JOHN DEWEY - LEARNING BY DOING

CONFUCIUS - EDUCATION FOR ALL / GOLDEN RULE

BANDURA - MODELING
FROEBEL - KINDERGARTEN
JOHN LOCKE - TABULA RASA
SIGMUND FREUD - PSYCHOSEXUAL
ERICK ERIKSON - PYSCHOSOCIAL
WILLIAM SHELDON - PSYSIOLOGICAL
CARL JUNG - PSYCHOLIGICAL
JEAN PIAGET - COGNITIVE
- MAYROONG ISA O HIGIT PANG TAO
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG - MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Halimbawa: Mayroon daw puno sa bakuran.
EDWARD THORDIKE - CONNECTIONISM
- NAIS, PWEDI, MAARI, (GUSTO KO MATULOG)
IVAN PAVLOV - CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- PAGBATI, PAGBIBIGAY GALANG AT IBA PA
B.F SKINNER - OPERANT CONDITIONING
- “Talaga?”, “Oo”
BANDURA & WALLACE - SOCIAL LEARNING
- MASIDHING DAMDAMIN (Aray!)
KOHLER - INSIGHT LEARNING OR A-HA
- PANANDALIANG KALAGAYAN O PANAHON
LEWIN - TOPOLOGICAL
BRUNNER - CONCEPTUAL CONCEPTUALISM
LEV VYGOTSKY - SOCIAL COGNITIVIST / SCAFFOLDING
PEZTALLOZI - REALIA, FROBELS PROTEGE
- IISANG KAISIPAN
- DALAWANG SUGNAY NA DI MAKAPAG ISA
FILIPINO
- MADALAS NAGSISIMULA SA KUNG/ DAHIL SA
- MAHABANG PANGUNGUSAP
JULIAN FELIPE - COMPOSER OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL HYMN
MANUEL GUERRERO - FILIPINO DOCTOR WHO DISCOVERED TIKI-TIKI
PEDRO BUCANEG - THE EARLIEST ILOCANO POET ON THE RECORD
DEL SUPERIOR GOBIERNO - FIRST NEWSPAPER IN THE PHILIPPINES
ANAHAW - NATIONAL LEAF OF THE PHILIPPINES
JOSE PALMA - FILIPINO POET WHO SET WORDS TO THE NATIONAL HYMN
APARTHEID - COMPLETE SEGRETION OF WHITE FROM BLACK
AGUSTINIAN CHURCH - FIRST CHURCH IN THE PHILIPPINES
TAGAILOG - PEN NAME OF ANTONIO LUNA
PINEAPPLE - THE NEWEST SOURCE OF ALCOHOL IN THE PHILIPPINES
KOHAUTEK - COMET OF THE CENTURY
SINTAKS/ SINTAKSIS/ - SANGAY NG BARIRALA NA TUMATALAKAY SA MASISTEMANG PAGKAKA AYOS AYOS NG
PALAUGNAYAN MGA SALITA SA PAGBUO NG MGA PARIRALA AT PANGUNGUSAP.

PEN NAMES OF FILIPINO

PROTAGONISTS

ANDRES BONIFACIO - MAY PAG ASA, AGAPITO, BAGUMBAYAN

ANTONIO LUNA - TAGA ILOG
EMILIO AGUINALDO - MAGDALO
EMILIO JACINTO - DI MASILAW TINGKIAN
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA - DIEGO, LAURA
JOSEMA. PANGANIBAN - JOMAPA
JOSE RIZAL - DIMAS ALANG, LAON LAAN
JUAN LUNA - BUAN
MARCELO DEL PILAR - PLARIDEL, DOLORES MANAPAT, PIPING DILAT
MARIANO PONCE - TIKBALANG, NANING, (SATANAS), KALIPULAKO
NICK JUAQUIN - QUIJANO DE MANILA
SAMUEL CLEMENS - MARK TWAIN
SEVERINO REYES - LOLA BASYANG

