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FABRICATION OF SALTWATER EVAPORATION SYSTEM In Fulfilment of the

Requirements of the Subject ME 425-Methods of Research in Mechanical
Engineering Prepared By

Thesis · March 2018

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20319.92325

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 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

One of mankind’s earliest form of water treatment and it is still a popular treatment

solution throughout the world today is the process known as desalination (Parise, 2012).

Water desalination process separates dissolved salt and other minerals from water. This is

the reason why saltwater is made possible to drink safely, thanks to the process of

desalination.

Desalination can be carried out using different methods that exist nowadays. In the

scope of the study, the design project uses the oldest method of desalination known as

thermal desalination. In industrial applications, thermal desalination uses boiler or heater to

boil water to produce steam but the design project do not use this concept to evaporate

saltwater. Primarily, it uses the thermal desalination by just simply harnessing the solar

energy to evaporate the saltwater with the combined principle of greenhouse effect and there

is no need to have a heater or a boiler to produce water vapor. The design project must be

exposed to direct sunlight and then the radiation enters and absorbed by the molecules of

saltwater. And absorption of heat is increased by coating a black paint on the saltwater

container. The black color absorbs all frequencies of visible light which helps to increase the

ability of sunlight to energize the water molecules which evaporates when get hot

(www.education.com). The extra heat which are produce due to exposure to direct sunlight

are trap inside the design project due to the principle of greenhouse effect, thus increase the

temperature inside that speeds up the evaporation process. The design project is intended to

not just desalinate saltwater but also produce solar salt by utilizing the solar energy. It is

conceived considering the beneficial effects of evaporating saltwater without any use of

1
electricity. Desalination is one of the most beneficial effects of evaporating saltwater.

Another helpful product which is gained through evaporating saltwater is the salt. Salt is one

of the vital elements of cooking. For salts add flavor, nobody couldn’t deny the fact that it is

a major need to prepare great-tasting foods.

According to an online article posted on (www.answers.yahoo.com) that saltwater is

a solution of NaCl in water and its chemical equation is shown below. Applying the

process of evaporation on saltwater means that splitting it into components namely the water

(H₂O) and the salt (NaCl). According to National Geographic on their online article that

when saltwater is heated due to evaporation, water molecules move and vibrate so quickly

that they escape into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor. The design project traps

the molecules of water vapor that escapes to the atmosphere by placing a glass cover right

above the opening of the black container that holds saltwater. Trapping the water vapor

molecules results to formation of moist on the surface of the glass cover. When there is

enough water vapor molecules present in the glass cover it slides down to the bottom of the

glass cover where a pipe catches the desalinated saltwater known as fresh water. And when

evaporation is completely done, formation of crystalized salt is can be witnessed in the black

container.

Saltwater Chemical Formula

The design is intended to be an alternative source of potable drinking water for a

single person alone by desalinating saltwater but the question is that, “How much fresh

water will be produced per daylight hours?” We hypothesize that it will produce at least 3-4

liters of fresh water per daylight hours, which we think that it will be enough to support a

single person throughout the day.

2
Problem Definition

This section describes the problem and its scope, technical review and the design

requirements of the proposed project.

Problem Scope

The problem is 97% of the total Earth’s water volume is too salty and therefore we

cannot drink it. According to (https://www.livescience.com/29673-how-much-water-on-

earth.html) the total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion cubic kilometer,

with 97% being salt water and 2.5% fresh water. Another problem is the climate change.

Climate change affects the local salt farmers and also led to the country’s dependence on salt

imports to keep up with the local demand. To provide solution to the current problems, the

design project not just desalinates seawater but also produces solar salt.

Technical Review

The term salinity refers to the concentration of salt in water (www.water

.wa.gov.au/water-topics). It is caused by natural processes such as changes in landaus,

seasonal variations in our weather and longer-term changes to climate. On average, seawater

in the world’s oceans has a salinity of approximately 3.5% or 35 parts per thousand. This

means that for every 1 liter of seawater there are 35 grams of salts dissolved

(www.sciencedaily.com/terms/seawater). This is the reason why seawater is too salty that

humans are incapable to use it as a source for potable drinking water.

If you consume seawater the result will be disastrous. According to an article “What

if you drink saltwater?” (Giuggio, 2016) the salinity of the seawater causes the cells to

shrink considerably and shrinkage is never good. In order that the cells could survive, the

3
body attempts to eliminate the excess sodium from its extracellular fluids. To remove the

extreme amount of sodium taken in by saltwater, thus the human body urinates. The reality

is that, more water is being secreted by the body than the actual volume of saltwater

consumed. As a result, dehydration sets in.

