Crafting a Literature Review on Sickle Cell Anemia

Writing a literature review on a complex medical condition like sickle cell anemia is a challenging
task that requires in-depth research, critical analysis, and proficient writing skills. Sickle cell anemia
is a genetic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, making it a subject of immense
scientific interest and ongoing research. A comprehensive literature review provides a synthesis of
existing knowledge, identifies research gaps, and contributes to the advancement of understanding in
the field.

One of the primary difficulties in writing a literature review on sickle cell anemia lies in the vast
amount of research literature available. Navigating through numerous scientific articles, clinical
trials, case studies, and academic papers can be overwhelming, requiring meticulous attention to
detail and the ability to discern relevant information. Furthermore, understanding the intricate
biochemical, genetic, and physiological mechanisms underlying sickle cell anemia demands expertise
in various scientific disciplines, including molecular biology, hematology, and genetics.

Another challenge is ensuring the coherence and logical flow of the literature review. Integrating
diverse perspectives, conflicting findings, and evolving theories into a cohesive narrative requires
skillful synthesis and interpretation. Additionally, critically evaluating the methodological rigor and
validity of individual studies is essential for maintaining the credibility and reliability of the literature
review.

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Results from their experiments, showed that by simply supplying the sickled cells with oxygen, the
RBC’s were able to regain normal discoid shape. Because of these factors, current treatment options
are often not possible or recommended for people with SCD. NIH scientists discover how DNA
fragments can trigger inflammation in sickle cell disease. In this essay, sickle cell anemia in adults
will be discussed. And he receives virtually no training regarding ideal breathing patterns and ideal
volumes of air. Most of the research has been done to explore on the reasons why it mostly effects
the African-American community and people who are from the West Coast of Africa. Assume that
your employees who execute the purchasing activities are compromised during an event. Allogeneic
BMT using HSCs from the latter 3 donor sources are still risky; and donor availability presents a
huge limitation. However, many people are concerned with the chemotherapy step of the treatment.
This successful HSCT demonstrated that reversal of SCD could be achieved without complete
reversal of the hematological phenotype to HbAA, and paved the way for bone marrow transplant
(BMT) as a curative option for children with severe SCD ( Walters et al., 1996b ). Report this
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The bone marrow expands in childhood in a compensatory effort to offset anemia, sometimes
leading to enlargement of the bones of the face and skull. When an individual has two hemoglobin S
genes (Hemoglobin SS) the disease becomes sickle cell anemia, which is the most severe strain. Of
the hip and joints occur as a result of ischemia. Healthy red blood cells are round and they move
through small blood vessels carrying oxygen to all parts of the body. Crises occur suddenly when
sickled RBCs get clumped in the blood vessels, leading to an obstruction of the normal flow of
blood. Eighty seven percent of the patients received myeloablative chemotherapy (MAC) and the
rest (13%) received reduced intensity chemotherapy (RIC). The disease is predominant in those
living and originating from sub-Saharan region. Exciting research is underway, as scientists are
currently studying gene therapy in the hopes of being able to one day change or replace the gene
responsible for the disease. Because sickle cell disease can also trigger a stroke, symptoms such as
numbness or weakness in the face or side of the body, visual troubles, or difficulty speaking should
also be watched for. Distortion of these cells increases the risk of infections in Sickle Cell Anemia
patients. Chemotherapy can weaken your immune system, cause hair loss, and result in infertility.
Until then, HSCT had not been considered as a therapeutic option for SCD. In the long-term, the
heart has to work harder to supply blood throughout the body. Herrick studied and taught at various
Chicago hospitals. The first step of gene therapy is making a carrier that will place all the necessary
tools inside your cells. Read the Declaration of Independence found in the U.S. Government
Reference Guide. In a study published on Thursday in the American Journal of Human Genetics
Daniel Shriner and Charles Rotimi from the Center for Research. The condition leads to anemia and
other critical consequences contributing to morbidity and mortality. Berthaut et al. (2008) measured
the semen quality of 4 patients with SCA at baseline and 4 years after starting hydroxyurea.