PEDRO BUKANEG - FATHER OF ILOKANO LITERATURE

LOSE CORAZON DE JESUS - FATHER OF TAGALOG POETRY
ALEJANDRO ABADILLA - FATHER OF MODERN TAGALOG POETRY
MANILA BULLETIN - OLDEST EXISTING NEWSPAPER IN THE COUNTRY
NOLI ME TANGERE - RIZALS LITERARY CROWNING
MAHABHARATA - LONGEST EPIC IN THE WORLD
ALIBATA - FIRST FILIPINO ALPHABET
KUNDIMAN - SONG ABOUT LOVE
AMBITION - CAUSE OF MACBETH,S TRAGIC END
STEVEN JAVELLANA - AUTHOR “WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN”
PAZ M. BENITEZ - AUTHOR “DEAD STARS”
ARES - GOD OF WAR
STRATOSPHERE - LAYER OF OZONE
FOOD WEB - SYSTEM OF FOOD CHAIN
SAHARA DESSERT - LARGEST ECOSYSTEM
SKIN - LARGEST ORGAN
DINOFLAGELATES - CAUSE OF RED TIDES
PHILIPPINES - RING OF FIRE
TYPE O - UNIVERSAL DONOR
TEORYANG POOH POOH - TUNOG MULA SA SILAKBO NG DAMDAMIN
TEORYANG BOW BOW - TUNOG MULA SA LIKHA NG KALIKASAN
SCANNING - PAHAPYAW NA PAGBASA
SKIMMING - PINAKAMABILIS NA PAGBASA
FRANCISCO LOPEZ - SUMULAT NG UNANG BARIRALANG ILOKANO
MARIANO PERFECTO - AMA NG PANITIKANG BISAYA
SANTIAGO MAGEAN - AMA NG MORO MORO SA PANGASINAN
LORGE PAJARDO - AMA NG PANITIKAN PANGPANGO
ERIBERTO GUMBAN - AMA NG PANITIKANG BISAYA
PASCUAL POBLETE - AMA NG PAHAYAGAN, UNANG NAGSALIN NG NOLI SA TAGALOG
AMADO HERNANDEZ - MAKATA NG MGA MANGGAGAWA
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA - FRAY BOTOD
LIWAYWAY ARCEO - UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA
NARCISO REYES - LUPANG TINUBUAN
SEVERINO REYES - WALANG SUGAT
LOPE K. SANTOS - BANAAG AT SIKAT
ZOILO GALANG - A CHILD OF SORROW
AURELIO TOLENTINO - KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS
MGA URI NG
PANGUNGUSAP:

1. EKSISTENSYAL

2. MODAL
3. PANLIPUNAN
4. SAGOT LAMANG
5. SAMBITLA
6. TEMPORAL

KAYARIAN:

1. PAYAK
2. TAMBALAN
3. HUGNAYAN
4. LANGKAPAN
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS Ag Que La Os Ro Qui Mag Gar Ma Mar Aqui Ra Es Ar Aqui Dut

SOME TYPES OF
GOVERNMENTS :

1. COMMUNIST CLASSLESS SOCIETY – STATE PLANS AND CONTROLS THE ECONOMY

2. PARLIAMENTARY MAJORITY OF PEOPLE VOTED
3. REPUBLICAN POWER COMES FROM PEOPLE

ACTS :

▪ASSOCIATION OF SE - MYANMAR, CAMBODIA, LAOS, BRUNEI, PHILIPPINES, SINGAPORE , THAILAND, INDONESIA,

ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) VIETNAM, MALAYSIA.

