Rocks

and
Minerals
Rocks and minerals

2
Complete the chart with the characteristics of the three types of
rocks. Include a picture of an example of each type of rock and
its name.

Igneous
• Made from .............................................................................................
• How? ......................................................................................................
• ..................................................................................................................
• Mineral crystals? ..................................................................................
• Fossils present? .....................................................................................

Sedimentary
• Made from .............................................................................................
• How? .......................................................................................................
• ...................................................................................................................
• Mineral crystals? ...................................................................................
• Fossils present? .....................................................................................

Metamorphic
• Made from .............................................................................................
• How? .......................................................................................................
• ...................................................................................................................
• Mineral crystals? ...................................................................................
• Fossils present? ....................................................................................

3
Complete the following activities about rocks.
1) Complete the figure with processes on the arrows and intermediate stages in the
ovals. The processes can be chosen from the list provided.

2) Complete the table.

Description Rock Type
Rocks formed in the sea from particles
of eroded rock

Rocks changed by heat

Rocks formed from the

cooling of other molten rock

4
5
 Methods of extraction
Complete the following charts about methods of extraction.
1) Complete diagram including the most important facts about the different types of mineral
extraction.

Surface Sub -
surface
mining
mining
Open-cast Deep mining

Strip mining Shaft mining

2) Compare the different types of mines.

Mine type Advantages Disadvantages

Open pit mining

Strip mining

Drift mining

Shaft mining

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10
Complete the following tasks about mining.
1. How might the extraction of large blocks of stone (used for important buildings) be of benefit for
the locals living next to the quarry?
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2. Describe three negative impacts the development of a quarry could have on the local community.

• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Suggest three ways in which the local ecosystem might be affected by the development of the
quarry.
• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. The removal of topsoil has resulted in the local extinction of a small flowering plant. Suggest why
this loss may be important.
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5. Which of the four extraction methods is likely to have the least impact on a rare plant?
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6. Tree planting can be labour intensive. In Canada, a company pays $0.11 for each young tree
planted as part of its reforestation programme. How much would a worker earn if they planted
1600 trees per day?

7. It is estimated that only about 40% of the young trees survive for more than 5 years. How many
trees will survive for more than 5 years from one worker’s day of planting?

11
 Look at the diagram and then complete the chart
A mining company has the responsibility to
ensure that a mining site is left in good
condition once excavation has
been completed. This is often planned before
the license will be granted to allow extraction
form a site.

1
Give an evaluation of the suitability of the
following proposals for an old site with a large
bowl-like crater. Make sure that you include the
strengths and weaknesses of each proposal.

Strengths Evaluation Weaknesses

Potential use

Water disposal site for

household waste

Naturalizing the area

by planting trees and
sowing wild flower
seeds

Conversion of the
crater into a race
track

Flood the crater for

use as a fish farm

Developing a shopping
centre in the crater

12
Revision activities

13
14
15
 Water
and its
management

16
Look at the diagram and give definitions for the different processes involved in the water
cycle.

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Fill in the blanks below with words from this box:
evaporation sunny precipitate condenses
evaporates clouds vapor atmosphere
heating heavy oceans lakes
droplets plants hail glaciers
runoff snow cycle crystals
rain rivers streams

Evaporation
On a warm, __________________ day, water in a glass of water seems to slowly disappear. This is because
the energy from the sun is _______________ the water up and turning the liquid water into water
______________. This process is called ___________________. When the water ________________, it
becomes an invisible gas in the _____________________. Evaporation takes places all over the earth, but
especially in the ________________ and ________________ where there is lots of water.

Condensation
As the water vapor rises, it cools off and ______________________ into water _________________. If the
water vapor becomes extremely cold, it will form ice ________________ instead of water droplets. As the
water droplets or ice crystals grow bigger and more numerous, they form ___________________.

Precipitation
If water droplets or ice crystals become too _______________, they can’t stay in the air. They
_________________. Water droplets precipitate as ________________ and ice crystals precipitate as
_________________. Sometimes, the rain freezes before it hits the earth and precipitates as
_________________.

Runoff
This precipitation gathers into ________________ and _________________
that flow down to the lakes and oceans. This is called __________________.
Not all of the water makes it back to the oceans and lakes right away. Some
of it is used by animals and ________________. Some is frozen into
___________________. Eventually, the animals and plants breathe the water
out and the glaciers melt, releasing the water back into the water
_______________.

