٘زٖ اٌطشق اٌؼ‬
.‫ح‬١‫االخ ذذش‬ٚ ‫ح‬١ٍ‫ح داخ‬١ٍِ‫اخ س‬ٛ‫ دش‬،‫ح اٌىصافح‬١ٌ‫ػا‬

1
Welding technology of pipelines
‫تقنية لحام االنابيب‬
‫تقتقتقنية‬2
The most widely used welding processes rely on fusion of the components at
the joint line. In fusion welding, a heat source melts the metal to form a bridge
between the components. Welding is used because it is (1)one of the most cost-
effective methods of joining metal components, (2)suitable for thicknesses ranging
from fractions of a millimeter to a third of a meter and, (3) versatile, being
applicable to a wide range of component shapes and sizes.
ٟ‫ ف‬.‫ اٌخػ اٌّشرشن‬ٟ‫ٔاخ ف‬ٛ‫اس اٌّى‬ٙ‫ أص‬ٍٝ‫اعؼح ػ‬ٚ ‫سج‬ٛ‫ ذغرخذَ تص‬ٟ‫اخ اٌٍذاَ اٌر‬١ٍّ‫ذؼرّذ ػ‬
ٚ‫ٓ اٌؼٕاصش ا‬١‫ ساتػ ت‬ٚ‫ٓ جغش ا‬٠ٛ‫ تاراتح اٌّؼذْ ٌرى‬ٞ‫َ اٌّصذس اٌذشاس‬ٛ‫م‬٠ ‫اس‬ٙ‫ االٔص‬ٍٝ‫اٌٍذاَ اٌمائُ ػ‬
‫ ستػ‬ٟ‫ح اٌىٍفح ف‬١‫ح ِٓ ٔاد‬١ٍ‫ادذج ِٓ اٌطشق االوصش فاػ‬ٚ ‫) ذؼذ‬1 ( ‫ح‬١ٌ‫غرخذَ اٌٍذاَ ٌالعثاب اٌرا‬٠ .‫ٔاخ‬ٛ‫اٌّى‬
،‫ شٍس اٌّرش‬ٌٟ‫ا‬ٛ‫ د‬ٌٝ‫ّرش ا‬١ٌٍٍّ ‫شج‬١‫ٓ االجضاء اٌصغ‬١‫ح ِات‬ٚ‫ عّاوح ذرشا‬ٞ‫) ِالئّح ال‬2( ،‫ح‬١ٔ‫اٌؼٕاصش اٌّؼذ‬
. َ‫االدجا‬ٚ ‫اعغ ِٓ االشىاي‬ٚ ٜ‫ ِذ‬ٍٝ‫ا ػ‬ٙ‫م‬١‫ّىٓ ذطث‬٠ ‫) ِرؼذدج االعرخذاِاخ‬3(

The main welding process used to install the pipelines is manual welding
with coated electrode, which, thanks to its ease and versatility, is still the one most
used. However, to limit costs and increase welding productivity, particularly on
long routes, various constructors have adopted the semi-automatic or completely
automatic welding process with solid wire or wire flux coated with gaseous
protection.
‫س‬١‫ تااللطاب اٌّغٍفٗ د‬ٞٚ‫ذ‬١ٌ‫ اٌٍذاَ ا‬ٟ٘ ‫ة‬١‫ة االٔات‬١‫ ذٕص‬ٟ‫ح اٌّغرخذِح ف‬١‫غ‬١‫ح اٌٍذاَ اٌشئ‬١ٍّ‫اْ ػ‬
.‫ا الصاٌد االوصش اعرخذاِا‬ٙٔ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ا ِرؼذدج االعرؼّاالخ ف‬ٙٔٛ‫ٌى‬ٚ ‫ا‬ِٙ‫ٌح اعرخذا‬ٛٙ‫مٗ ٌغ‬٠‫زٖ اٌطش‬ٌٙ ً‫د اٌفع‬ٛ‫ؼ‬٠
ِٓ ‫ذ‬٠‫ لاَ اٌؼذ‬،ً٠ٛ‫ اٌط‬ٜ‫ اٌّذ‬ٍٝ‫ص ػ‬ٛ‫تاٌخص‬ٚ َ‫ح اٌٍذا‬١‫ادج أراج‬٠‫ص‬ٚ ‫ذ اٌىٍف‬٠‫ِٓ اجً ذذذ‬ٚ ،‫ح داي‬٠‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬ٚ

