Yipee Abpsych

SEXUAL
DYSFUNCTIONS,
PARAPHILIC
DISORDERS &
GENDER DYSPHORIA
Ms. Pat Diaz, MA, RPm • Abnormal Psychology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02
Normal Sexual
Sexuality Dysfunctions
03 04
Paraphilic Gender
Disorders Dysphoria
01
Normal Sexuality
NORMAL
SEXUALITY
Depends.
GENDER
DIFFERENCES
Although both men and women
tend toward a monogamous (one
partner) pattern of sexual
relationships, gender differences in
sexual behavior do exist, and some
of them are quite dramatic.
CULTURAL
DIFFERENCE
What is normal in
Western countries
may not necessarily
be normal in other
parts of the world.
02
SEXUAL
DYSFUNCTION
Sexual Desire Disorders
Three disorders reflect problems with
the desire or arousal phase of the
sexual response cycle. Two of these
disorders are characterized by little or
no interest in sex that is causing
signicant distress in the individual or
couple.
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder &
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
● Males who are diagnosed with this have little
or no interest in any type of sexual activity.
● Problems of sexual interest or desire used to
be considered marital rather than sexual
diculties.
● This individual might have no desire, despite
having frequent sex.
● For men, the prevalence increases with age;
for women, it decreases with age
Sexual Arousal Disorders
Erectile disorder is a specific disorder
of arousal. The problem here is not
desire. Their problem is in becoming
physically aroused.
For females who are also likely to have low interest, deficits
in arousal are rejected in an inability to achieve or maintain
adequate lubrication.
Orgasm Disorders
The orgasm phase of the sexual
response cycle can also become
disrupted in one of several ways. As a
result, either the orgasm occurs at an
inappropriate time or it does not
occur.
Delayed Ejaculation &
Female Orgasmic Disorder
● Those who achieve orgasm only with
great difficulty or not at all.
● An inability to reach orgasm is the most
common complaint among women who
seek therapy for sexual problems.
● Retrograde ejaculation, in which
ejaculatory fluids travel backward into the
bladder rather than forward.
Premature Ejaculation
● Ejaculation that occurs well before the
man and his partner wish it to.
● Defined as approximately 1 minute after
penetration in DSM-5
● The frequency of premature ejaculation
seems to be quite high.
● Although DSM-5 species a duration of less
than approximately 1 minute, it is difficult
to define “premature.”
Sexual Pain Disorders
A sexual dysfunction specific to
women refers to diculties with
penetration during attempted
intercourse or significant pain
during intercourse.
VAGINISMUS
The pelvic muscles in the
outer third of the vagina
undergo involuntary spasms
when intercourse is
attempted.
03
Paraphilic
Disorders
Paraphilic Disorders
Disorders of sexual arousal that cause
distress or impairment to the individual,
or cause personal harm, or the risk of
harm to others.
It is important to note that DSM-5 does not consider
a paraphilia a disorder unless it is associated with
distress and impairment or harm or the threat of
harm to others.
Fetishistic Disorder
● A person is sexually attracted to non living
objects.
● Fetishistic arousal is associated with two
classes of objects or activities:
(1) an inanimate object
or (2) a source of specific tactile
stimulation, such as rubber, particularly
clothing made out of rubber.
Voyeuristic
Disorder
The practice of
observing, to
become aroused,
an unsuspecting
individual
undressing or
naked.
Exhibitionistic Disorder
● Achieving sexual arousal and
gratification by exposing genitals to
unsuspecting strangers.
● often associated with lower levels of
education, but not always. Note again
that the thrilling element of risk is an
important part of exhibitionistic
disorder.
Transvestic Disorder
Sexual arousal is strongly
associated with the act of (or
fantasies of) dressing in
clothes of the opposite sex, or
cross-dressing.
Sexual Sadism & Sexual Masochism
Disorders
Both sexual sadism and sexual masochism
are associated with either inflicting pain or
humiliation (sadism) or suffering pain or
humiliation and becoming sexually aroused
is specifically associated with violence and
injury in these conditions.
Pedophillic Disorder & Incest
● Individuals with this pattern of arousal may
be attracted to male children, female
children, or both.
● If the children are the person’s relatives, the
pedophilia takes the form of incest.
● Although pedophilia and incest have much
in common, victims of pedophilic disorder
tend to be young children, and victims of
incest tend to be girls beginning to mature
physically.
04
GENDER
DYSPHORIA
Gender Dysphoria
● The essence of your masculinity or femininity
is a deep-seated personal sense called
gender identity or the gender you actually
experience.
● Present if a person’s physical sex (male or
female anatomy, also called “natal” sex) is not
consistent with the person’s sense of who he
or she really is or with his or her experienced
gender.
Performance Task
Create a 1-minute video
debunking a famous
misconception about
one sexual/paraphilic
disorder or gender
dysphoria.
THANKS!
If you have any questions or
concerns message me through
google chat or email me.
See you all next week.
CREDITS: This presentation template