To address the problem on the salinity of saltwater, various desalination process that

exits today were used as an effective way for saltwater treatment. Desalination process may

be carried out using these three principle methods that exist: thermal, electrical and pressure

(Parise, 2012). According to a water treatment company known as Tedagua that reverse

osmosis is currently the most efficient and effective desalination process which uses

pressure.

Figure 1.1: Thermal Desalination System (source: https://study.com)

4
 The oldest method is the thermal desalination and has been around for thousands of

years. In thermal desalination, the water is boiled and then the steam is collected leaving salt

behind. However, evaporation phase change requires significant amount of energy. More

modern methods of desalination make use of various techniques such as low pressure

vessels to reduce the boiling point of the water and thus reduce the amount of energy

required to desalinate (Parise, 2012).

A second major type of desalination utilizes electric current to separate the water and

salt. Typically, electric current will be used to drive ions across a selectively permeable

membrane, carrying the dissociated salt ions with it. A key characteristic of this method is

that the energy requirement depends on how much salt is initially present in the water.

Consequently, it is suitable for water with initial salt concentrations but too energy intensive

for sea water (Parise, 2012).

Figure 1.2: Reverse Osmosis

5
 The third principle method of desalination is reverse osmosis, in which pressure is

used to drive water through a selectively permeable membrane, leaving the salt behind.

Similarly to electrically-driven separation, the amount of energy required for desalination

depends on the initial salt content of the water. Again, this renders reverse osmosis

unsuitable for sea water purification (Parise, 2012).

On the scope of the proposed design, thermal desalination will be used as a method

in treating saltwater. And there are related design and study which have been proposed and

built that desalinate saltwater through the process of evaporation without using electricity.

One of it is the Watercone by Stephan Augustin and the Saltwater Solar Desalination by an

organization known as Remodeling Calculator.

Figure 1.3: Watercone by Stephan Augustin

Watercone is a solar powered water desalinator that takes saltwater and generates

freshwater. It is simple to use, lightweight and mobile. The technology is simple in design

6
and it is used by following the simple pictograms which are found on the product’s manual.

UNICEF estimates that everyday 5000 children die as a result of diarrhea caused by

drinking unsafe water. The design of the Watercone is inspired to solve this problem. With

up to 1.7 liters in a single day, Watercone is an ideal device to cover a child’s daily need of

freshwater.

According to Watercone’s online page that for ecological, economical, geographical

and political reasons, 40% (2.5 Billion) of the world’s population has no access to clean

water! Thus the product is conceived that enables anyone, in a most simple fashion,

independent, cheap and mobile solar potable water generation from seawater on the bases of

evaporation and condensation by solar still. These inventions represent a conical, self-

supporting and stackable unit made from transparent, thermo-formable polycarbonate

outfitted with a screw cap spout at the tip and inward circular collecting trough at the base.

Technically speaking it is a solar still.

Figure 1.4: Saltwater Solar Desalination by Remodeling Calculator

7
 Another primitive desalination facility is the Saltwater Solar Desalination by

Remodeling Calculator. It is used to remove the salt from saltwater and also clean some

contaminated water to serve as an alternative source of fresh water. It has a black surface

inside where saltwater being poured and it has a glass dome in pyramidal shape which

covers the apparatus. When saltwater evaporates due to exposure to direct sunlight, the

water vapor goes up and it is being trap and gathered using the pyramidal glass cover and

drips down to a pipe system and then held by a container.

The design has an area of more than a square meter and it could desalinate saltwater

about 10 liters per daylight hours. Just like the Watercone, it is an efficient and clean way to

solve the problem on the scarcity of freshwater resources and in fact 10 liters per day is

basically enough for man’s consumption per day.

Design Requirements

The cover can be either glass or plastic. Glass is preferable to plastic because most

plastic degrades in the long term due to ultraviolet sunlight and because it is more difficult

for water to condense onto it. Tempered glass is the best material to use because it is highly

transparent and easily damaged (Scharl&Harrs, 1993), however window glass can be used in

lieu for it is cheaper and available in the market.

It is important for greater efficiency that the water condenses on the plate as a film

rather than as droplets, which tend to drop back into the saline water. For this reason the

glass is set at an angle of 20 to 30 degrees. Adhesive that will be used should not be a water-

based one.

8
 In this section will present the materials used in the fabrication of the design project

together with their specific cost. The data is shown below and presented using a table shown

on Table 1-1.

Table 1-1.Cost Analysis

Material Number of Units Cost

Plywood 1 Php 750.00

Window Glass 1 Php 380.00

Mirror 2 Php 29.00

Apollo White Glue (1 liter) 1 Php 74.00

Triton Black Paint (500 ml) 1 Php 70.00

Plastic Container 25 Php 7.80

PVC Pipe (10ft long) 1 Php 110.00

Epoxy 1 Php 69.50

Total Php 1706.50

With the data presented above, the total cost on the fabrication and materials used in

the creation of the design project is approximately Php 1706.50. The materials used on the

fabrication of the design project can be bought on the local market.

9
 Chapter II

THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study employed the use of experimental approach in collecting and analyzing

data concerning the volume of freshwater gathered and the mass of salt produced by the

design project.

Method

The design project is intended to have an alternative source of freshwater for a single

person alone and to produce salt by utilizing the process of evaporation through exposure of

direct sunlight. A prototype of the saltwater evaporating machine will be designed and

fabricated. Its performance will be tested through visual inspections of the product. Thus,

the method in gathering and analyzing the data from the testing of the design project is by

quantitative manner. In this method, the total volume of freshwater produce by desalination

per daylight hours is analyzed and compared if is it enough for a single person per day.

Apparatus

The plastic container initially can hold up to 500 ml by volume of saltwater. It is

painted by black to assure high absorption of heat from direct sunlight. Saltwater was

gathered using a plastic bottle container and then prepared to be used in the experiment. The

volume of saltwater is poured and held by the 25 black painted containers which the

researchers decided to vary it for the purpose of the study per test. After the preparation

stated above, the plastic containers are placed inside the design project and then be

evaporated by direct sunlight. The experimental setup of the design project during the test is

shown on Figure 2.1.

10
 Mirror
Glass

Plywood Frame

Plastic Container

Plastic Bottle

PVC Pipe

Figure 2.1: The Apparatus

The detailed list of equipment used in this experiment is shown on Table 2-1

together with its specific description. The parts and its description shown on Figure 2.1 will

be further presented on Appendix B.

Table 2-1: Equipment Table

Equipment Number of Units Description

Plastic Container 25 Used to hold the saltwater inside the

design project.

Beaker 1 Used to measure any volume of liquid.

Empty Plastic Bottle 6 Used to gather saltwater before the

experiment.

11
Procedure

Each black container can be filled up to 500 ml of saltwater. The ideal daytime range

for a more efficient evaporation process is 10AM- 2PM. The amount of water collected

varies from the amount of saltwater and time of direct sunlight exposure. The temperature

inside, the moisture content and the flow rate of freshwater produced was not intended to

measure, regulate and control during the process of the experiment. Only the final volume of

freshwater and mass of salt produced was measured, recorded and analyzed.

Design Description

This section will describe the design project and how it works. It is intended to

describe the design in sufficient detail aiming to educate the readers on the function of the

design project. This part will present the CAD design of the project, its detailed description

and its use.

Overview

The design project is primarily composed of plywood frame, window glass, PVC

pipe, black plastic container, and the plastic bottle that will hold the gathered freshwater

shown in Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3. The frame is made up to plywood for economical

purposes that serve as the main body of the design project. It has a base of 980 by 705

millimeter and a height of 485.5 millimeter. Painted with black and installed with mirrors

inside. Saltwater is held by a 25 pieces of open plastic container having a volume of 500 ml

(18x 12.5x 4 cm) which is painted with black and then placed inside the plywood frame. The

design project uses glass to efficiently trap and gather the evaporated water vapor. With a

dimension of 980 by 780 millimeter it is installed in the frame with an inclination of 30

12
degrees with the horizontal. A pipe system and a plastic container is used to gather and hold

the desalinated saltwater.

The design project north-east and south-east isometric view is shown at Figure 2.2

and Figure 2.3. It is conceptualized and created with the help of CAD software. More

design perspective is presented for the proposed design project shown on Appendix A.

Figure 2.2: North-East Isometric

The Figure 2.2 is a figure in which you can see the design in North-East View. The

view was made to see the parts of the design in some areas.

13
 The Figure 2.3 is a figure in which you can see the design in South-East View. The

view was made to see the parts of the design in some areas.

Figure 2.3: South-East Isometric

Detailed Description

A Solar Evaporation System has a function of solar energy and ambient temperature.

