COURSE MANUAL

By: DR. WILMA DAVID PARAS

Author

Introduction
Art appreciation refers to the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the universal and timeless qualities
characterizing works of art. It invokes an analysis of the works based on acknowledged elements of composition and
principles of design, through which enjoyment of the humanities is enhanced.
It is primarily intended for the Humanities course at the tertiary level. Nevertheless, this may also be used as a
reference material for other courses in teaching the meaning and importance of art, its elements, and its development in
the Philippines. At the end of each lesson, evaluation activities are given to enhance the cognitive learning of the
students. Suggested enrichment exercises are also provided to make art appreciation more interesting, meaningful, and
enjoyable.
The term art appreciation is referred to the knowledge of the general and everlasting qualities that classify all great
art. It is seen used to refer to the exploration of visual art forms or the introduction of basic principles of visual literacy.
It refers to analyzing the form of an artwork to general audiences to enhance their enjoyment of such works of art. It
may be analyzed without reference to subject matter, symbolism, or historical context.
Art appreciation can be subjective depending on personal preference to aesthetics and form, or it can be based on
several elements and principle of design and depends on social and cultural acceptance. Most of the modern art critics
and art historians draw back from this term, underrating art appreciation as demanding too little serious thought.

Why do we need to study art appreciation?

 Art also teaches many important qualities such as listening, observing, and responding to multiple perspectives.
Having an appreciation for art also helps us to develop an appreciation for each other and how we are all unique in in our
own way.

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Introduction
This Chapter introduces the importance of art as part or component of our dynamic civilization and art as an
essential form of expression and communication in our daily existence. The meaning of art covers it’s etymological
to modern definition and how man sees it variably and relatively from person, time, and place.
 The assumptions tackle the principles and sources of appreciating art and establish the margin and
boundary of the responsibility and duty in fulfilling what man can do. Perhaps the most significant aspect of marine
art is that it was client driven. Ship portraits were not done for art’s sake or for collectors of fine art, but rather for
buyers with a personal interest in the subject. Today we value both signed and unsigned examples for their unique
history and their attractiveness. For people interested in maritime history, these works are sources of information
about the past, as well as works of art.

LESSON 1: WHAT IS HUMANITIES: INTRODUCTION and ASSUMPTIONS in SEAFARING

Humanities is an academic discipline that studies
the different aspects of the human society and culture
(Bod, 2013). Derived from the Renaissance Latin
expression studia humanitatis (or study of humanity),
referring to an education befitting a cultivated man, or
simply from the Latin word, “humanus,” meaning human,
cultured, or refined, humanities is basically the big
umbrella of various subjects that attempt to answer the
question, “what makes us human?” (Ganzon, 2017).
Stanford University defines Humanities as “the study of
how people process and document the human experience”
(excerpt taken from http://shc.stanford.edu/). It includes
the traditional liberal arts such as philosophy, literature,
religion, ethics, art, music, history and language which humans have used to understand and record our world.
humanitieshttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dartreview.com/wp

These records of human experiences give us the opportunity to connect to those who have come before us, as well
as to our contemporaries. Over time, the humanities have evolved to include other disciplines such as political science,
law, archaeology, and anthropology. These disciplines seek to identify the answer to the perennial questions of human
existence like: What is the nature of beauty? How does culture define reality? How do human beings articulate the series
of human experiences in this all-encompassing universe?

Marine art or maritime art is a form of figurative art (that is, painting, drawing, printmaking and sculpture) that
portrays or draws its main inspiration from the sea. Maritime painting is a genre that depicts ships and the sea—a genre
particularly strong from the 17th to 19th centuries. In practice the term often covers art showing shipping on rivers and
estuaries, beach scenes and all art showing boats, without any rigid distinction - for practical reasons subjects that can be
drawn or painted from dry land in fact feature strongly in the genre. Strictly speaking "maritime art" should always include
some element of human seafaring, whereas "marine art" would also include pure seascapes with no human element,
though this distinction may not be observed in practice.
 20TH-CENTURY UKIYO-E PRINT OF BOATS IN SNOW

Ships and boats have been included in art from almost the earliest times, but marine art only began to become a
distinct genre, with specialized artists, towards the end of the Middle Ages, mostly in the form of the "ship portrait" a type
of work that is still popular and concentrates on depicting a single vessel. As landscape art emerged during the
Renaissance, what might be called the marine landscape became a more important element in works, but pure
seascapes were rare until later.

Maritime art, especially marine painting – as a particular genre separate from landscape – really began with Dutch
Golden Age painting in the 17th century. Marine painting was a major genre within Dutch Golden Age painting, reflecting
the importance of overseas trade and naval power to the Dutch Republic, and saw the first career marine artists, who
painted little else. In this, as in much else, specialist and traditional marine painting has largely continued Dutch
conventions to the present day. With Romantic art, the sea and the coast was reclaimed from the specialists by many
landscape painters, and works including no vessels became common for the first time.