was created by Slidesgo, including
icons by Flaticon, infographics &
images by Freepik
Personality
Disorders
Ms. Pat Diaz • Abnormal Psychology
Overview
Personality Disorders Cluster A

Aspects, Categories, and ● Paranoid Personality Disorder
● Schizoid Personality Disorder
Clusters. ● Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster B Cluster C
● Antisocial Personality Disorder ● Avoidant Personality Disorder
● Borderline Personality Disorder ● Dependent Personality Disorder
● Histrionic Personality Disorder ● Obsessive-Compulsive
● Narcissistic Personality Disorder Personality Disorder
PERSONALITY DISORDER
A persistent pattern of
emotions, cognitions, and
behavior that results in
enduring emotional distress
for the person affected and/or
for others and may cause
What is it all difficulties with work and
about? relationships.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
PERSONALITY DISORDER
An enduring pattern of inner
experience and behavior that
deviates markedly from the
expectations of the individual's
culture, is pervasive and
inflexible, has an onset in
adolescence or early adulthood, is
What is it all stable over time, and leads to
about? distress or impairment.
(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5, 2013)
Dimensions vs. Categories
Dimensions Categories
Personality Personality
disorders are disorders are
extreme ways of relating
versions of that are different
otherwise typical from
personality psychologically
variations. healthy behavior.
Cluster B Cluster C
CLUSTER A: Odd or Eccentric Cluster
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that
others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent.
Schizoid Personality Disorder

Pattern of detachment from social relationships
and a restricted range of emotional expression.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships,
cognitive or perceptual distortions, and
eccentricities of behavior,
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
Features include excessive mistrust and
suspiciousness of other, without any
justification.
● Biological factors- relatives w/ schizophrenia
● Psychological- mistreatment, traumatic
childhood experiences
● Social factors- prisoners, refugees = unique
experiences
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
TREATMENT
1. Establishing a meaningful therapeutic
alliance between the client and the therapist.
2. Provide an atmosphere conducive to
developing a sense of trust.
● Cognitive Therapy
● To date, there has been no confirmed
treatment that was seen to be effective.
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
People with this personality disorder show a
pattern of detachment from social relationships
and a limited range of emotions in interpersonal
situations.
They neither desire nor enjoy closeness with