▪BELL TRADE (PHILIPPINE - BET. PHIL. 7 U.S

TRADE ACT)
▪KYOTO PROTOCOL - FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING DECREASING GREENHOUSE GASES
(UNNCC)
▪RIO DE JANEIRO - ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
CONVENTION
▪TEJEROS CONVENTION - ELECTION – BONIFACIO ELECTED AS DIRECTOR IMPERADOR
▪TREATY ON GENERAL - RECOGNITION OF U.S TO PHILIPPINE FREEDOM
RELATIONS
▪UNDERWORLD- - FULL FREE FOREIGN TRADE
SIMMONS ACT
▪PAYNE ALDRICH ACT - PARTIAL FREE FOREIGN TRADE
MISSIONARIES AND
EXPEDITIONS;

1. AUGUSTINIANS - MOST INTELLIGENT

2. FRANCISCANIANS - SEND MEDICAL AIDS
3. DOMINICANS - RICHEST
4. JESUITS
5. RECOLETOS - MOST KILLED SCHOOLS
MARTYR PRIESTS;

1. BURGOS - YOUNGEST, MASTERMIND OF CIRCULATION

2. GOMEZ - OLDEST, LIKES “SABONG” AND HID THERE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CRIMES;

1. ABDUCTION - FORCIBLY TAKING SOMEONE AWAY AGAINST THEIR WILL

2. ARSON - SETTING FIRE TO A BUILDING, CARS, OR PROPERTY ON PURPOSE
3. ASSASSINATION - KILLING A FAMOUS PERSON OR PUBLIC FIGURE
4. ASSAULT - ATTACKING SOMEONE PHYSICALLY
5. BIGAMY - MARRYING SOMEONE WHEN YOU ARE ALREADY MARRIED TO ONOTHER PERSON
6. BLACKMAIL - THREATENING TO REVEALS SOMEONE’S SECRETS IF A LOT OF MONEY IS NOT PAID
7. BOMBING - DENOTING EXPLOSIVE DEVICE WITH THE PLAN OF HARMING PEOPLE OR PROPERTY
8. BRIBERY - GIVING MONEY TO INFLUENCE ONOTHER PERSON’S DECISIONS
9. BURGLARY - - BREAKING INTO A HOUSE IN ORDER TO STEAL SOMETHING
10. CHILD ABUSE - THREATING A CHILD BADLY IN PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL OR SEXUAL WAY
11. CORRUPTION - BEHAVING ILLEGALLY AND DISHONESTY; ESPECIALLY THOSE IN POWER
12. CRIME - DOING SOMETHING ILLEGAL THAT CAN BE PUNISHED BY LAW
13. CYBERCRIME - DOING ILLEGAL OVER THE INTERNET OR A COMPUTER SYSTEM
14. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE - BEHAVING VIOLENTLY INSIDE HOME
15. DRUNK DRIVING - DRIVING WITH TOO MUCH ALCOHOL IN YOUR BLOOD
16. EMBEZZLEMENT - STEALING LARGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY THAT YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE
17. ESPIONAGE - SPYING, TO OBTAIN POLITICAL OR MILITARY INFO.
18. FORGERY - ILLEGALLY COPYING DOCUMENTS, MONEY, ETC. TO CHEAT PEOPLE
19. FRAUD - GETTING MONEY FROM PEOPLE BY CHEATING THEM
20. GENOCIDE - KILLING ON PURPOSE A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY FROM A GROUP OR
 EREA
21. HIJACKING - TAKING CONTROL OF PLANE, TRAIN ETC. BY FORCE, OPEN TO MEET POLITICAL DEMANDS
22. HIT AND RUN - NOT STOPPING TO HELP A PERSON HURT IN AN ACCIDENT CAUSED BY YOU
23. HOMICIDE - KILLING ONOTHER PERSON UN INTENTIONALLY
24. HOOLIGANISM - BEING VIOLENT OR AGGRESSIVE ON PURPOSE; USE TO DESCRIBE YOUTH
25. IDENTITY THEFT - USING SOMEONE ELSE’S PERSONAL INFORMATION FOR OWN’S GAIN
26. KIDNAPPING - TAKING SOMEONE AWAY BY FORCE, OFTEN DEMANDING MONEY FOR THEIR SAFE
RETURN
27. LIBEL -DAMAGING SOMEONE’S REPUTATION BY WRITING LIES ABOUT THEM
28. LOOTING - TAKING THINGS ILLEGALY BY FORCE, DURING A RIOT, WAR ETC.
29. LYNCHING - KILLING SOMEONE WITHOUT LEGAL PROCESS, OFTEN BY HANGING
30. MANSLAUGHTER - KILLING SOMEONE WITHOUT MALICE A FORE THOUGHT
31. MUGGING - ROBBING SOMEONE WITH A PLAN TO RUB THEM
32. MURDER - KILLING SOMEONE ON PURPOSE
33. PERJURY - LYING IN COURT, WHILE UNDER OATH
34. PICKPOCKETING - STEALING WALLETS/MONEY ETC. IN POCKETS IN CROWDED PLACES
35. PILFERING - STEALING SMALL QUANTITIES OF GOODS OVERTIME
36. POACHING - - HUNTING ILLEGALLY
37. RAPE - FORCING SOMEONE TO HAVE SEX
38. RIOT - CAUSING A NOISY, VIOLENT PUBLIC DISTURBANCE
39. ROBBERY - STEAKLING LARGE AMOUNT OF MONEY WITH VIOLENCE/FORCE FROM BANK/ STORE
40. SHOPLIFTING - STEALING SOMETHING FROM A STORE
41. SLANDER - DAMAGING SOMEONE’S REPUTATION BY SPEAKING LIES ABOUT THEM
42. SMUGGLING - TAKING THINGS SECRETLY IN OR OUT OF A PLACE, COUNTRY, JAIL
43. SPEEDING - DRIVING ABOVE THE SPEED LIMIT
44. TERRORISM - USING VIOLENCE, THREATS, OR FEAR, USUALLY FOR POLITICAL PURPOSES
45. THEFT - STEALING IN GENERAL
46. TRAFFICKING - TRADING SOMETHING ILLEGAL, LIKE DRUGS/ PEOPLE
47. TREASON - BETRAYING ONE’S COUNTRY BY HELPING Its ENEMIES
48. TRESPASSING - ENTERING ANOTHER PERSONS AREA; HURTING PEOPLE THROUGH FORCE.
49. VANDALISM - DESTROYING PRIVATE/PUBLIC PROPERTY PURPOSELY
50. VOYEURISM - SECRETLY WATCHING NAKED PEOPLE OR SEXUAL ACTS & GETTING SEXUALLY EXCITED.
SUBCATEGORIES OF
TEACHER
MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT
MANAGEMENT