2
 ‫ االعالن‬ٚ‫ٕح ا‬١‫ ذغرخذَ االعالن اٌّر‬ٟ‫ح اٌر‬١‫ى‬١‫ِاذ‬ٛ‫ذ‬ٚ‫ اال‬ٚ‫ح ا‬١‫ى‬١‫ِاذ‬ٛ‫ذ‬ٚ‫مح اٌٍذاَ اٌشثٗ اال‬٠‫ غش‬ٟٕ‫ٓ ترث‬ٌّٙ‫ ا‬ٞٚ‫ر‬
. ‫ح‬٠‫ح اٌغاص‬١‫ال‬ٌٛ‫اٌّزاتح ِغ ا‬

The main welding process used to weld pipelines is the MMA method, manual
welding with coated electrodes. MMA welding is a favored process to weld pipes,
because of its easy use, capacity to reach positions of difficult accessibility, the
simplicity of the necessary generators, and the fact that protective gases difficult to
find in certain countries which are necessary in welding with solid or cored wires.
[John Lendy.Oil and Gas pipeline fundamentals,1993,Penn well publishing.
Tulsa.www.esab.com(pipelines welding handbook]
‫مح‬٠‫ ذؼذ ٘زٖ اٌطش‬.ٗ‫ تااللطاب اٌّغٍف‬ٞٚ‫ذ‬١ٌ‫ اٌٍذاَ ا‬ٟ٘ ‫ة‬١‫ ٌذاَ االٔات‬ٟ‫ ذغرخذَ ف‬ٟ‫ح اٌر‬١‫غ‬١‫مح اٌشئ‬٠‫اْ اٌطش‬
‫ي‬ٛ‫ص‬ٌٛ‫الغ ِٓ اٌصؼة ا‬ِٛ ٌٝ‫ي ا‬ٛ‫ص‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ اٌمذسج ػ‬،‫ا‬ِٙ‫ٌح اعرخذا‬ٛٙ‫ تغثة ع‬،‫ة‬١‫ ٌذاَ االٔات‬ٟ‫اٌّفعٍح ف‬
‫س ذؼذ‬١‫ تؼط اٌثٍذاْ د‬ٟ‫جاد٘ا ف‬٠‫ح ِٓ اٌصؼة ا‬٠‫مح اْ غاصاخ اٌذّا‬١‫دم‬ٚ ‫ٌذاخ اٌّغرخذِح‬ٌّٛ‫ تغاغح ا‬،‫ا‬ٙ١ٌ‫ا‬
.‫سج‬ٛ‫ اٌّذف‬ٚ‫ٕح ا‬١‫مح االعالن اٌّر‬٠‫ اٌٍذاَ تطش‬ٟ‫ح ف‬٠‫س‬ٚ‫ظش‬

I. Give the synonyms of the following items and use them in meaningful sentences:

Inner (inside), fusion (melting), manual (booklet), rely on (depend on), versatile
(multilateral)

II. Answer the following questions from the passage:

1. What materials are used in manufacturing pipelines?
Steel or plastic are used in manufacturing pipelines.
2. Name some methods to protect pipelines?
Wood lagging (wood slats), concrete coating, rock shield, high-density
polyethylene, imported sand padding and padding machines.
3. Why is welding used in pipelines?
Welding is used because it is (1)one of the most cost-effective methods of
joining metal components, (2)suitable for thicknesses ranging from fractions of a

3
 millimeter to a third of a meter and, (3) versatile, being applicable to a wide
range of component shapes and sizes.
4. What does it mean (MMA)?
MMA means manual welding with coated electrodes.
5. What does MMA mean?
MMA means Manual Metal Arc.

III. Match words in list A with their definitions in List B :

List A List B
1-Welding c- a process of joining two metal pieces by the application of
heat.
2-Corrosion a-.an attack on metals by various chemicals.

3-Pump d-a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), by mechanical

action.
4-Natural gas b-.a fossil fuel (mixture of hydrocarbons)it is made up of
compounds of hydrogen and carbon

Modal verbs
The Modal verbs: area special group of auxiliary (helping) verbs.

‫ضج ِٓ االفؼاي اٌّغاػذج‬١ِّ ٗ‫ػ‬ّٛ‫ ِج‬ٟ٘

We use them to express certain meanings: ability, possibility, permission

or obligation.