The sea holds universal allure as a muse for artistic and cultural expression. Maritime collection employ diverse
forms of expression to convey the far-reaching cultural, symbolic, and emotional impact of the sea. Among the curiosities
East India Marine Society members collected during their far-flung voyages, many reflect a common regard across
cultures for the sea’s significance. During long ocean voyages, crew members occasionally created examples of the so-
called arts of the sailor, including decorated boxes, whimsies in bottles, nautical carvings, and scrimshaw. These works
captured the distinctive creative spirit and emotional impulses generated by their seafaring experiences.

Ship Portraits in Art History

Marine art reflects early European influences. In the 16th century, ex voto painting were often commissioned by
religious seafarers who were thankful after surviving maritime disasters. As artists moved away from religious and heroic
paintings in the seventeenth century, towards painting the world around them, marine art flourished in the Netherlands.
Hendrick Vroom (1566-1640), an important early Dutch marine artist, created commemorative paintings of Dutch and
English naval battles and vessels. He influenced other artists in Holland, including the Van de Valdes, father, and son,
who immigrated to England in 1672 and influenced a growing school of marine art in Britain.

Both Holland and England were sea powers, linked to the oceans of the world for their wealth, power, and food
supplies. Their identities were tied to the sea. Seascapes reflected their maritime interests.
 These paintings of the Greenland whale fishery by Jog hem de Vies, done in 1769, show a highly developed Dutch
marine art tradition.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch had a major whale fishery, and Dutch marine artists painted it. These
paintings may have been designed for a house or hall. They are in pairs and could fit around tall narrow windows. The
setting presents a complete view of the Greenland whale fishery, one that the artist must have seen.

One of the museum’s founders purchased these paintings from the Hearst Collection in California. After his family left
Searsport, they were in the whaling business and collected whaling art.
Taken from www.google.com Taken from www.google.com
Dutch Whaling: Groenlandia Dutch Whaling: Vreeden Hof
 Taken from www.google.com

Dutch Whaling: Europa

Other markets influenced sea paintings, such as printed books that could be illustrated
with woodcuts and engravings. Seventeenth century maps and charts were often well illustrated with ships and seafaring
scenes. A growing market for realistic portraits and landscapes extended to the marine world. Less trained artists, who
painted on banners, carriages, murals, wallpaper, and objects; and seamen themselves, tried their hands at ship portraits.
Naval officers in training were taught to use precise penmanship while learning about navigation, keeping logs, and dead
reckoning. Many of their practice books featured drawings of ships, shorelines, the compass rose, and other nautical
motifs. An artistically talented seafarer might progress to ship portraiture.

Marine Art Around the World

By the latter part of the 19th century, marine artists or pier head painters could be found in Europe, the
Mediterranean, China, and the Northeast United States. Penobscot Marine Museum has examples of ship portraits done
in cities around the world.

The Clarissa B. Carver, built in Searsport in 1876, was painted by an unknown artist in China. It shows the ship off
Lintin Island at the mouth of the Pearl River, near Macao.

The ship Nancy Pendleton (below) was painted in Bremerhaven, Germany, by Carl Fedeler (1799-1858). The
Bark Elberta (below) of Prospect, Maine, was painted in Marseilles, France, by Joseph Honoré Maxime Pellegrin (1793-
1869).

Marie Edouard Adam (1847-1929) of Le Havre, France, is a well-regarded marine artist. He painted the
ship Oneida in 1877. The Oneida was built in Searsport at the Mc Gilvery Yard, by master builder Marlboro Packard. She
was built for Captain McGilvery and some partners, who sold her in 1888 for the Alaskan salmon cannery trade.
 Taken from www.google.com

Mary Jenness

Italian painter Luigi Renault (active 1858-1880) painted the barkentine Mary Jenness entering Livorno (Leghorn),
Italy in 1876.

Captain George Harrison Oakes took the Mary Jenness on her first voyage down to New York, and there loaded
and sailed her to Livorno. He was proud of the new ship, the 505 ton, 132’ product of his father Joseph’s yard in Brewer.
He hired Renault to paint her. Renault was a good choice for he would be appointed marine artist to the King of Italy.

The museum library has the journal kept by thirteen-year-old Margaret Oakes who sailed with her father on the
second voyage of the Jenness in 1880.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF ART
The arts are indescribable to define and difficult to gather into a conceptual net, but we would probably agree that
the arts enhance daily experiences. Art has touched everyone. Art is all around us, being universal as it can be found in
all cultures. We are certain that we do not want to be without the arts, yet we are pushed to define them and sometimes
even to understand them.