L -Glutamine appears to significantly increase NADH and NAD redox potential and decrease
endothelial adhesion, but its mechanism remains still unknown and there are concerns regarding its
use in patients with renal impairment, a common sickle-related complication ( Quinn, 2018 ). This
probably is because of impairment in ATPase pump and calcium pump (Meremikwu and Okomo,
2011). It’s unknown whether health insurance providers will offer coverage for this type of
treatment. They may suffer from other complications like gall stones, stroke and pulmonary
hypertension. Due to recent population migrations, increasing numbers of individuals affected by
SCD are encountered in countries that are not historically endemic for malaria, such as the US. Give
examples or case study information about grants or historical declaration funding that supports your
financial plan. SCD affects millions of people worldwide, particularly those with African, Spanish,
Mediterranean, and Indian ancestry. It is also common among people living in the Middle East and
the Mediterranean countries like Saudi Arabia, Greece, and Italy. There are also significant risks
associated with this treatment. Of the nine patients that had a negative outcome, five had graft
rejection and four intracranial hemorrhage. Since there are several risks associated with
transplantation, it is recommended only to those who are not responding well to conservation
management. The average doctor only receives a mere 20 hours of nutrition training in his entire 8-
year program. Another variant is the heterozygous condition, the HbSC. Its mechanism of action has
not been fully understood and its impact on HbF will decrease over time. Sickle Cell Anemia is an
inherited Those with a single inherited gene do not suffer from the disease but possess the sickle cell
trait that can be transferred to their children. Multiorgan involvement can be there manifesting as
anatomical and functional alterations of the kidney, and enlargement of spleen and liver. Mild
jaundice may also develop as well as an enlarged spleen, which results in the sense of abdominal
fullness and discomfort. 2) Sickle Cell Disease Clumps Red blood cells Cells require a steady supply
of oxygen to function properly. In renal complications, the kidneys are prone to damage from the
sickle cells. Many of these treatments include blood cultures to test for high leukocytes, use of pain
medications for pain, and tests shown to detect blood or protein in the blood. Page 8 In the
treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia, there have been many ways to treat the complications that come
with it. Most of the research has been done to explore on the reasons why it mostly effects the
African-American community and people who are from the West Coast of Africa. These abnormal
sickle cells break down faster then normal. The disease is through autosomal recessive inheritance. To
better assess its clinical effect in patients with SCD, a pilot study, currently enrolling with invitation
is studying its effect in redox and RBC function during VOC ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
NCT01800526). The risk of stroke is high among adults and can be recurrent (Strosse et al, 2011).
These kinds are pretty rare, and their severity varies from one person. Sickle cell disease is a genetic
disorder caused by mutations in the beta globin gene that leads to faulty hemoglobin protein called
hemoglobin S. NIH scientists discover how DNA fragments can trigger inflammation in sickle cell
disease. Because DNA makes up the chromosomes that are found in eggs and sperm. Other
symptoms include an increased risk of severe infections, fatigue, and shortness of breath. 3) Crises
Trigger the Manifestation of the Condition Infants, older kids, and adults suffering from the disease
experience bouts of critical illness known as crises.
The condition is associated with morbidity and mortality and many children succumb to its
complications in childhood and adolescence. These sickled cells after got produced by red bone
marrow can go back and forth between being normally shaped and sickle shaped until they
eventually become sickle shaped permanently. Thus, the function of human cistron on the patterned
advance and development of human disease can never be neglected. No use, distribution or
reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Adults may have skull bossing
and other features of chronic hemolytic anemia. Incentive spirometry is performed to prevent
pulmonary complications; bronchoscopy is done to identify source of pulmonary disease. Barbie -
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Company (fr. The bone marrow expands in childhood in a compensatory effort to offset anemia,
sometimes leading to enlargement of the bones of the face and skull. In the final step, doctors
reintroduce modified bone marrow cells into your body via an intravenous (IV) infusion. Include the
requirements or restrictions that are associated with these grants. Pregnancy is a hazardous phase and
antenatal care must be meticulous because of risk of bone marrow emboli and fat emboli as term
approaches. Whether, 2000). The consequence of this is that because the individual’s blood cells
mutates and becomes misshapen, becoming “moon-crescent” or sickle-shaped”, or even get spiked
shaped. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies. Interesting
phenomena observed between malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia is that In other words, there are some
natural selection traits that favor sickle cell-anemia allele in some individuals. A genetic disease is a
hereditary disorder, one that may be passed from generation to generation. Splenomegaly occurs
after one year of age and sometimes pooling of large number of sickle cells in the spleen can lead to
sudden painful splenomegaly known as splenic sequestration. Some of these complications include
infection, acute splenetic sequestration crisis, renal complications, Acute Chest Syndrome, and pain
Whether, 2000) With infection, individuals with Sickle Cell are susceptible to sepsis, Inch is caused
by germs and bacteria. Adults, when compared to children have different clinical presentation
(Meremikwu and Okomo, 2011). Please describe.4) 4. Are the trust assets part of Melinda’s taxable
estate? Explain.5) 5. For income tax purposes, is this trust considered a “grantor trust”? Explain.In
answering each question, please make sure to cite applicable authority. Low pH levels in blood and
low oxygen tension can lead to repeated infarcts in the spleen leading to fibrosis and shrinkage. The
first step of gene therapy is making a carrier that will place all the necessary tools inside your cells.