4
 ‫ٔغرخذَ ٘زٖ االفؼاي ٌٍرؼث‪١‬ش ػٓ تؼط اٌّؼأ‪ ٟ‬ا‪ ٚ‬اٌّفا٘‪ :ُ١‬اٌمذسج‪ ،‬االدرّاٌ‪١‬ح ا‪ ٚ‬االِىأ‪١‬ح‪ ،‬اٌغّاح‪ٚ ،‬االٌضاَ‬
‫(وّا ٘‪ ٛ‬اٌذاي ِغ تؼط االٔ‪ٛ‬اع ِٓ اٌ‪ٛ‬ظائف)‬

‫‪Can / could: used to express ability, request‬‬

‫ذغرخذَ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌرؼث‪١‬ش ػٓ اٌمذسج (االعرطاػح) ‪ٚ‬االٌرّاط ا‪ٚ‬اٌطٍة ‪Can / could‬‬
‫أا اعرط‪١‬غ اْ اشغً االٌح ا‪ ٚ‬تاِىأ‪ ٟ‬ذشغ‪ ً١‬االٌح (اٌمذسج) ‪I can operate the machine.‬‬
‫ت‪ٛ‬ب واْ ‪٠‬غرط‪١‬غ ٌؼة وشج اٌمذَ ‪Bob could play football well when he was young.‬‬
‫تص‪ٛ‬سج ج‪١‬ذج ػٕذِا واْ ‪٠‬افؼا (اٌمذسج)‬
‫اغٍك اٌثاب ِٓ فعٍه ا‪ ً٘ ٚ‬تاِىأه اْ ذغٍك اٌثاب ‪Could you close the door, please? ،‬‬
‫ٌطفا (غٍة ا‪ ٚ‬اٌرّاط)‬
‫ذغرط‪١‬غ اٌمطح اْ ذرغٍك االشجاس ‪A cat can climb trees, but it ……………… fly.‬‬
‫(اٌمذسج)‬

‫‪Shall / should:‬‬

‫‪Should is used to show that you are recommending or suggesting an action e.g.‬‬
‫‪people think safety helmets should be orange. In my opinion they should be‬‬
‫‪yellow.‬‬

‫ذغرخذَ ‪ should‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌر‪ٛ‬ص‪١‬ح ا‪ٚ‬االلرشاح‬

‫ِصً‪٠ :‬ؼرمذ إٌاط تاْ خ‪ٛ‬رج اٌ‪ٛ‬لا‪٠‬ح ‪٠‬جة اْ ذى‪ ْٛ‬راخ ٌ‪ ْٛ‬تشذماٌ‪ . ٟ‬ف‪ ٟ‬سأ‪٠ ٟ٠‬جة اْ ذى‪ ْٛ‬راخ ٌ‪ ْٛ‬اصفش‬

‫اعرخذاِاخ ِخرٍفح ي ‪shall‬‬

‫ِالدظح‪ :‬غاٌثا ٔغرخذَ اٌفاػً ‪ِ we ٚ I‬غ ‪ٚ( shall‬وزٌه ‪)should‬‬

‫‪prediction (I and we) I think we shall get back early next week.‬‬

‫اٌرى‪ ٓٙ‬ا‪ ٚ‬اٌرٕثؤ ‪ِ /‬صً‪( :‬أا ا‪ٔ ٚ‬ذٓ ) اػرمذ تإٔا ع‪ٛ‬ف ٔؼ‪ٛ‬د تاوشا االعث‪ٛ‬ع اٌّمثً‬

‫‪5‬‬
 intention (I and we) We shall give our final decision tomorrow.

‫َ غذ‬ٛ٠ ‫ش‬١‫ف ٔمذَ لشاسٔا االخ‬ٛ‫ ع‬:ً‫ ِص‬/ ‫ح‬١ٌٕ‫ا‬

offers (I and we) Shall I give you a hand?

‫ ً٘ الذَ ٌه اٌّغاػذج؟‬:ً‫ ِص‬/ ‫اٌؼشض‬

asking for advice What shall we do now?