1. THRUST - PROCEEDING WITHOUT ACCESSING

2. DANGLING - HANGING ACTIVITY BY GIVING ANOTHER
3. TRUNCATION - LEAVES ACTIVITY
4. FLIP-FLOP - RETURNS TO A LEFT ACTIVITY WHILE CURRENTLY DOING AN ACTIVITY
- DISTRACTED
5. STIMULUS-BOUND - OVERTIME IN ONE TOPIC
6. OVERDWELLING - MULTITASKING RESULTS NEGATIVELY
7. OVERLAPPING
ISMʼs IN EDUCATION

BEHAVIORISM - CHANGE
ESSENTIALISM - BASIC/ ESSENTIAL (SCIENCE/ MATH. HISTORY ETC
- CHOICE / STUDENTS CHOICE
EXISTENTIALISM - BUILD
HUMANISM - ENOUGH IN MIND/ UPHOLDS GOODNESS
IDEALISM - CONSTANT / ABSOLUTE / UNCHANGING
PERRENIALISM - PRACTICE/ PRACTICAL / EMPHASIS HOW TO THINK THAN WHAT TO THINK
PRAGMATISM - IMPROVE/ DEVELOPMENT
- ENOUGH TO SEE/ REAL / CONCERN WITH WORLD
PROGRESSIVISM - BEST
REALISM - BENEFIT ALL
- CONSTRUCT / REBUILDING CULTURE
UTILITARIANISM
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM
RECONSTRUCTIVISM
AIMS OF ERAS