It operates using the basic principles of evaporation and condensation. The water from the

oceans evaporates, only to cool, condense, and return to earth as rain. When the water

evaporates, it removes only pure water and leaves all contaminants behind. The

contaminated feed water goes into the still and the sun’s rays penetrate a glass surface

causing the water to heat up through the greenhouse effect and subsequently evaporate.

When the water evaporated inside the still, it leaves all contaminants and microbes behind in

14
the basin. The evaporated and now purified water condenses on the underside of the glass

and runs into a collection trough and then into an enclosed container. In this process the salts

and microbes that were in the original feed water are left behind. Additional water fed into

the still flushes out concentrated waste from the basin to avoid excessive salt build-up from

the evaporated salts. This project is filled each morning or evening, and the total water

production for the day is collected at that time. The still will continue to produce distillate

after sundown until the water temperature cools down. Feed water should be added each day

that roughly exceeds the distillate production to provide proper flushing of the basin water

and to clean out excess salts left behind during the evaporation process.

Use

Saltwater is the most ideal and practical water source to be used to solve the problem

in the scarcity of resources potable drinking water. To desalinate saltwater without using the

concept of constant flowing water, it uses plastic containers. It is used to hold the volume of

saltwater to be desalinated. After the event that the saltwater evaporates and converts totally

to freshwater, the plastic container was used to gather all the salt crystals that left behind.

The project should be placed on top of a table or anything that elevates to make place

for the bottle located at the bottom most part. The black containers should be filled with

saltwater and then be placed inside the design project. The latter should be exposed to direct

sunlight throughout the day. The cycle illustrated above then takes place. The water that had

condensed is then gathered inside the bottle. The salts, after all water had evaporated, that

are left in the black container should be collected. The individual container should be filled

again by saltwater and the evaporation process takes place again.

15
 Chapter III

RESULTS

In this section, the results of the experiment conducted is analyzed and presented.

Tables and governing equations are used to summarize the results.

Seawater was exposed to direct sunlight during the 5 days of testing of the design

project. The maximum temperature, the number of hours exposed to direct sunlight, the salt

and the volume of freshwater produced per day was recorded and listed on Table 3-1.

During the test, the saltwater was held inside a plastic container that has a total number of 25

pieces with a initial capacity of 500 ml by volume for each container. The initial volume of

the saltwater vary in amount for every container in every test due to the reason on what

minimum volume that salt crystals be formed for a single day.

The first test on the design project’s capability started at 10:30 in the morning. It was

a cloudy weather having an indication to rain. Despite of the weather, the researchers pushed

to continue the first test. The design project was tested in the rooftop of the College of

Engineering and Architecture building and exposed to less amount of sunlight due to the

weather. About 12:20 high noon, a moderate rain was experienced. Thus, the design project

was kept inside the building and the test was unintentionally stopped for a while. About 1:23

in the afternoon, the rain stops and the sun start to shine brightly. The test was resumed

about 1:35 in the afternoon and was conducted until 4:20 in the afternoon. After the test the

data were gathered and recorded. For a total initial saltwater volume of 6 liters about 240 ml

per container, the design project produces 600 ml of freshwater with no salt produced during

the first test.

16
 During the second day of testing the design project, the weather was good and the

sun was shining high up in the sky. It was a perfect weather to evaporate saltwater and

conduct the first test for the design. The design project was exposed to direct sunlight from

10:30 in the morning to 4:20 in the afternoon. During the first two hours of exposing the

project to direct sunlight, the saltwater starts to give the sign of evaporation for an ample of

water vapor was witnessed on the glass cover of the design project. After four hours, the

weather remains good. Moist of water vapor covers the entire glass cover of the design

project and drips down to a pipe and to the container. After 5 hours and 20 minutes of

exposing the design project to direct sunlight, a total of 1.5 liters was gathered and no salt

was formed during the second day of testing.

For the third day of testing, the weather is just the as in the second day. The weather

was sunny with some clouds in the sky. Since there was no salt form on the first two days of

test, this time the water filled in the containers was reduced. Fifteen containers were filled

with 80 ml of saltwater each and ten containers was filled with 180 ml each. The

evaporating system was exposed to the sun at 10:30 AM up until 3:49 PM. After the test, the

project was now able to produce salt however the saltwater in the container were not all

completely dried up making the salt moist or still wet. The distilled water accumulated was

1300 ml with approximately 30 g of salt formed.

