Name: Tanesha Johnson

Grade: 8cb

Date: November 24, 2020

Subject: Mathematics

Teacher: Mrs. White-head Sterling

 Introduction
This project will be giving you a brief explanation on George Cantor Theory, on different types of sets
and also on a Venn diagram. It will also convey basic ways of describing sets, finite sets, infinite sets,
empty sets, subsets and universal sets.

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 Autobiography
My name is Tanesha Johnson I was born in Westmorland, Jamaica. On January 18, 2007. I have one
sister and a brother. My dad is a Computer lab technician and my mom is a waitress. There is two things
I don’t like is that Jamaica is hot and in the city is very noisy.

My previous school was Irwin Primary, at that school I met some of my enthusiastic friends and I will
never forget the first day I was in my school uniform and couldn’t sleep that night because I was thinking
how many new friends I will make. The best memory I have remember is when I got the Golden Trophy
at the PEP awards ceremony. I was happy and also excited because I know that my dad would bring me
to the movies.

During my current life, the country is experiencing a pandemic. I am just staying safe and keeping my
distance from people.

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 Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… I
Autobiography…………………………………………………………………………...II
History of George Cantor Theory………………………………………………..1-2
Sets……………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Examples of a Set…………………………………………………………………………4
Activity…………………………………………………………………………………………5
Finite set………………………………………………………………………………………6
Infinite set…………………………………………………………………………………….7
Equal set………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Empty set………………………………………………………………………………………9
Subset…………………………………………………………………………………………...9
Universal set………………………………………………………………………………….10
Is an infinite set countable or uncountable? ……………………….11
Venn diagram………………………………………………………12
Examples……………………………………………………………………………………….13
Intersecting sets……………………………………………………………………………..14
Disjoint sets…………………………………………………………………………………….15
Union of two sets…………………………………………………………………………….16
Reflection………………………………………………………………………………………..17
 History of George Cantor Set
George Cantor is the man who found set theory. Cantor’s first ten
papers were on number theory, after which he turned his
attention to calculus (or analysis as it had become known by this
time), solving a difficult open problem on the uniqueness of the
representation of a function by trigonometric series. His main
legacy, though, is as perhaps the first mathematician to really
understand the meaning of infinity and to give it mathematical
precision. He had also pointed out that two concentric circles
must both be comprised of an infinite number of points, even
though the larger circle would appear to contain more points.
However, Galileo had essentially dodged the issue and reluctantly
concluded that concepts like less, equals and greater could only
be applied to finite sets of numbers, and not to infinite sets. Cantor, however, was not content
with this compromise.
Cantor’s starting point was to say that, if it was
possible to add 1 and 1, or 25 and 25, etc. Then it
ought to be possible to add infinity and infinity.
He realized that it was actually possible to add
and subtract infinities, and that beyond what was
normally thought of as infinity existed another,
larger infinity, and then other infinities beyond
that. In fact, he showed that there may be
infinitely many sets of infinite numbers – an
infinity of infinities – some bigger than others, a
concept which clearly has philosophical, as well
as just mathematical, significance. The sheer
audacity of Cantor’s theory set off a quiet
revolution in the mathematical community, and
changed forever the way mathematics is
approached.

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 Just as importantly, though, this work of Cantor’s
between 1874 and 1884 marks the real origin of
set theory, which has since become a
fundamental part of modern mathematics, and
its basic concepts are used throughout all the
various branches of mathematics. Although the
concept of a set had been used implicitly since
the beginnings of mathematics, dating back to
the ideas of Aristotle, this was limited to
everyday finite sets. In contradistinction, the
“infinite” was kept quite separate, and was
largely considered a topic for philosophical,
rather than mathematical, discussion. Cantor,
however, showed that, just as there were
different finite sets, there could be infinite sets of
different sizes, some of which are countable and
some of which are uncountable. Throughout the
1880s and 1890s, he refined his set theory,
defining well-ordered sets and power sets and introducing the concepts of cordiality and
cardinality and the arithmetic of infinite sets. What is now known as Cantor’s theorem states
generally that, for any set A, the power set of A (i.e. the set of all subsets of A) has a strictly
greater cardinality than itself. More specifically, the power set of a countable infinite set is
uncountable infinite.

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 Sets
A set is a collection of objects (or things) which belong together. A member (or an element) of a
set is each object (or thing) that belongs to the set.
E.g. The set of even numbers less than 10, has its elements, the numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8.
The curly brackets or braces {} mean ‘the set of’ or ‘the set’.
There are a number of different notations related to the theory of sets. In the case of a finite
set of elements, one often writes the collection inside curly braces, e.g.
1. A={1,2,3}
Or the set of natural numbers less than or equal to three. Similar notation can be used for
infinite sets provided that ellipses are used to signify infiniteness, e.g.
A= {1, 2, 3}
B= {3, 4, 5...}
For the collection of natural numbers greater than or equal to three, or
For the set of all even numbers.
C= {...,-4,-2, 0, 2, 4…..}
We can also define a set by its properties, such as {x|x>0} which means "the set of all x's, such
that x is greater than 0".
And we can have sets of numbers that have no common property, they are just defined that
way. For example:
{2, 3, 6, 828, 3839, 8827}
{4, 5, 6, 10, 21}
{2, 949, 48282, 42882959, 119484203}
Sets are the fundamental property of mathematics. Now as a word of warning, sets, by
themselves, seem pretty pointless. But it's only when we apply sets in different situations do
they become the powerful building block of mathematics that they are.
Math can get amazingly complicated quite fast. Graph Theory, Abstract Algebra, Real Analysis,
Complex Analysis, Linear Algebra, Number Theory, and the list goes on. But there is one thing
that all of these share in common: Sets.

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 Examples of Sets

{A set of carnivores and herbivores} {A set of working people}

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 Activity
Complete the table below.

Set Symbols Names

∈ ‘element of ’ or ‘ member of ’
∉ ‘ not an element of ’ or ‘ not a member of ’
⋂ Intersection
⋃ Union
Ø Empty or null
Universal
Miss did not see the symbols ‘ is a set of ’

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 Finite Set
A finite set contains a definite number of elements is called a finite set. The empty set is also a
finite set. The empty set has no elements and is denoted by the symbol Ø or by a pair of braces
{ }. The cardinality of the empty set is 0 (|Ø| = 0).
Examples of Finite Sets
The set described at the start of this lesson is an example of a finite set. Set A was defined as
the prime numbers less than 20. There are eight prime numbers less than 20, so A had eight
elements or a cardinality of 8.
Let's define a new set as follows:
B = (a, e, i, o, u)
B is the set of vowels in the English alphabet. B is a finite set because it has five elements or a
cardinality of 5.
Let's define set C as the set of natural numbers less than 10. We can show C as follows:
C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
We can also show C using an alternative form of set notation as shown in the following figure,
which we will call Figure 1. The boldface capital N is often used to indicate the set of natural
numbers. We can read the notation in Figure 1 as all elements x in the set of natural numbers
such that x is less than 10.

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 Infinite Sets
A set that is not finite is called an infinite set. Infinite sets are sets that have unlimited number
of elements which makes it extremely difficult or impossible to count or list them all. In other
words, one can count off all elements in the set in such a way that, even though the counting
will take forever, you will get to any particular element in a finite amount of time.
For example, the set of integers {0,1,−1,2,−2,3,−3,…}{0,1,−1,2,−2,3,−3,…} is clearly infinite.
However, as suggested by the above arrangement, we can count off all the integers. Counting
off every integer will take forever. But, if you specify any integer,
say −10,234,872,306−10,234,872,306, we will get to this integer in the counting process in a
finite amount of time.
Sometimes, we can just use the term “countable” to mean countable infinite. But to stress that
we are excluding finite sets, we usually use the term countable infinite. Countable infinite is in
contrast to uncountable, which describes a set that is so large, it cannot be counted even if we
kept counting forever.
Examples:
1. Set of all points in a plane is an infinite set.
2. Set of all points in a line segment is an infinite set.
3. Set of all positive integers which is multiple of 3 is an infinite set.
4. W = {0, 1, 2, 3…} i.e. set of all whole numbers is an infinite set.
5. N = {1, 2, 3…} i.e. set of all natural numbers is an infinite set.
6. Z = {……… -2, -1, 0, 1, 2…} i.e. set of all integers is an infinite set.

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 Equal Set
An equal set is when two things are same or identical in amount or quantity, we call them as
equal. For example, students obtaining same number of marks are treated equals while two
circles having the same area are also considered equal circles. If two people make use of the
same dumbbell sets and raise it the same number of times, they are said to have completed
equal number of sets. In math, two sets are said to be equal if they contain the same number of
elements and also the same elements though the order of elements in the two sets may be
different. So {a, b, c} and {c, b, a} are called equal sets.
Example:
If P = {1, 3, 9, 5, −7} and Q = {5, −7, 3, 1, 9,}, then P = Q. It is also noted that no matter how
many times an element is repeated in the set, it is only counted once. Also, the order doesn’t
matter for the elements in a set. So, to rephrase in terms of cardinal number, we can say that:
If A = B, then n (A) = n (B) and for any x ∈ A, x ∈ B too.

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 Empty Set
The empty set is unique, which is why it is entirely appropriate to talk about the empty
set, rather than an empty set. This makes the empty set distinct from other sets. There
are infinitely many sets with one element in them. The sets {a}, {1}, {b} and {123} each
have one element, and so they are equivalent to one another. Since the elements
themselves are different from one another, the sets are not equal. There is nothing
special about the examples above each having one element. With one exception, for any
counting number or infinity, there are infinitely many sets of that size. The exception is
for the number zero. There is only one set, the empty set, with no elements in it.The
mathematical proof of this fact is not difficult. We first assume that the empty set is not
unique, that there are two sets with no elements in them, and then use a few properties
from set theory to show that this assumption implies a contradiction.

 The empty set is denoted by the symbol ∅, which comes from a similar symbol in
the empty set is a subset of any set. This is because we form subsets of a set X by
selecting (or not selecting) elements from X. The empty set is a subset of any set. This is
because we form subsets of a set X by selecting (or not selecting) elements from X. One
option for a subset is to use no elements at all from X. This gives us the empty set.

Example:

∅ = the collection of people attending MSUM who are 200 years old (verbal)

∅ = { } (roster)
∅ = {x: x is a person attending MSUM who is 200 years old.}

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Subset