PRE-SPANISH - SURVIVAL AND CONFORMITY

SPANISH - CHRISTIANITY
AMERICAN - DEMOCRATIC IDEALS AND A WAY OF LIFE
COMMONWEALTH - MORAL/ CHARACTER/ EFFICIENCY
JAPANESE - PROGRESS

PRINCIPLES HEDONISM - PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

DOUBLE EFFECT - SACRIFICE FOR THE GOOD OR BAD
FORMAL COOPERATION - COOPERATION WITH WILL
LESSER EVIL - CHOICE OF THE LESS ONE FROM TWO BAD THINGS
- COOPERATION WITHOUT WILL
MATERIAL COOPERATION
FREUDʼS PSYCHOSEXUAL/
PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
1. ORAL - (0-1 yrs. old) – INFANT
2. ANAL - (1-3 yrs. old) – TODDLER
3. PHALLIC - PRESCHOOL
4. LATENCY - SCHOOL AGE
5. GENITAL - ADOLESCENSE
OEDIPUS- SON TO MOM
ELECTRA- DAUGHTER TO DAD
LAWS IN EDUCATION

PRC BR 435
PD 1006 - CODE OF ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS
RA NO. 1425 - DECREE PROFESSIONALIZING TEACHERS
RA NO. 4670 - INCLUSION OF THE WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
RA 7722 – CHED - “MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHER”
RA 7796 – - CHED / COMMISON OF HIGHER EDUCATION
RA 7836 - TESDA ACT OF 1994 / TECHNICAL EDUCATION
RA 9155 - PHIL. TEACHERS PROFESSIONALIZATION ACT OF 1994
RA 9293 - BEGA / BASIC EDUC / DEP ED LAW
RA 10533 - TEACHERS PROFESSIONALIZATION ACT
ACT NO. 2706 - K-12 LAW
- “PRIVATE SCHOOL LAW”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO.
578 - PERSONS IN AUTHORITY”

PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14

- ESTACS
RA 1079
RA 6655
RA 6728 - NO LIMIT OF CIVIL SERVICE ELIGIBILTY
- FREE PUBLIC SECONDARY EDUC ACT OF 1988
RA 7277 - ACT PROVIDING GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE TO STUDENTS AND TEACHERS IN
RA 7610 PRIVATE EDUCATION
RA 7743 - MAGNA CARTA FOR PWD
RA 7877 - ANTI- CHILD ABUSE LAW (AMMENDMENT; RA 9231)
RA 7880 - ESTABLISH OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES
RA 8049 - ANTI SEXUAL HARRASMENT ACT OF 1995
RA 8187 - FAIR AND EQUITABLE ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL ACT
RA 10627 - ANTI HAZING LAW
SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 - PATERNITY ACT
- ANTI BULLYING
- FILIPINO ( NATIONAL LANGUAGE)

BRUNERʼS THREE MODES

OF REPRESENTATION

1. ENACTIVE
2. ICONIC 0-1 YRS OLD / ACTION BASED INFORMATION
3. SYMBOLIC 1-6 YRS OLD / IMAGE – BASED INFORMATION
7+ CODE / SYSMBOLS SUCH AS LANGUAGE
TAXONOMY OF
OBJECTIVES
COGNITIVE:
▪ Knowledge
BLOOM (LOTS) ▪ Comprehension o Application
ANDERSON (HOTS) ▪ Analysis
▪ Synthesis
▪ Evaluation
▪Remembering
▪Understanding
▪ Applying
▪ Analyzing
▪ Evaluating
▪Creating

▪Receiving
AFFECTIVE: ▪Responding o Valuing
▪Organizing
▪Characterization

▪Perception
PSYCHOMOTOR: ▪Set
SIMPSON HARROW ▪Guided Response
 ▪Mechanism
▪Complex Overt Response
▪Adaptation
▪Origination
▪Reflex movement
▪Fundamental Movement
▪Physical Movement
▪Perceptual Abilities
▪Skilled Movements
▪Non-discursive communication
DALES CONE OF Read
EXPERIENCE; Hear
Picture
Video
Exhibit Demonstration
Collaborative Work Simulation
Real thing