18
Complete the crossword puzzle using the cluesues
below.

Across
3. Ice crystals that fall from the Down
sky. 1. What provides the
6. Water that has been energy that drives the water
cycle?
heated to a gas. 9. Frozen
rain. 2. The process of water
droplets or ice crystals falling
10. A large body of water that from the sky.
flows across the land. 7. These form in the sky when
3. A small body of water water vapor condenses into
12. A large body of salt that flows across the land. water droplets. 8. A large
water.
4. The process of water body of fresh water.
13. The process of changing moving through the world by
10. Water that flows in
from water vapor to water precipitation, evaporation, and streams and river into the
droplets. condensation. oceans and lakes.
5. The process of water 11. Water droplets that fall
turning into a vapor. from the sky.
1

3 4

7 8

10 11

12

13

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Complete the following tasks about the water cycle.

1. Explain why nearly 70% of fresh water on earth is very difficult for humans to use.
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2. Explain why desalination plants are common only in oil-rich countries.

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3. Suggest and explain which of underground, surface water or ice caps and glaciers is likely to
be the main source of fresh water for humans.
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Complete the following activities related to water use and access to safe water.

12

21
4-Read the following text about people that struggle to get fresh water. Then, highlight (using
different colours for each reason) on the text why the people form Turkana suffer from problems
of:
• Water shortage
• Water quality

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Water pollution: Take a look at the following diagrams about sources of excess
organic matter and minerals in water and eutrophication. Then, complete the
following activities.

14

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25
Read the pages 114-117 from the text book and complete the following tasks:
1. Explain the process of eutrophication in five steps.
2. Which are the countries that rely on the river Rhine?
3. What happened in 1986 that led to the creation of the River Rhine Action Plan?
4. State three measures that the countries involved put in action to “clean” and restore the river.
5. What is the “Rhine alarm”?
6. How were animals affected by the incident in 1986? Divide the effects between aquatic and
terrestrial animals.
7. How were people affected by the incident?
8. Why is the accident considered a “transboundary incident”?
9. Look for information about river Riachuelo and complete the following tasks:
a. Describe its course.
b. The water in the river is no longer safe to drink. Why did this happen?

26
c. Ask your family members (especially elder ones) if they have ever bathed in this river
when they were younger. Ask them to describe the water. Did it look or smell like it
does nowadays? Write down their description.
d. Have there been any attempts to clean the river? Have they been successful?

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 Multipurpose dams
Read the text about multipurpose dams and answer the questions below.

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Special Assignment - Case study:
The Three Gorges Dam.
Read the information on pages 112-114 and complete the following tasks on a separate sheet of
paper. This assignment will carry a mark, and you will have to complete it on your own (individual
task).
• You do not need to copy the questions again, you will have to hand in ONLY THE ANSWERS.
• Tasks 5 and 6 can be designed on the same sheet of paper. 24
• You can do the whole task on your computer and print it, or you can do it by hand.
• HAND IN ON: ……………………………………….

For this assignment, you will be evaluated on:

• Presentation on time: yes – no
• Information: poor – brief – correct – too much accurate – wrong
• Grammar: below standard – average – good
• Spelling mistakes: many – some - few or none
• General presentation: tidy – wrinkled
attractive – dull

TASK
1. Which are the reasons for building a dam?
2. What is a multipurpose dam?
3. Which are the most important factors to consider when building a dam?
4. State three reasons in favor of and three against building multipurpose dams.
5. Design a poster (written from the Chinese government’s perspective) that includes positive
aspects about the Three Gorges Dam. (A5 size – half an A4 sheet of paper)
6. Design a banner (written by a local activist) that includes negative aspects of building the dam.
(A5 size – half an A4 sheet of paper)
7. Look for information about the Yacyretá Dam and answer the following questions: a. Where
is it?

b. Who is in control of the dam?

c. Which is the main purpose of the dam? Is it a multipurpose dam?
d. How do locals benefit from the dam?
29
e. How have locals been affected by the construction of the dam?
f. Have you ever been to this dam, or any other dam? Include a picture and describe
your experience. If you have never seen one, look for a picture on the internet or a
magazine and describe what you would feel if you were there.

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Figure 4.18

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 Vocabulary
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Complete the chart with the resources we can get from the
oceans.

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36

38
Complete the tasks about ocean currents and “El Niño” effect.

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World fisheries and overfishing

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Check what you have learnt using this questionnaire.

