SUMMING IT UP 1. The term philosophy comes from two Greek terms—philo which means “love,” and sophia which means “knowledge” or “wisdom.” Hence, philosophy means “love of wisdom.” 2. Knowledge is different from wisdom. Wisdom is the profound understanding of the meaning, reason, or causes of things. It is a more general view and at the same time, a deeper appreciation of reality. Knowledge is the acquisition of ideas, information and theories, the application of certain scientific principles and formula, or the mastery of certain methods or procedures. 3. Traditionally and academically, philosophy is defined as the science of all things _or beings in their ultimate causes and Principles known by human reason alone.(TU) toward on Understanding ond Appreciation ofthe Huon re" ences. Philosophy 4. ‘The value of phitosophy diferent fom that of the OUT Ss of philosophy can be found in the goods of the mind or the spies al reflection. aiaibitos. 5. As rational individuals people are capable of philosop’ 7 ‘things; and to ee ‘on the reasons, causes, and meanings of things and of i son. . 6 Fae es ech ee ampnents—seon and pes Experience provides them with the initial data of their reflec- tion or examination.SUMMING IT UP is an examination about the existential and practical issues in life. The ultimate end is to find the underlying meaning and reasons behind our life experiences. 2- Philosophical reflection is related to critical thinking, In critical thinking there are s and conceptual tools needed in order to philosophize. necessary mental attitude: or philosophical reflection is to arrive at the truth and The aim of critical thinking avoid error. 3. Philosophical reflection can be applied to one's practical concerns especially when it comes to solving practical problems. Problem solving is not just executing @ well-learned response or a series of behaviors; it generally involves certain logical steps or stages. These stages are representing or defining the problem, generating possible solutions, evaluating how well a given solution works, and applying the solution and critiquing given solution through dialectics. 4c Truth is the proper aim of any inquiry particularly scientific and philosophical inquiry. People study and investigate because they want to discover the truth and be able to attain it. But there are different theories about the truth. 5: Skepticism states that the mind cannot attain the truth because it is prone to error and therefore one needs to suspend his/her belief. Skepticism is based on doubt, the state of the mind when it suspends judgment or assent on something because of the possibility of error. Even with the possibility of error one can still express an opinion. Opinion is a statement without sufficient basis or reason and therefore can either be true or false.SUMMING IT UP 1. The Hindu concept of the human person is closely related to his/her relationship with the whole of reality which is interpreted through the notions of the Brahman and Atman. The Brahman is the ultimate and underlying reality while the Atman is the individual reality. The individual man is an Atman. 2. The Buddhist understanding of the human personis based on the spiritual journey from the pain of suffering to enlightenment of the Buddha. One basic truth of human existence is suffering and one must understand the cause of suffering and follow the path to the cessation of suffering and toward enlightenment. i is based on its understanding of the whole universe which follows certain universal and unchanging laws. The way of the Tao is universal and man as part of this universe must follow the way of the Tao. The enlightened human associates the Tao with spontaneity and creativity; he/she frees himself /herself from selfishness and desire and appreciates simplicity. 4, The Confucian concept of the human person is centered on the proper conduct of the person in society. He/She must cultivate the human virtues and aspire to become a superior man. The Confucian disciple must be more than a literati; he/she must be well-rounded—not only literate but also useful to the state and the society. 5. Jatin A a meitisaigicoats! goodand avoidew! ‘The reality of the human person is expressed in the Qur’an which contains the message of Allah given to Mohammed. ur’anSUMMING IT UP 1. Ancient Greek philosophy conceives man as part of the cosmos. He is a microcosm in himself/herself and he/she possesses qualities of the animate and inanimate worlds. Soerates stresses that one needs to think for himself/herself; critically think of his/her situation and the things that happen around him/her. What is needed according to him/her is a critical examination of one’s life; his/her beliefs; and of the world. Plato teaches that there are two worlds—the material and ideal. One should escape the material world of shadows and appearances and achieve a vision of the true reality, the ideal world. This is attained when the mind controls one’s bodily desires and people detach themselves from the material world. The mind then is able to reflect on the ideas. For Aristotle, the human i The human soul gives life to the body and has all the powers of living beings, most especially the rational power. The body is the physical principle of the human person which enables him/her to nourish, grow, reproduce, sense, feel, and move. The body and soul are substantially united. 