Art has a particular importance in our lives. All the art

that we receive through our senses have a purpose, as well
as expression; they occupy some place in our judgment.
These days, art plays a vital part in developing the intellect of
the younger generation to build up a positive character and
appreciate natural aesthetics. An artistically tending student
has a constructive turn of mind and artistic ways in every
work he or she performs. Above all, such a student steadily
develops unbiased, responsive, and inventive mind full of creativity and dormant talent.

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In this period of advanced technology know-how and modernization, art is of vital magnitude. We fight back
to stabilize our lives while trying to maintain the swiftness of the frenzied pace of living. Students who rise up with
an artistic awareness perceive the world from diverse viewpoints. This understanding shapes their behaviors,
interpersonal and intrapersonal communication, and performances. The artistic awareness is above any
methodologies or approaches. The milieu in which each child dwells, grows up, and functions is distinctive and
cannot be comprehensive. Creative sensibilities are to be developed and encouraged at home, at school, in
society, and finally, in the world, which plays a major role.

In general, there is no debating the belief that the arts have never been more important to our society and
should be fully integrated into our lives, our community and education.

MEANING OF ART
The word “art” is rooted in the 13th century French word art, which means skill because of learning or
practice, and the Latin word “ars”, meaning ability or practical skills. The word art covers many meanings,
including ability, process, and product. As ability, art is the human capacity to make things of beauty and things
that stir us; it is creativity. As process, art encompasses acts, such as drawing, painting sculpting, designing
buildings, singing, dancing, and using the camera to create images or memorable works. As product, art is the
completed work-an etching, a sculpture, a structure, a musical composition, choreography or a tapestry.

Art concerns itself with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of a sensuous medium –
color, sound, bronze, body, words, and film. This medium is fashioned into a symbolic language marked by beauty
of design and coherence of form. It appeals to our mind, arouses our emotions, kindles our imagination, and
enchants our senses (Machlis, 1963).

Many known personalities define art in various ways. According to Plato, “Art is that which brings life
harmony with the beauty of the world.” For John Dewey, Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of mind-one that
demands for its own satisfaction and fulfilling, a shaping of matter to new and more significant form.” For Oscar
Wilde, art is the most intense mode of individualism that the world has known, and for Elbert Hubbard, art is not a
thing – it is a way. From the various definitions above, art has four essentials.

FOUR (4) COMMON ESSENTIALS OF ART

1. Art has to be man-made.

2. Art must be creative, not imitative.
3. Art must benefit and satisfy man.
4. Art is expressed through a certain medium or material by which the artist communicates himself to his
audiences.
Name: ____________________________________ Date: _______________________________
Year/Section: ______________________________ Professor: __________________________

Worksheet No. 2
Answer this question briefly and comprehensively: Use yellow paper for your additional answer. You can also print this
page and answer in here right away.
1. If you were an artist, what kind of artist will you be? What art field will you explore? Why?

2. Based on your own understanding on the lecture about Art and seafaring, what do you do think is the relationship
between art and seafaring? As a future mariner, will art be of help to you and the seafaring industry? Why?
Name: ____________________________________ Date: _______________________________
Year/Section: ______________________________ Professor: __________________________

Worksheet 3
Art Therapy for Everyone
Everyone can remember a time in your life (These can be during your Probationary Period at PMMA, during your
childhood days, High School days, etc.) when words were not enough to explain a specific emotion, as if there was no
way to say out loud what the grief, shame, or the anger felt like, or at least, nothing sounded quite heartbreaking enough
to describe those feelings. Get a piece of clay and create a symbol for a particular emotion that you will never forget in
your life. Write a brief interpretation of your symbol below, as it gives meaning to your identified emotion.
SYMBOL:
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INTERPRETATION:________________________________________________________________________________
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Reflection: How did you feel after creating your symbol? Why does art involve experience?
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Name: ____________________________________ Date: _______________________________
Year/Section: ______________________________ Professor: __________________________

Worksheet 4
Search for five (5) specific examples of each category of art. Classify them using the table below and re-classify them
under other category/ies under which it belongs too. If your example is exclusive to one category, then write NONE on the
third column. Then, answer the question that follow on the next page.

CATEGORY SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OTHER CATEGORY/ies

1.
2.
VISUAL 1. 3
ARTS 2. .
3.
4. 4
5. .

5.
 1. 1.
2. 2.
AUDITORY 3. 3.
ARTS 4. 4.
5. 5.
1.
AUDIO- 2.
VISUAL 1. 3
ARTS 2. .
3.
4. 4
5. .

5.
1. 1.
2. 2.
LITERARY 3. 3.
ARTS 4. 4.
5. 5.