1. Which are the characteristics of a cold current?

2. Which are the effects of a warm current?

3. Name one difference between cold and warm currents.

4. Describe the process of upwelling.

5. What happens to the Peruvian current during an “El Niño” year?

6. Which are the effects of “El Niño” on Perú? Consider fisheries, agriculture and jobs.

7. Where are the main fishing grounds located?

8. Three factors to explain the locations of major ocean fisheries are wide continental shelf,

presence of ocean currents and densely populated coastal areas nearby. For each factor,

explain its importance for major ocean fisheries.

9. Mention five industries related to fishing.

10. Some of the human causes that contribute to overfishing are shown in the spider map.

Explain each of them.

11. Mention and explain the strategies to deal with overfishing.

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49
 The art and science of cultivating the land for growing crops (farming) or raising
agriculture
livestock (ranching).

Area of the planet which can be classified according to the plant and animal life
biome
in it.

border Natural or artificial line separating two pieces of land.

boreal forest Land covered by evergreen trees in cool, northern latitudes. Also called taiga.

climate All weather conditions for a given location over a period of time.

coast Edge of land along the sea or other large body of water.

continent One of the seven main land masses on Earth.

Geographic territory with a distinct name, flag, population, boundaries, and

country
government.

crop Agricultural produce.

Area of land that receives no more than 25 centimetres (10 inches) of

desert
precipitation a year.

An entire river system or an area drained by a river and its tributaries. Also
drainage basin
called a watershed.

fjord Long, narrow ocean inlet between steep slopes.

forest Ecosystem filled with trees and underbrush.

geography Study of places and the relationships between people and their
environments.
glacier Mass of ice that moves slowly over land.

highlands Plateau or elevated region of land.

latitude Distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees.

lowland Slow-flowing river ecosystem usually found in lower altitudes.

Symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on

map
a flat surface.

mountain Landmass that forms as tectonic plates interact with each other.

mountain range Series or chain of mountains that is close together.

ocean Large body of salt water that covers most of the Earth.

peninsula Piece of land jutting into a body of water.

physical features Naturally occurring geographic characteristics.

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 plain Flat, smooth area at a low elevation.

pollution Introduction of harmful materials into the environment.

precipitation All forms in which water falls to Earth from the atmosphere.

Any area on Earth with one or more common characteristics. Regions are the
region
basic units of geography.

river Large stream of flowing fresh water.

51
 Base level for measuring elevations. Sea level is determined by measurements
sea level
taken over a 19-year cycle.

steppe Dry, flat grassland with no trees and a cool climate.

territory Land an animal, human, or government protects from intruders.

trade Buying, selling, or exchanging of goods and services.

transportation Movement of people or goods from one place to another.

tributary Stream that feeds, or flows, into a larger stream.

tundra Cold, treeless region in Arctic and Antarctic climates.

vegetation All the plant life of a specific place.

watershed Entire river system or an area drained by a river and its tributaries.

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 About Europe
Read the following facts about the continent.

• Europe is one of the seven continents of the world. Around 739 million people lived in Europe
in 2010. This makes it the third most populated continent. 11% of the world’s population lives
71 in Europe. It is the world’s second smallest continent, with only 10% of the world’s land area.
This means it has a high population density compared to other continents.

• There are about 50 countries in Europe – with Russia and Turkey being partly in Europe and
partly in Asia. Iceland and Norway to the north have very different environments to the warmer
areas of Cyprus and Greece to the far south of the continent.

• Political links: In 2011, 27 countries of Europe were member states of the European Union(EU).
All member states of the EU aim to work closely with other members and there are some laws
that apply in an EU country because it is a member. The European Council is made up of the
heads of states of EU countries, and the European Parliament consists of 754 MEPs (Members
of European Parliament) from EU countries. All member states are represented in these groups.
The EU also sets goals and targets for looking after the environment. One initiative is a policy
developed in 2008 to combat climate change.

• Economic links: The Euro is a form of currency. Many EU members use it because it helps to
make trade easier between member states. The group of countries that use the Euro are called
the ‘Eurozone’.

• Communication links: Communication

links allow information to be exchanged
between people in different countries,
such as: mobile phones, internet,
satellite TV.

• There are only three time zones in

Europe, which means most business
hours in the week overlap between
countries.