‫ ِارا عٕؼًّ االْ؟‬:ً‫ ِص‬/ ٗ‫ذ‬١‫اٌغؤاي ػٓ إٌص‬

We often use should + base when we say what we think is a good thing to do or
the right thing to do.
‫ ػّال‬ٚ‫اَ تٗ ا‬١‫ذ ٌٍم‬١‫ء ج‬ٟ‫ ش‬ٛ٘ ٖ‫ي تاْ ِا ٔؼرمذ‬ٛ‫ذ اْ ٔم‬٠‫) ػٕذِا ٔش‬shall ‫ظ‬١ٌٚ( should + base َ‫ٔغرخذ‬
)‫ اظافح‬ٞ‫ فؼً ِعاسع ِجشد ِٓ ا‬base( .ٗ‫اتا الدائ‬ٛ‫ص‬
Ann: Hello, Tom. Did you enjoy the movie?

‫ ً٘ اعرّرؼد تّشا٘ذج اٌفٍُ؟‬.َٛ‫ ِشدثا ذ‬:‫ان‬

Tom: Yes, it was great. You should go and see it.

.ٗ‫جة اْ ذز٘ة ٌّشا٘ذذ‬٠ .‫ واْ سائؼا‬،ً‫ اج‬:‫توم‬

Will / would
Prediction They’ll be here soon.
‫ثا‬٠‫ا ٕ٘ا لش‬ٛٔٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ ع‬:ً‫ ِص‬/ ‫ اٌرٕثؤ‬ٚ‫ٓ ا‬ٙ‫اٌرى‬
They said they would be here soon.
I thought they’d (would) be there by now.
You’d (would) look better with your hair shorter.
6
 ‫ثا‬٠‫ا ٕ٘ا لش‬ٛٔٛ‫ى‬١‫ُ ع‬ٙٔ‫ تا‬ٌٛ‫لا‬
ْ‫ْ ٕ٘ان اال‬ٛٔٛ‫ى‬١‫ُ ع‬ٙٔ‫ظٕٕد تأ‬
‫ افعً تشؼشن الصش‬ٚ‫عرثذ‬

Obligation/ orders All passengers will proceed to gate 7 immediately.

‫س‬ٛ‫ اٌف‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬7 ُ‫اتح سل‬ٛ‫ اٌث‬ٛ‫ٓ اٌرمذَ ٔذ‬٠‫غ اٌّغافش‬١ّ‫ ج‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬:ً‫ ِص‬.‫اِش‬ٚ‫ اال‬/ َ‫االٌضا‬

Willing I'll give you a hand if you like.

‫ف الذَ ٌه اٌّغاػذج ارا وٕد ذشغة تزٌه‬ٛ‫ ع‬:ً‫ ِص‬/ )‫ّح‬٠‫اٌؼض‬ٚ ‫اْ االسادج‬١‫ تؼط االد‬ٚ‫االعرؼذاد (ا‬

Intention I'll put the letter in the post this evening.

‫ذ ٘زا اٌّغاء‬٠‫ق اٌثش‬ٚ‫ صٕذ‬ٟ‫ف اظغ اٌشعاٌح ف‬ٛ‫ ع‬:ً‫ ِص‬/ ‫ح‬١ٌٕ‫ا‬
Refusal He won't join in unless he's first.
‫ي‬ٚ‫ىٓ اال‬٠ ٌُ‫شاسن) ِا‬٠( ُ‫ٕع‬٠ ٌٓ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ ع‬:ً‫ ِص‬/ ‫اٌشفط‬

Negative: ‫النفي‬

Can not Can't could not Couldn’t

Shall not Shan’t should not Shouldn’t
Will not Won’t would not Wouldn’t

7
I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable modal

Shouldn’t would can't couldn’t could

1. A fish …can………..walk, but it……can’t…… swim.

2. I looked everywhere for the book, but I …couldn’t…..find it.
3. I ……would……..like to try on this jacket, please.
4. Tom really……shouldn’t….go out. He has too much homework to do.
5. Why doesn't Bob apply for the job? He…would………get it.

II. Correct the errors found in the following sentences:

1. Can you to help me, please?
Can you help me, please?
2. I must studying for an exam tomorrow.
I must study for the exam tomorrow
3. We couldn't went to the party last night.
We couldn’t go to the party last night.
4. 4. I am have to improve my English as soon as possible.
I have to prove my English as soon as possible.
5. You shouldn't to spend all your free time at the computer.
You shouldn’t spend all your free time at the computer.
6. My mother can't speaking English, but she can speaks several other
language.
My mother can’t speak English, but she can speak several other languages.