2. Medieval philosophers followed and adapted the Greek philosophical tradition of Plato and Aristotle, but their notions of the human person are guided by their Christian faith. The main idea is that the human person is a being created in the image of the Supreme Being. For St. Augustine, the human soul is spiritual, simple and, immortal. Ithas three faculties, namely, i and will. The most important among these three is the will corresponding to the function of loving, Since the willis free, the soul is restless which prompts the soul to search for meaning and truth. This search for truth and meaning ultimately ends in God the Supreme Being. St. Thomas Aquinas follows Aristotle's notion of the human person as being composed of body and soul and as a rational being. The person is a human person—a concrete, existing human individual and a40 ) Toward on Understanding and Appreciation of the Human Person erson his/her spiritual spiritual being. The rational soul that gives the hom her @ person. Aaya , me Being. capacities or faculties of intelligence and wi al he Supre spiritual being, the person is made after the image of God tl an 3. Modern philosophy focuse' ion f atone nananilciell person rather than on faith and salvati a ” s composed of two scartes describes the human @ seperate soburncs which ogy te mind. The mind as a separate e xist or to be understood. ‘d willing. The body is not the body is extended separate substances which are body and § substance does not depend on the body in order to & It is capable of conscious acts like doubting, thinking, 20° ig on it; conscious and is moved by mechanical forces actin, and corruptible. 4. The co pora . nexistence. According to Existen! juman existence. person is first and foremost a subjectivity; a center or a unique core; a well-spring of initiative and meaning; and a stream of consciousness. Human subjectivity is not limited to reason; it includes the affective and emotional as well. They focus of individual human existence, human situation, freedom, intersubjective relations, and depersonalization.‘SUMMING IT UP yistence. But ; e 1, According to Aristotle, being in general is whatever /, ez a 7 according to Existentialsts, existence applies only 10 the WY" existence is existence is always individual and unique. So being #8 @ ™°. man person always specific and concrete in an individual human person: AS people have their own separate individual existence and they do other objects for their existence. As individual human beings rational nature which comes from the fact that they have a spit OF 3 © £ ba luunen-vorsorenycoplearenad usa jpsinascomposisoicassuleioonene ites. The soul /spirit operates through the mediation of the faculties and the two highest powers of the spirit are intelligence through reason or intellect and rational volition through the will. i The complex constitution of the human person as composed of the material and spiritual aspects that makes him/her unique from all other entities or beings in the world. As human persons people are not only unique from all other creations of God the Supreme Being. As human persons, people occupy a very special place in His whole creation, Because of people's spirituality, they are images of God the Supreme Being. The human is an “image and likeness of the Supreme Being.” 4, People establish contact and relate with all other things through their inner selves. But their contact with the outside world starts with the physical and the sensitive because they have a body through which they communicate with the outside world. »5, Although humans are part of the world and are able to relate with the objects world. As human subjects, people cannot be reduced to the level of the world; 6. As human persons, people live through their own deeds and experiences which cannot be reduced to any category. As human persons, people are unrepeatable and unique. This is precisely because they live their own experience. Their lived experience cannot be reduced to the level of the world or the animals. 7% As human beings people have two poles—a material pole which is called and a spiritual pole, which is called personality. Personality signifies interiority of the self derived from its being spiritual and therefore also signifies an inherent dignity as an image of the Supreme Being. Individuality signifies man’s being part of the world, a fragment of the universe and a determinate being ina —S physical world. isedSuMMING IT UP 1. According to the hylomorphic doctrine, all corporeal (bodily or physical) beings are made up of two principles which are matter and form. This doctrine was first ‘expounded by Aristotle and later adopted by St. Thomas of Aquinas. This theory stresses that corporeal beings, such as stones, trees, tables, animals, plants, and humans, are composed of matter and form. ‘Matter is the physical principle of a human and this physicality is manifested in his/her having a body. The form is the spiritual principle and this spirituality is manifested in one’s having a spirit or a soul; the soul is the one that gives life to the body. . The rational soul is spiritual, immaterial, simple, and immortal. It is spiritual because it does not depend on the body for its existence. It is immaterial because it is not physical and is subject to the laws of materiality. It is simple because it is not made up of parts; it cannot be disintegrated into smaller parts. It is immortal because it continues to exist even after the death of the body. Human beings have three faculties—vegetative, sentient, and rational. ». The sentient faculty includes the senses and appetites or emotions and the power of locomotion. The sense is a material cognitive faculty. The sentient appetites are the emotions. The sentient appetite is the natural inclination toward a sensitive good and tendency to move away from sensitive evil. .. The rationality or intelligence is the power that is proper to a human; it is the faculty that differentiates humans from the other corporeal beings. A human has two rational faculties—the intellect and the will. 7. The is and enables man to know ‘The will is considered as a lind faculty because it follows the act of the intellect, but has free will because it can act without external compulsion.SUMMING IT UP } One's human situation consists of the different conditions, features, and circumstances that he/she finds himself/herself in, The human situation is the general circumstances or features that define one’s individual existence. The human situation is characterized by two sets of features—facticity and transcendence (possibility.) Facticity refers to those features or conditions that are given to a person and fixed from without; they are those that are beyond one’s control. Transcendence refers to the features or conditions of one’s existence which have been decided and created by a person; they are within one’s control. 