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 Borders and physical features
Look at the map of Europe and complete the following tasks.
1) Mark, draw and label on the map the following items:
• compass rose
• the border between Europe and Asia
• the prime meridian (0º longitude), which runs through England
• Oceans, rivers, mountains and other physical features

2) About physical characteristics:

• Mention physical characteristics that you know.
• Which of these can be found in Europe? Give examples
• How would physical features be important for defining countries? Do you think country borders should
line up with physical features? Are there any examples in Argentina?

54
3) Read and highlight each proper name of a physical feature of Europe. Then,
try to mark them on a map.

55
4) Read the list of mountain ranges in Europe. Then, mark them on a
map.

• Alps: Located in south-central Europe, they extend for almost 1230 km from the coastline of
southern France (near Monaco) into Switzerland, northern Italy and Austria, then southeast
through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina as the (Dinaric Alps). Ending in Albania on
the rugged coastline of the Adriatic Sea. They are the source of many rivers and tributaries
including the Danube, Po, Rhine and Rhone. The highest point is Mont Blanc at 4,807 m.
• Apennines: The source of almost all rivers in Italy including the Arno, Tiber, and Volturno, the
Apennines Mountains 1,350 km in length, form the backbone of the country, and run the entire
length of the Italian Peninsula, ending on the island of Sicily. The highest point is Mt. Corno at
2,914 m.
• Atlantic Highlands: Formed million of years ago during the Caledonian mountain-building
periods as western lands were (forced) or pushed against the Scandinavian Shield. Significant
mountain ranges here include the Kjolen in Norway and Sweden, and the Pennines that stretch
through the central United Kingdom.
• Balkan Mountains: These mountains extend from Yugoslavia across Bulgaria. Additional ranges
run through Albania, Greece and Macedonia. Its most famous mountain is Mt. Olympus, the
highest and most awe-inspiring peak in all of Greece. In ancient times it was the mythical home
of Zeus, and was declared the first national park in Greece in 1939. It stands at 2,918 m.
• Carpathian Mountains: This mountain system located in eastern Europe is the source of the
Dniester, Tisza and Vistula Rivers. They form the natural border between Slovakia and southern
Poland, and then extend southward through Ukraine and into Romania. The highest point is Mt.
Gerlachovkain in northern Slovakia, standing at 2,655 m.
• Caucasus Mountains: Stretching from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, these volcanic
mountains have many peaks above 4,572 m. The highest point (and the highest point in Europe)
is located here; Mt. Elbrus at 5,642 m.
• Kjolen Mountains: This jagged mountain system runs along the border of eastern Norway and
western Sweden. The highest point is Mt. Kebnekaise, standing at 2,123 m.
• North European Plain: The fertile North European Plain slopes to the north-northeast from the
Alps, extending to the Baltic Sea, and on into Denmark and southern Finland, Norway and
Sweden. It continues east for almost 4000 km, on into the Russian Federation. The land is largely
flat with smaller areas of hills, including the Central Russian Uplands. Farming is prevalent and
agricultural communities dot the landscape.
• Pyrenees: These mountains form the natural border between France and Spain and extend for
about 430 km from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean Sea. The highest point is Pico de
Aneto at 3,404 m.

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• Scandinavian Shield: An ancient area of rocky earth peppered with granite rock that was literally
ground down by receding glacial ice sheets. It is a
rolling area of land covered with thousands of lakes
(mostly small), linked by rivers.
• Ural Mountains: The Urals are 2,640 km in length and
extend from the northern-edge of the Russian
Federation down through Kazakhstan. They form a
natural border between Asia and Europe. The highest
point is Mt. Narodnaya at 1,894 m.

5) Make a list of the bodies of water in Europe, including oceans,

seas, and rivers. Then, mark them on a map together with the
mountains, and label them.

Languages and religions

6)Read the passage and answer the following questions.

1. What languages are spoken in Europe? Do languages correspond with countries? Explain.
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2. Are there any members in your family that speak any of these languages? What about you?
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3. What religions are practiced in Europe? Which of these have the largest numbers of members? Do most
people in a single country practice the same religion? Explain.
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7)Read the following passage about the languages in Europe, and
then sketch a diagram of the Indo-European language family tree.

58
Read the passage about the religions in Europe, and then answer the
questions.

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1. Which regions of Europe appear to have the most diversity in terms of religion? Which have the least?
Explain.
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2. Draw a diagram that reflects the religions present in Europe.

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