others, including romantic or sexual
relationships.
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
CAUSES
● Childhood shyness
● Abuse & neglect
● ASD overlap with Schizoid
TREATMENT
1. Point out valuable relationships.
2. Teach emotions & empathy.
3. Social skills training.
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
People with this personality disorder are typically
socially isolated, like those with schizoid and they
would also behave in unusual ways and tend to be
suspicious and have odd beliefs.
Considered to be in a continuum with schizophrenia
- but without hallucinations and delusions.
Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder also
have odd beliefs or engage in “magical thinking”
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
CAUSES
● Bio- Phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype.
● Psycho- Childhood maltreatment among men
● Social- Brain Abnormalities and damage in the left
hemisphere
TREATMENT
1. Medical & psychological treatment for depression.
2. Antipsychotic medication + community treatment
and social skills training.
Cluster B Cluster C
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
Antisocial PD Borderline PD
Pattern of instability in
Pattern of disregard
interpersonal relationships,
for, and violation of, the
self-image, and affects,
rights of others. and marked impulsivity.
Histrionic PD Narcissistic PD
Pattern of excessive Pattern of grandiosity,
emotionality and need for admiration,
attention seeking. and lack of empathy.
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
Robert Hare, a pioneer in the study of people with
psychopathy, describes them as “social predators
who charm, manipulate, and ruthlessly plow their
way through life, leaving a broad trail of broken
hearts, shattered expectations, and empty
wallets. Completely lacking in conscience and
empathy, they selfishly take what they want and
do as they please, violating social norms and
expectations without the slightest sense of guilt
or regret”
Manie sans delire (mania without delirium)
Coined by Phillipe Pinel to describe people with
unusual emotional responses and impulsive rages but
no deficits in reasoning abilities.
Hervey Cleckley, identified a constellation of 16 major
characteristics; “Cleckley Criteria”. - Hare; PCL- R
The Cleckley/Hare criteria focus primarily on
underlying personality traits.
CAUSES
● Bio- Some genetic influence (offsprings of felons)
● Psycho- Coercive family process
● Social- Low income adoptive parents
TREATMENT
1. Incarceration.
2. Prevention.
3. Parent Training.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
People with this personality disorder lead a
tumultuous life. Their moods and relationships
are unstable, and usually they have a poor
self-image.
One of the most common disorders observed in
the clinical setting. People with this have shown
improvement during their 30s to 40s, although
they may continue to have difficulties.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
CAUSES
● Bio- inherited from family, limbic network
● Psycho- shame, self-esteem, cognitive
factors
● Social- early trauma; sexual & physical abuse
TREATMENT
1. Symptomatic treatment
2. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
3. Social skills training.
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
Individuals with histrionic personality disorder
tend to be overly dramatic and often seem almost
to be acting, which is why the term histrionic,
which means theatrical in manner, is used.
They are inclined to express their emotions in an
exaggerated fashion, for example, hugging
someone they have just met or crying
uncontrollably during a sad movie.
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
CAUSES
● Histrionic & Antisocial PD co-occur more often
than chance would account for.
TREATMENT
● Little has shown success
● People with histrionic personality disorder often
need to be shown how the short-term gains derived
from this interactional style result in long-term costs,
and they need to be taught more appropriate ways
of negotiating their wants and needs.
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
People with narcissistic personality disorder have
an unreasonable sense of self-importance and are
so preoccupied with themselves that they lack
sensitivity and compassion for other people.
Their exaggerated feelings and their fantasies of
greatness, called grandiosity, create a number of
negative attributes.
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
CAUSES
● Failure by parents to model empathy.
● Increase in the “me generation”
TREATMENT
● When therapy is attempted with these individuals, it
often focuses on their grandiosity, their
hypersensitivity to evaluation, and their lack of
empathy toward others.
● Cognitive therapy and coping strategies.
Cluster B Cluster C
Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful Cluster
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy,
and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
Dependent Personality Disorder

Pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related
to an excessive need to be taken care of.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Pattern of preoccupation with orderliness,
perfectionism, and control.
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER
People with this disorder are extremely sensitive to the
opinions of others and although they desire social
relationships, their anxiety leads them to avoid such
associations.
it is important to distinguish between individuals who
are asocial because they are apathetic, affectively at,
and relatively uninterested in interpersonal
relationships and individuals who are asocial because
they are interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection.
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER
CAUSES
● Related to sub schizophrenia-related disorders
● Those with the disorder remembered their parents as
more rejecting, more guilt engendering, and less
affectionate than the control group, suggesting parenting
may contribute to the development of this disorder.
TREATMENT
1. Behavioral intervention techniques for anxiety and social
skills problems have had some success.
2. Therapeutic Alliance
DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER
Individuals with dependent personality disorder
sometimes agree with other people when their
own opinion diers so as not to be rejected (Bornstein, 2012).
People with dependent personality disorder, rely

