Mfe Lesson 4

Republic of the Philippines 1
Cagayan State University

CARIG CAMPUS
UNIT IV. Graphs of Quadratic Equations

I. Circles and Disks
II. Equations of Parabolas
III. Reflective Properties of Parabolas
IV. Scaling a Graph
V. Shifting a Graphs
VI. Ellipses and Hyperbolas
Introduction to Graphs of Quadratic Equations

Polynomial functions are classified by degree. For instance, a constant function f(x) = c with has degree 0, and a linear
function with c ≠ 0 has degree 0, and a linear function f(x) = ax + b with a ≠ 0 has degree 1. In this topic, you will study second-
degree polynomial functions, which are called quadratic functions.
For instance, each of the following functions is a quadratic function.
Note that the squaring function is a simple quadratic function that has degree 2.
Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Illustrate the equations and properties of a second-degree curve.

2. Define circle and give its properties.
3. Describe the equations and properties of the different conic sections.
4. Solve modeling problems involving quadratic equations.

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PRESENTATION OF CONTENT
I. Circles and Disks

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II. Equations of Parabolas
Equation
Equation

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below

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III. Reflective Properties of Parabolas
Reflection Property: Lines perpendicular to the directrix of a

parabola reflect off the surface of the parabola and meet at its focus.
The diagram at right illustrates this. In the diagram, the red lines
approach the parabola from the right, reflect off its surface and meet
at the focus. This is how satellite dishes and parabolic antennas
work. A paraboloid (a 3D version of the parabola) provides a wide
area from which to collect signals. The signals reflect off the
paraboloid surface and meet at a receiver placed at its focus, thus
significantly amplifying the signal.
Similarly, the red lines could begin at the focus, radiate outward,
reflect off the parabola to produce a wider signal. This is how
headlights work. If you place a light source at the focus of a
paraboloid, it will radiate outward in all directions, reflect off the
paraboloid and produce a wide beam of light.

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IV. Scaling a Graph
Parameters of a conic section

The following are some of the most important parameters defined in conic sections:
Foci: The foci are two fixed points that define the conic section.
Directrix: The directrix is a straight line that also defines the conic section.
Eccentricity: Eccentricity is a parameter that determines the shape of the conic section. This parameter
depends on the length of the semi-major axis and the length of the semi-minor axis.
Focal parameter: The focal parameter is the distance from the focus to the corresponding directrix.
Major axis: Segment that joins the two vertices. In an ellipse, the major axis is the longest diameter.
Minor axis: Segment that joins the covertices. The minor axis is perpendicular to the major axis.
Eccentricity of conic sections

Eccentricity is a parameter that is associated with all conic sections. Eccentricity defines the shape of the
conic section and can be thought of as a measure of how much it deviates from being circular.
Eccentricity is defined by c divided by a, where c is the length from the center to the focus and a is the
length from the center to the vertex. The value of e is constant for any conic section. Therefore, the value
of e can be used to determine the type of conic section:
If , e = 0, we have a circle
If , e = ≤ 0 < 1, we have an ellipse
If , e = 1, we have a parabola
If , e > 1, we have a hyperbola
A circle is defined as a special type of an ellipse with an eccentricity of 0. Two conic sections have the
same shape only if their eccentricity is the same.
Conic section – Circle

Circles are formed when the plane that intersects the cone is parallel to the base of the cone. The intersection
produces a set of points that have the same distance from a common point, which is the definition of a
circle.
All circles have a central point, called the center, and a radius, which is the distance from the center to any
point on the circle. Also, the circles have an eccentricity of e = 0. In the Cartesian plane, the general form
of the equation of the circle is:

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where, (h, k) is the center of the circle and r is the radius.
Conic Section – Ellipse

Ellipses are obtained when the angle of the plane relative to the cone is between the outer surface of the
cone and the base of the cone. This definition also includes the case where the plane is parallel to the base
of the cone, so circles are a special case of ellipses.
Ellipses have the following characteristics:
The major axis is the longest diameter of the ellipse

The minor axis is the shortest diameter of the ellipse
The center is the intersection of the two centers
They have two foci. The sum of the distances from any point on the ellipse to the two foci is constant
Ellipses can have the eccentricity e = ≤ 0 < 1. We see that the value of 0 is included (a circle), but 1 is not
included since it is the eccentricity of a parabola. When the major axis is parallel to the x axis, the general
equation of an ellipse is:
where, (h, k) is the center, 2a is the length of the major axis, and 2b is the length of the minor axis.
Conic Section – Parabola

The parabolas are formed when the plane is parallel to the sides of the cone. This results in a “U” shaped
curve. The parabolas have the following characteristics:
The vertex is the point where the curve changes direction

The focus is the point that is in the internal part of the parabola and the one that gives the shape to the curve
The directrix is the line that is on the outside of the parabola and that also defines it
The axis of symmetry is the line that connects the vertex and the focus and divides the parabola into two
equal parts

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The parabolas have the eccentricity e = 1. Since all parabolas have the same eccentricity, they have very
similar characteristics and can be transformed with a change of position and scaling.
Parabolas can be represented by quadratic functions like:
Conic Section – Hyperbola

Hyperbolas are formed when the plane is parallel to the central axis of the cone. This means that the plane
intersects both bases of the cone. Hyperbolas are composed of two branches and have the following
characteristics:
Asymptotes are two straight lines that the curve approaches, but never touches
The center is the intersection of the two asymptotes
The two foci are the fixed points, which define the shape of each branch
The two vertices are the points that are located one on each branch and where each branch changes direction
The eccentricity of the hyperbola is equal to e > 1. A hyperbola that has the vertices on a horizontal line
has the general equation:
where, (h, k) is the center, 2a is the length of the segment connecting the vertices, and 2b is the length of
the segment connecting the covertices.

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V. Shifting a Graphs

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VI. Ellipses and Hyperbolas
Equation of an ellipse

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Equation of a hyperbola

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APPLICATION
FEEDBACK
REFERENCES:
Larson, R. & Falvo D. (2011). Algebra and Trigonometry. 8th Edition, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning,
United States of America.
Sullivan, M. (2012). Algebra and Trigonometry. 9th Edition, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc.
Google Source
https://www.onemathematicalcat.org/algebra_book/online_problems/dom_range_function.htm#:~:text=T
he%20domain%20convention%20states%20that,vary%20through%20the%20entire%20domain.
https://www.mechamath.com/precalculus/conic-sections-formulas-and-diagrams/

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Republic of the Philippines 1

Cagayan State University

UNIT IV. Graphs of Quadratic Equations

Introduction to Graphs of Quadratic Equations

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Illustrate the equations and properties of a second-degree curve.

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

II. Equations of Parabolas

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

III. Reflective Properties of Parabolas

Reflection Property: Lines perpendicular to the directrix of a

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

IV. Scaling a Graph

Parameters of a conic section

Eccentricity of conic sections

Conic section – Circle

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

where, (h, k) is the center of the circle and r is the radius.

Conic Section – Ellipse

Ellipses have the following characteristics:

The major axis is the longest diameter of the ellipse

Conic Section – Parabola

The vertex is the point where the curve changes direction

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Parabolas can be represented by quadratic functions like:

Conic Section – Hyperbola

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

VI. Ellipses and Hyperbolas

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Instructor: Melowin B. Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

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