How much (if any) of the transfer is eligible for the gift tax marital deduction? Explain.2) 2. Are the
trust assets part of Donald’s taxable estate. Laurel Springs Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of
Independence Paper. The normal life p of a healthy red blood cell is about 120 days before spleen
takes out the bad ones and the bone marrow replace them. Painful crises are treated with hydration,
analgesics, and blood transfusion. Because of its genetic simplicity, SCA has been used to illustrate
many of the advances in molecular genetics such as detection of a DNA mutation by restriction
fragment enzyme analysis, and was used as proof of principle for the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) that we now take for granted ( Wilson et al., 1982; Saiki et al., 1985 ). Like the others, this
person will show the signs and symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia. The disease is through autosomal
recessive inheritance. In some patients, however, the damage stops after a particular period while in
others, it persists and may become chronic. Most of the time, mutations aren’t of major consequence,
but sometimes they can hit critical parts of your genes.
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Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Getting into the tech field. Patients with
SCD have increased rates of venous and arterial thrombotic events ( Brunson et al., 2017 ). Our
experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new
information becomes available. In the final step, doctors reintroduce modified bone marrow cells
into your body via an intravenous (IV) infusion. They become sticky, rigid, and prone to getting
stuck in small vessels. Seminario biologia molecular-Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Mild
jaundice may also develop as well as an enlarged spleen, which results in the sense of abdominal
fullness and discomfort. 2) Sickle Cell Disease Clumps Red blood cells Cells require a steady supply
of oxygen to function properly. Patients with stable mixed chimerism did not have worse outcomes
related to complications of SCD. Blood transfusion is an option, with this procedure the patient will
get supplied with healthy red blood cells from donors, but this can also be risky, because the new red
blood cells also carry with them irons, this can cause excessive iron build up in patients’ body; so
people who get blood transfusion also need others treatments to reduce iron level. Diagnosis starts
with screening by solubility test and sickling test then confirmed. Before a patient can have a bone
marrow transplantation, a donor must be found who does not have sickle cell anemia. These events
interfere with oxygen delivery, leaving the victims gasping for air and extreme pain. Medically
reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH Sickle cell crisis has many triggers — some you can control
and some you can't. Allogeneic BMT using HSCs from the latter 3 donor sources are still risky; and
donor availability presents a huge limitation. Some episodes can be treated with pain medication or
antibiotics, while others may be severe enough to warrant a trip to the emergency room. According
to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an individual with sickle cell anemia
inherited a hemoglobin gene called a sickle cell trait from his or her parents. Swee Lay Thein NHLBI
Researchers have discovered that DNA from the mitochondria - the cells powerhouses - acts as a
danger signal in the body and. Reports indicates that patients show improvements of oxygenation
and reductions of pulmonary artery pressures during he inhalation of nitrous oxide. (Gladden, T.;
Rodgers, P., 2000) It has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use
in treating this syndrome. It’s unknown whether health insurance providers will offer coverage for
this type of treatment. As described by Walters et al. (2010), HSCT can establish donor-derived
erythropoiesis, but even more importantly, can stabilize or even restore function in affected organs of
patients with SCD when performed in time. It is a hereditary, severe, life-threatening genetic disorder
in which the red blood cells harden and form a 'sickle' shape under conditions of stress, dehydration,
cold temperature, or other circumstances. Antiplatelet therapy with Clopidogrel in patients with
SCD, unfortunately, were disappointing. Platelet activation triggers further leukocyte activation and
promote RBC adhesion to an exposed endothelium ( Conran and Belcher, 2018 ) setting off a
vicious cycle of adhesion events. Affecting about 72,000 Americans or 1 in 500 African Americans”.
Rarely, the adult patient presents with repeated joint pains and anemia. This essay will discuss about
various aspects of sickle cell anemia in adults. NIH scientists discover how DNA fragments can
trigger inflammation in sickle cell disease. An ongoing clinical trial will compare 2-year overall
survival and outcomes related to SCD in patients that undergo transplant compared with current
standard of care (ClinicalTrail.gov Identifier: NCT02766465). Factors which contribute to sickling in
adults are dehydration, local tissue hypoxia, acidosis, fatigue, exposure to cold, stress of any form,
alcohol intoxication and pregnancy. Including 3 vendors or suppliers with whom you would establish
a memorandum of agreement to lock in pricing and availability.