On the fourth day of testing, same weather conditions with the second and third day

of test was experienced. Another adjustment has been made since putting 80 ml of water

does completely dry up this time 70 ml will be filled for each fifteen containers and 195 ml

for each ten containers remaining. The test was still done for 5 hour starting 10:45 AM to

2:49 PM. After the test the containers were removed from the evaporating system and of

17
course salt has formed however unfortunately there is still a little amount of water left in the

containers with the salt. The test was able to get 1500 ml of distilled water and 50 g of salt.

For the fifth day of test, the saltwater in the containers were further reduced to ensure

complete evaporation and produce dry salt. The weather for this test day was sunny with

some clouds in the sky. The containers were filled with 60 ml of saltwater for each fifteen

containers and for the remaining ten containers 210 ml were filled. The test was extend and

was done for 6 hours from 10:20 AM to 3:43 PM. The system was removed under the sun

and the test day was successful it was able to perform full evaporation on each of the 60 ml

containers leaving dry salt. The distilled water produced was 1400 ml and the dry salt

accumulated was 70 g.

The data and information gathered from the five day test was recorded. The amount

of volume produced, the hours that the design project was exposed to direct sunlight and the

salt produced per day was listed and can be seen on Table 3-1.

Table 3-1: Results of the Test

Time of Exposure to Initial Volume Volume of

Day Salt Produced
Sunlight of Saltwater Distilled Water

1 4 hrs. 35 min. 9000 ml 600 ml 0

2 5 hrs. 30 min. 6000 ml 1500 ml 0

3 5 hrs. 19 min. 3000 ml 1300 ml 30 g

4 4 hrs. 8 min. 3000 ml 1500 ml 50 g

5 5 hrs. 23 min. 3000 ml 1400 ml 70 g

Total 24 hrs. 55 min. 24000 ml 6300 ml 150 g

18
Findings

From Table 3-1, the design project could produce a total of 6300 ml of freshwater

by volume and a total of 150 grams of salt from a total of 24 hours and 55 minutes of

evaporating the saltwater from the five day testing. Taking the average of the values of

freshwater volume produced from the data presented on table is expressed in Equation 3-1.

Equation 3-1:

Where;

Ṽ= average volume of freshwater produced per day

V₁= volume of freshwater produced on the first day

V₂= volume of freshwater produced on the second day

V₃= volume of freshwater produced on the third day

V₄= volume of freshwater produced on the fourth day

V₅= volume of freshwater produced on the fifth day

Therefore;

Thus,

19
 The percentage of freshwater produced to the total initial volume of saltwater may be

computed using Equation 3-2.

Equation 3-2:

= 26.25%

And taking the average of the values of the masses of salt produced for five day

testing is expressed in Equation 3-3 shown below.

Equation 3-3:

Where;

= average mass of salt produced

S₁= mass of salt water produced on the first day

S₂= mass of salt water produced on the second day

S₃= mass of salt water produced on the third day

S₄= mass of salt water produced on the fourth day

20
 S₅= mass of salt water produced on the fifth day

Therefore;

Thus,

= 3 grams

The average time of exposure to direct sunlight during the evaluation of the

performance of the design project is approximately 4 hours and 59 minutes or should we

say a total of 5 hours per day.

From the results with the equations presented on this section, the average volume of

freshwater produced per day is approximately 1260 ml with a maximum of 1500 ml. Sad to

say, it is slightly below the regular consumption of an average person per day but to think

that it is only for 5 hours of exposure to direct sunlight.

The average freshwater volume produced per day is about 26.25 % of the total initial

volume of the 25 plastic containers. It is expected to have this result due to the losses of

water vapor inside the plastic bottle which has a tiny hole placed intentionally. And as what

the solution presented, the average mass of salt produced has a rate of 3 gram per day from

saltwater evaporation by utilizing solar energy without using any electricity and other

external heating source however; the volume of salt produced may vary depending on the

saline level content of the saltwater.

21
 Chapter IV

DISCUSSION

Evaluation

In this part the design project will be describe and verify on how it works.

Thus, it will be demonstrated that it truly works with the test results conducted. The

prototype of the design project will be presented to provide evidence of the design project’s

performance.

Overview

The design project was evaluated through experimental approach by testing

the prototype together with hand calculations. The prototype was exposed and maintained

under the direct heat of sunlight for 4-5 hours a day. In five days of testing, 6.3 Liters of

freshwater volume produced and there is no sign of salt. The experimental testing took 3

days to produce solar salt.