2. The world is not just the Space or the totality of the objects in this space. The world includes the interconnection of these objects and one’s relations with these objects whether he/she uses, consumes, or manipulates them. The world consists of those things that are significant or which one has dealings with. But the world is not only composed of physical objects but also of people whom one relates and communicate with. These are the members of the family, friends, associates, acquaintances, and the members of one’s community. 3. One’s dealings with the objects in the world is different from his/her relations with the people in it. igs ay ao manipulated, consumed, and categorized. They are either “ready-at- an a Present-at-hand.” One's dealings with his/ her fellow human persons 1S Personal relation.4, The central datum of the human existence is the human’s being an incarnate subject. The human existence has always been based on one’s having a body OF being a body. People appear and act in the world as a body and it is through the body that they relate with the outside world and with its objects. 5. Although people are a body, they cannot be identified with it because people are spiritual subjects. But because people express themselves through the body, they cannot be distinguished from it. There is a distinction between a body or a body- object and my body or body-subject. A body is something, and when one sees the body only as an object, then he/she sees it just as a body, that is, a particular body that can be defined and described. My body is not just an object that is external to a person; it is in fact the person himself /herselF. 6. Feeling is the first and basic mode of embodiment. A person knows that he/she has a body because he/she can feel it. That means a person has feelings. One’s immediate contact with the body puts him/her in direct contact with the world. Feeling as the first mode of embodiment implies two mutually related acts. First is the internal perception of one’s body and the second is the external perception of the world. 7. Through the body, one relates and communicates with the objects of the world. The world may appear to be something detached from a person, but because of the body, he/she becomes aware that he/she is being in the world, and establishes his/her presence in the world. The body also establishes one’s physical existence. The outer shape of the human body determines what is visible in a person. The body affects the individual physical appearance and the definite impression that one makes on others. ;SUMMING IT UP 1A human act proceeds from the deliberate will of a human being. It is performed with the knowledge of tl the intellect and the free-decision of the human will. Itis done with knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness. % As human persons, people are considered as acting subjects; they perform actions. As human persons, people perform a host of different actions through which they express their subjectivity. 3. There are dynamisms. The first is accompanied by one’s consciousness, which means that it is a conscious action or man-acts. The other human activity is not accompanied by the consciousness... ¢¢ which means that it is not a conscious act or something that simply happens. > tren 4. When people do a conscious act they experience the self as the agent or the one who originates and causes the action. They experience themselves as the agent of the action. It is them who determines their actions and therefore, their action is the result of self-determination. 5. Because the agent of the action is a person and the person has an inherent value, then their action also acquires a personal value. This fundamental value is the personalistic value of the action.Toward on Understanding ond Appreciation of the Human Person ( * ”// SUMMING IT UP 1 The Be of freedom and determinism is related to one’s noti lin people re, then one mast be spans fachibaactln ee could influence one’s actions and behavior therefore not making him/her free — YX Determinism maintains that every event in the universe, including every action of every human being, is the predictable consequence or result of an antecedent OF prior causes; actions are products of previous events. of Libertarianism maintains that man has freedom and it rejects the position of determinism because when one looks to the future, there are many possible things that could happen and whatever course of action one takes or decisions he/she makes will not be inconsistent with what happened in the past. 4, A human being is free because unlike objects with fixed nature, he/she has the capacity to choose and determine his/her actions and himself/herself. He/She will act and live according to the limits of his/her finitude. Absolute freedom means, nothing is simply “given” and since nothing is “given,” a human decides whatever he/she makes of himself/herself. 5, Freedom is based on self-determination. Self-determination is one’s ability to decide and choose for himself /herself; one doesallow others to decide, choose, or think for him/her. Freedom by self-determination means that people are the masters of their selves. j-SUMMING IT UP 1. As human persons, we are not infinite beings. We will not live forever; sooner or later, our life will come to an end. A human person is a temporal being and nothing makes us realize this fact of our existence than the fact that we are going to die—we are a being-toward-death. 2. One condition of our being-in-the-world is that we are temporal, which means that our existence is related to time; our existence is temporal. These moments of time can be unified in one moment wherein while we are in the present, we can also project ourselves to the future by thinking of our possibilities or what we can become and also see ourselves as connected to the past and see our place in the history of our generation. One characteristic of our existence here is that we have a past that we need to remember and learn from; that we must seize and make the most of, and ith mi )ssibilities; these are moments our temporality which we must be aware of. a Weare not only temporal; we are al: