Engineering Chemistry

BAS 012

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hanaa Abulmagd

http://bu.edu.eg/staff/hanaahmed3

Lect. 3
 Solutions

True solution: physical homogenous mixture of two or

more components that cannot be separated by
mechanical means such as filtration or sedimentation”.

Characteristics: stable - clear - does not scatter the

beams of light passed through it.
“Binary solutions” which made only of two
components
Constituents: Solute (less) + Solvent (more)

if 50 :50 then, liquid will be considered the solvent

 Some important rules
• Mole (n): is the mass of substance containing the same number of atom,
ions, or molecules. (Avogadro's number = 6.022 × 1023 ).
• Thus, one mole of Fe contains 6.022×1023 Fe atoms, and one mole of water
contains 6.02 × 1023 water molecules.
• Molar mass (molecular mass) is the mass of one mole of molecule.
Molar mass of HCl = 1.0 + 35.5 = 36.5 g/mol, thus, n = mass/molar mass

Normality (N) = K x Molarity (M)

 Exercise on concentration

Ex. Calculate the molarity of 100 mL solution containing 9.8 g

H2SO4 (S= 32, O =16, H = 1)

No of mole (n) = mass

(solute) molar mass

Molecular mass (molar mass) =

atomic mass of: 2(H)+ S + 4(O) = 2+32+64 = 98 g/mole

No of mole (n) = 9.8 = 0.1 mole

98 M= 0.1 (mol) = 1.0 mole/L
0.1 (L)
 Exercise on concentration
Ex. Calculate the molality of a solution when 9.8 g H2SO4 was dissolved
in 100 g water. And calculate the mole fraction of H2SO4 in that solution
(S= 32, O =16, H = 1)

No of mole (n) = 9.8 = 0.1 mole

(solute) 98

m= 0.1 (mol) = 1.0 mole/Kg

0.1 (Kg)

No of mole = 100 = 5.6 mole

(solvent) 18

Mole fraction(X) = 0.1 = 0.017

ntotal = 0.1 +5.6 = 5.7 (H2SO4) 5.7
 Solubility and factors affecting its extent

Solubility: “the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve

in a certain amount of solvent at a specified temperature and
pressure”.
* It can be expressed in (g/L) - (g/g), - (mol/L), [M, N, wt.%]

5.0 g/100 ml water

5.0 g/100 g water

1.0 g (Au) /100 g Cu

 Solubility and factors affecting its extent
Solubility: “the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a
certain amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure”.
* It can be expressed in (g/L) - (g/g), - (mol/L), [remember M, N, wt.%]

Factor affecting the solubility:

Temperature: in most cases, S increases with T.
Pressure: affect the solubility only in case of gases.
“likes dissolve likes”
Polarity: molecular structure of solute & nature of solvent
Particle size of the solute: small particles dissolves easily
Presence of solubilizing agents: enhances the solubility
Stirring: affects the speed of solubility

Each factor can affect the solubility in same or different manner

according to the type of solution and the state of its components.
 Polarity and its rule in solubility
“likes dissolve likes” rule:
• it controls the solution formation.
• It is based on the type of bonding between the molecules.
- Ionic and polar compounds dissolve in polar solvent (NaCl
or sugar in water).
- Nonpolar compounds dissolve in nonpolar solvents (wax in
benzene).
 Classification of solutions We will study
those solution
2- According to the state of their components only

State of State of State of

Examples
Solvent Solute Solution

Gas Gas Air, natural gas

Gas Carbonated water (soda),
Gas
Solid Liquid
Gas Smoke
Ammonia solution
Liquid Gas Fog
Carbonated water (soda), Ammonia
Gas Liquid
Liquid solution
Liquid Liquid Liquid Alcoholic beverages,
Liquid Liquid Alcoholic beverages,
Solid Liquid Seawater, sugar solution
Gas Solid Hydrogen in platinum
Solid Solid
Liquid Liquid
Solid Seawater,
Dentalsugar solution
Amalgam
Solid Solid Metal alloys: brass, bronze
1- Solution of Gas in Liquid
** Factors affecting its solubility:
 Nature of gas and liquid
 Temperature  Pressure of the gas

At constant pressure

Temperature  solubility 

Kinetic energy of gas molecules 

as temperature 
1- Solution of Gas in Liquid
** Factors affecting its solubility:
 Nature of gas and liquid
 Temperature  Pressure of the gas
At constant temperature Pressure  solubility 

Limitations of Hennery's law:

• P is not high.
• T is not too low.
• The gas neither reacts chemically
with solvent nor dissociates or
associates with the solvent.
Henry’s law: mass of a gas dissolved in a given volume of
a certain liquid and at constant temperature is directly m=k×p
proportional to the pressure of the gas above that liquid”.
Exercise
Oxygen is much less soluble in water than carbon dioxide, 0.0041 g/100
mL at 20 °C and 1.0 atm. Calculate the solubility of oxygen gas in water
at 20 °C and a pressure of 1150 mm Hg

Solubility (m) = k × P since K = Henry’s constant x, P = pressure

Given m1 = 0.00412 g/100 P1 = 1.0 atm = 760 mm Hg

m2 = ?? P2 = 1150 mm Hg

m1/ m2 = P1 / P2

0.00412 / m2 = 760 / 1150

m2 = 0.0062 g/100 mL
Which is the highest
pressure?

Which is the highest

Temperature?
 Take-home tasks:
• Solving problem on Concentration’s Laws.
• Understanding the graphs for gas in liquid solutions.
• Solving problem on Hennery's Law.

Next lecture we will study:

 Liquid in liquid solutions
 Raoult’s law of ideal solution
 Distillation of liquid-liquid solutions
See you then