ERIKSONʼS PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS PIAGETʼS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY

1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-12 months) 1. SENSORY - senses

2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3 years old) 2. PRE-OPERATIONAL - imagination
3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years old) 3. CONCRETE
4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6- 12 years old) 4. FORMAL
5. INDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 years old)
6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (early 20s-early 40s
7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40s-mid 60s)
8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (mid 60s-death)
MISTAKEN GOALS
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1. ATTENTION SEEKER – “teacher, notice me”
1. VACUUM TUBES (1940-1956) 2. REVENGE – “teacher, I am hurt”
2. TRANSISTORS (1956-1963) 3. POWER-SEEKING – “teacher, may I help?”
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964- 1971) 4. INADEQUACY – “teacher, donʼt give up on me”
4. MICROPROCESSORS (1971- present) 5. WITHDRAWAL – “teacher, please help me”
5. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (present-future)

KOHLBERGʼS THEORY OF MORAL

DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL 1: - PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
LEVEL 2: - CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order
LEVEL 3: - POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
Stage 6: Universal Principles

CENTRAL TENDENCY CENTRAL (MIDDLE LOCATION) TENDENCY

MEAN AVERAGE
MODE MOST OCCURING
RANGE HIGHEST SCORE MINUS LOWEST SCORE
LOW SD HOMOGENOUS / SCORES NEAR TO MEAN (ALMOST SAME)
HIGH SD HETEROGENOUS/ SCORES FAR TO MEAN (SCATTERED)
DECILE – 10 grps (D1...D10)
QUARTILE – 4 grps (Q1...Q4)
SUSPENSION TIME
REVOKATION CONDITION
DIFFICULTY INDEX
0-0.20 - VERY DIFFICULT
0.21-0.40 - DIFFICULT
0.41-0.60 - MODERATELY DIFFICULT
0.61-0.80 - EASY
0.81-1.00 - VERY EASY

▪POSITIVELY (LEFT FOOT) LOW SCORES / MEAN GREATER THAN MODE

SKEWED
▪NEGATIVELY (RIGHT FOOT) HIGH SCORES, MEAN IS LOWER THAN MODE
SKEWED

HORN/HALO EFFECT OVERCOMING OTHER TRAIT, EITHER BAD/ GOOD

GENERAL EDUCATION FILIPINO/ENGLISH:

MGA TEORYA NG PINAGMULAN NG
WIKA
KALIKASAN AT HAYOP
1. BOW-WOW BAGAY
2. DING-DONG MASIDHING DAMDAMIN
3. POOH-POOH PWERSANG PISIKAL
4. YOHEHO
FILIPINO POETS AND PEN NAMES

BENVENIDO SANTOS AMERICAN CULTURE WRITINGS

DANIEL DEFOE “ROBINSON CRUSOEN” (NOVEL)
– “Robinson Crusoen” (novel) “CRY SLAUGHTER” THAT HAS BEEN TRANSLATED
EDILBERTO TIEMPO MANY TIMES
– made “Cry Slaughter” that has been translated
many times
ERNEST HEMINGWAY
– Ring Lardner Jr.
JOSE GARCIA VILLA
– “Comma Poet”, Dove G. Lion
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES/ ESCALANDE
- Masterpiece is
“Don Quixote” that is most influential
NICK JOAQUIN
– Quijano de Manila – Spanish Culture Writing
PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ
– made “Dead Stars” that is the 1st
modern English short story SAMUEL LANGHORNE
CLEMENS
– Mark Twain
- “Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
- “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” (best novel)

SINTAKS/SINTAKSIS/ PALAUGNAYAN
- sangay ng barirala na tumatalakay sa masistemang
pagkaka-ayus-ayos ng mga salita sa pagbuo ng mga
parirala at pangungusap