The design requirements are stated and presented on Table 4-1. The first column

from the left is the requirements of the design project. The second column is the target value

and the last column is the method of testing to evaluate the requirements.

22
 Table 4-1. Design Requirements

Requirement Target Value Test Method

Must efficiently desalinate 2 liters of freshwater is enough Experimental testing

saltwater to produce freshwater. for a single person per day. of the prototype.

Must produce salt at the end of At least 10 grams per day. Experimental testing

the day. of the prototype.

The design requirements are stated and presented on Table 4-1. The first column

from the left is the requirements of the design project. The second column is the target value

and the last column is the method of testing to evaluate the requirements.

Prototype

The prototype purpose is to design a Solar Evaporation System that can purify water

from nearly any source, a system that is relatively cheap, portable, and depends only on

renewable solar energy. Its objectives for this prototype must maintain a high feed water

temperature, a large temperature difference between feed water and condensing surface and

low vapor leakage. A high feed water temperature can be achieved of a high proportion of

incoming radiation is absorbed by the feed water as heat. Good radiation surface are

required and heat losses from the floor and walls are kept low. The prototype can distill

or purify water. It can operate on the same principle as rainwater: evaporation and

condensation. When the water evaporates, it removes only pure water and leaves the salt and

contaminants behind.

23
 Figure 4.1: The Prototype Using Black Plastic Container

Figure 4.2: The Prototype Using Clear Plastic Container

The figures shown on Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2 are the prototype of the design Solar

Evaporation System. It has a top cover made by glass and the interior surface uses a

blackened material to improve absorption of the sun’s rays. Water to be cleaned is poured

24
into still to partially fill the basin. The prototype will be angled to follow where the sunlight

directs to absorb maximum solar heat. An hourly visit should be done to check if it faces

directly the sunlight.

The glass cover allows the solar radiation to pass into the still, which is mostly

absorbed by the blackened base. The water begins to heat up and the moisture content of the

air trapped between the water surface and glass cover increases. The base also radiates

energy which is reflected back into the still by the glass cover, trapping the solar energy

inside the still.

The heated water vapor evaporates from the basin and condenses on the inside of the

glass cover. The salts that were in the original water are left behind. Condensed water

trickles down the inclined glass cover to an interior collection through and out to a storage

bottle. It’s the sun’s energy is required for the operation. In this project, maximum solar

energy was utilized.

Testing and Results

The window glass used served two main purposes. First, as a cover that lets the

Radiation heats enter the design and trap it inside (greenhouse effect phenomenon).

Secondly, the glass was used to confine the water vapor escaping from the saltwater during

the evaporating process. The properties of the glass to withstand heat made it suitable, than

using plastic, since it does not execute thermal expansion. The tests made shows that to

gather 1500 ml of water, 5 hours and 20 minutes is required. Therefore, based on the time

duration of direct daylight sun exposure, plastic should and need not to be use and glass is

the fit cover.

25
 The plywood used executed strength as the backbone of the design and executes

good insulation. It supports the glass and other parts of the design and no cracks or wood

fracture was found after several tests was made. During the testing process, changing the

position of the prototype was of ease since the plywood provides ample support as casing to

it.

The Apollo White Glue was used to adhere the glass with plywood was a failure.

During the first test, the glue melted and dripped down because the water vapor had mixed

with it during the evaporating process. Epoxy cement was then applied before the second

test was executed. Neither melting nor drippings was found then. Moreover, there was no

unpleasant smell of glue.

Black absorbs all frequencies of light and, thus, absorbs more heat than any color.

Therefore, the interior of the design was painted with black. The containers used to contain

the seawater were also black in color. These made additional heat circulate within the

design.

The bottle used to collect the distilled water can hold 1.75 lit, enough to gather

maximum drippings in a one-day exposure. The maximum water collected by the

researchers was 1500 ml and a volume increase can be expected.

Assessments

The expected result of the design meets the requirements; the salt and the water were

produced. The water gathered after the tests were tasted by the researchers. An unpleasing

smell was noticeable with the water. The plastic containers and the pipe were determined as

the source of such smell.

26
 The thermal expansion executed by the plastic materials in the design had caused its

composition to react with the smell and taste of the water. It was indeed a mistake to make

use of plastic containers for its properties that degrades when exposed to too much heat.

The researchers suggest that if future design will be made, glass, wooden or clay pot should

be used.

Even though the water has an unpleasant smell, the salt gathered was pure and it

can be used as a seasoning. The idea of the design can be improved to have a perfect

outcome.

27
 REFERENCES

Abengoa Water. (3, June 2016). A short history of desalination. Retrieved February 10,

2018 from http://www.theenergyofchange.com/short-history-of-desalination

Moncel, B. (17, December 2017). How is salt made? Retrieved February 15, 2018 from

https://www.thespruce.com/how-is-salt-made-1328618

Chemistry Science Project. (n.d.). How to separate salr from water. Retrieved January 30,

2018 from https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/earth-science_sun-dried/

Departement of Water and Environmental Regulation of Western Austrilia. (1, July 2017).

Understanding Salinity. Retrieved February 9, 2018 from

http://www.water.wa.gov.au/water-topics/water-quality/managing-water-

quality/understanding-salinity

Future City Lab. (30, May 2011). Revisionbof water. Retrieved February 6, 2018 from

http://www.ftrctlb.com/node/231/revisions/471/view

Giuggio, V. (n.d.). What if you drink saltwater? Retrieved January 30, 2018 from

https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/what-if/what-if-you-drink-

saltwater1.htm

India Mart. (n.d.). Rock salt granules. Retrieved February 18, 2018 from

https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail.php?i=12936254912

James, A. (30, June 2013). Desalination with small electrical fields- simple new method may

revolutionize seawater desalination. Retrieved February 15, 2018 from

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simple-new-method-may-revolutionize-seawater-desalination/

Schwartz, J. (4, October 2017). Mold in sea salt could spoil yout food. Retrieved February

18, 2018 from http://www.futurity.org/sea-salts-spoiling-mold-1563442/

National Geographic. (n.d.). Evaporation. Retrieved February 2, 2018 from

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/evaporation/

Parise, T. (16, December 2012). Water desalination. Retrieved February 7, 2018 from

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Patrick, Z. (n.d.) Desalination lesson for kids. Retrieved February 18, 2018 from

https://study.com/academy/lesson/desalination-lesson-for-kids.html

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http://www.twinfilter.com/main-markets/industrial-and-process/caustic-brine/brine-

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Wikipedia. (n.d.). Hydrosphere. Retrieved February 20, 2018 from

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 APPENDICES

Appendix A: Flow of the Test

Setup

Presentation Conducting
of Results the Test

Data Data
Analyzing Gathering

Figure A-1. Flow of the Experiment

In this section the flow of the experiment done during the testing and evaluation of

performance of the design project that last for five days.

Saltwater was held by a 25 pieces of open plastic container having a maximum

volume of 500 cubic centimeter and then placed inside the design project. The design project

was exposed to direct sunlight throughout the day. The volume of freshwater gathered per

day was recorded up to the day that salt crystals formed in the plastic containers. After the

salt crystals were collected, the individual container was filled again by saltwater and the

evaporation process takes place again. The information was then used to approximate the

total volume of freshwater per day produce and the total mass of salt produce per

evaporation process.

30
Appendix B: CAD Design of the Major parts of the Design Project

In this section the major parts of the design project will be presented together with a

small description below each figure. The software used for the computer aided design

presented is created on Solid works 2016.

MIRROR

PLYWOOD FRAME

Figure B-1: Plywood Frame

The Plywood Frame is the main part of the design that holds the sample sea water.

The Frame serves as the backbone of the design that supports all the parts of the design

project. Plywood is used for the main frame for economical purposes.

31
 WINDOW GLASS

Figure B-2: Window Glass

The window glass is the opening in the main frame of the design. It covers the design to

gathers the condensates as a form of gas and then converted into water.
PVC PIPE

BOTTLE

Figure B-3: Pipe System

32
 The Pipe System of the design’s purpose is to gather the precipitates or water from

the glass to the water bottle.

PLASTIC CONTAINERS

Figure B-4: Twenty-five Plastic Container

The 25 Black Plastic Container serves as the receptacle for the sample sea water.

Each could hold saltwater with a maximum volume of 500 ml.

33
 Curriculum Vitae

JAMEL YONZON CABALLES

Ipil-Ipil St., Brgy.Villamonte,Bacolod City
BSME Student
Mobile Number: 09350788169
Email Address: jamelcaballes10@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA:

Date of Birth : October 10, 1996

Place of Birth : Calatrava, Negros Occidental
Age : 21
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Height : 5’1”
Weight : 50kg.
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language/s : Cebuano, Tagalog, English

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Tertiary: Negros Oriental State University (NORSU)

Kagawasan Avenue, Dumaguete City
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
2013-2018

Secondary: Bacolod City National High School

Brgy. Taculing, Bacolod City
2008-2012
Primary: Vista-Alegre Granada Relocation Elementary School

34
 Brgy. Vista Alegre, Bacolod City
2002-2008

SKILLS:

 Computer literate
 Good writing and oral communication skill
 Basic AUTOCAD drawing
 Familiarity with Geothermal Power Plant and Industrial Power Plant
Machinery and their parts and function
 Welding Tools & Machining: Mills, Lathes, , Drill presses, Grinders,
 Can work under pressure
 Can work with a team

AFFILIATION:

 Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineer (PSME)

NORSU Chapter
Regular Member

35
 Curriculum Vitae

SEBASTIAN M. COLINA
Address: 487 Washington Street, Tanjay City,
Negros Oriental
Contact No: +639291519891
E-mail: sebastiancyan.sc@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND:

Age : 20
Sex : Male
Height : 5’2”
Weight : 50 kg
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : February 14, 1998
Place of Birth : Cebu City
Religion : Roman Catholic
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND:

Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Negros Oriental State University
Kagawasan Ave., Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
(S.Y. 2014- Present)

Secondary : Badian National High School

Poblacion,Badian,Cebu
(S.Y. 2010-2014)

Primary : Badian Central School

Poblacion,Badian,Cebu
(S.Y. 2004-2010)

36
SKILLS:

 Proficient in MS Word, MS Excel and MS Powerpoint

 CAD Software Knowledge: AutoCAD

37
 Curriculum Vitae

BRYAN MARK A. FAUSTO

Address: San Jose Ext., Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Contact No: +639973826162
E-mail: bryanmarkfausto@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND:

Age : 19
Sex : Male
Height : 180 cm
Weight : 51 kg
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : March 20, 1998
Place of Birth : Villareal, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental
Religion : Roman Catholic

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND:

Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Negros Oriental State University
Kagawasan Ave., Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
(S.Y. 2014- Present)

Secondary : Bayawan National High School

Villareal, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental
(S.Y. 2010-2014)

Primary : Bayawan City East Central School

Tinago, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental
(S.Y. 2004-2010)

AFFILIATION:
38
  JLSS DOST Scholar
Department of Science and Technology
Negros Oriental

SKILLS:

 Proficient in MS Word, MS Excel and MS Powerpoint

 CAD Software Knowledge: AutoCAD and Solidworks
 Excellent in Problem Solving, Puzzles and Board Games

39
 Curriculum Vitae

JOHN RIC S. HORTELANO

Poblacion, Enrique Villanueva, Siquijor
Contact Number: 09269757783
Email: hjohnric@yahoo.com

PERSONAL PROFILE
Age : 20 years old
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Male
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 5’6”
Weight : 50 kilograms
Father’s Name : Zaldy V. Hortelano
Mother’s Name : Yetive Concha S. Hortelano
Date of Birth : July 18, 1997
Dialect/Language : Filipino, English and Cebuano

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Dean’s Honor
Negros Oriental State University
AY 2015-2016

2nd Honorable Mention

Enrique Villanueva National High School
SY 2013-2014

SKILLS
 Highly interested in personal and customer service
 Adopt a multitasking face-paced environment
 Flexible and Energetic at a different working schedules
 Good communication skills
 Computer Literate

40
 Curriculum Vitae

MARIE CONCEPCION D. SALATAN

Address: Sto. Nino, San Jose, Negros Oriental
Contact No. 0906-714-3763
E-mail: mcdsalatan@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND:

Age : 21
Sex : Female
Height : 5’2 ft
Weight : 47 kg
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : December 8, 1996
Place of Birth : San Jose, Negros Oriental
Religion : Roman Catholic

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND:

Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Negros Oriental State University
Kagawasan Ave., Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
(S.Y. 2014- Present)

Secondary : San Jose High School

Poblacion, San Jose, Negros Oriental
(S.Y. 2009-2013)

41
 Primary : San Jose Central Elementary School
Poblacion, San Jose, Negros Oriental
(S.Y. 2003-2009)

AFFILIATION:

 Vice-President
SGDC- II, NORSU
Negros Oriental

SKILLS:

 Oriented with Microsoft Office Applications

 Oriented in Auto-CAD
 Having a concrete background in Safety Precautions
 Very much willing to persevere and learn new ideas

42

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