on others to make ordinary decisions as well as
important ones, which results in an unreasonable
fear of abandonment.
DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER
CAUSES
● Disruptions as the early death of a parent or neglect
or rejection by caregivers could cause people to
grow up fearing abandonment.
TREATMENT
● The treatment literature for this disorder is mostly
descriptive; little research exists to show whether a
particular treatment is effective.
● There is a particular need for care that the patient
does not become overly dependent on the therapist.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER
People with this disorder are characterized by
a fixation on things being done “the right
way”.
It is also common to nd obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder among gifted children,
whose quest for perfectionism can be quite
debilitating
(Nugent, 2000).
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER
CAUSES
● Moderate genetic contribution
TREATMENT
● Therapy often attacks the fears that seem to
underlie the need for orderliness
● THerapists help the individual relax or use
cognitive reappraisal techniques to reframe
compulsive thoughts.
THANK If you have any
questions or
YOU! concerns
message me
through google
hangouts or
email me. You
can also use
BigSky.
See you all next
week.
Substance-Related Addictive,
Disruptive, Impulse Control
& Conduct Disorders
Ms. Pat Diaz • AbPsych
Substance Use
The ingestion of
psychoactive substances in
moderate amounts that
does not significantly
interfere with social,
educational, or
occupational functioning.
Intoxication
Physiological reaction to
ingested substances -
experienced as impaired
judgement, mood changes,
and lowered motor ability.
Substance Use
Disorders
Defined by the DSM-5 in
terms of how significantly
the use interferes with
the user’s life.
1
Substances
6 General Categories
1 3
Depressants
2 Opiates
Stimulants
4 5 6
Hallucinogens Other Drugs Gambling
of Abuse Disorder
Depressants
These substances result in behavioral
sedation and can induce relaxation.
They include alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
and the sedative and hypnotic drugs
in the families of barbiturates and
benzodiazepines.
Stimulants
These substances cause us to be
more active and alert and can elevate
mood. Included in this group are
amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and
caffeine.
Opiates
The major effect of these substances
is to produce anglesia temporarily
and euphoria. Heroin, opium, codeine,
and morphine are included in this
group.
Hallucinogens
These substance alter sensory
perception and can produce delusions,
paranoia, and hallucinations. Cannabis
and LSD are included in this category.
Other drugs of abuse
Inhalants, anabolic steroids, and other
over-the-counter and prescription
medications that produce a variety of
psychoactive effects that are
characteristics of the substances
described in the previous categories.
Gambling Disorder
Individuals who display gambling
disorder are unable to resist the urge
to gamble which, in turn, results in
negative personal consequences
2
Causes
Biological Dimensions
Familial & Genetic
● Genetically vulnerable, but specific genes and their influence are
still being explored.
● Functional Genomics- how the genes function with regards to
addiction
● Genes = causes & treatment
Familial & Genetic
● Positive reinforcement - pleasurable experiences
● Activating the reward center of the brain
● Dopaminergic system and opioid-releasing neurons = MOP-r
receptors
Psychological & Social Dimensions
● Positive reinforcement
● Negative reinforcement
Cognitive Influences
● Expectancy effect
Social Influences
● Exposure
3
Treatment
Principles of Effective Treatment
1. No single treatment is appropriate for all individuals.
2. Treatment needs to be readily available.
3. Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not
just his or her drug use.
4. An individual’s treatment and services plan must be assessed
continually and modified as necessary to ensure that the plan meets
the person’s changing needs.
5. Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is critical for
treatment effectiveness (i.e., 3 months or longer)
6. Counselling (individual and/or group) and other behavioral therapies
are critical components of effective treatment for addiction.
7. Medications are an important part of treatment for many
patients, especially when combined with counselling and other
behavioral therapies.
8. Addicted or drug-abusing individuals with coexisting mental
disorders should have both disorders treated in an integrated
way.
9. Medical detoxification is only the first stage of addiction
treatment and by itself does little to change long-term drug use.
10. Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective.
11. Possible drug use during treatment must be monitored
continuously.
12. Treatment programs should provide assessment for HIV/AIDS,
hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, and
counselling to help patients modify or change behaviors that
place themselves or others at risk of infection.
13. Recovery from drug addiction can be a long-term process and
frequently requires multiple episodes of treatment.
Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NDA). (2009). Principles of

addiction treatment: A research-based guide, 2nd edition (NIH
Publication No. 09-4180). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Drug
Abuse.
4
Diagnostic
Criteria
5
Impulse-Control
Disorders
Intermittent Explosive
Disorder
People with intermittent
explosive disorder have
episodes in which they act on
aggressive impulses that result
in serious assaults or
destruction of property
(Coccaro & McCloskey, 2010).
Kleptomania
A recurrent failure to
resist urges to steal
things that are not
needed for personal use
or their monetary value.
Pyromania
An impulse-control
disorder that
involves having an
irresistible urge to
set fires,
Oppositional Defiant
Disorder
The pervasiveness of the
symptoms is an indicator of the
severity of the disorder.
A frequent and persistent
pattern of angry/irritable mood,
argumentative/defiant behavior,
or vindictiveness.
Conduct Disorder
The essential feature is a
repetitive and persistent
pattern of behavior in which
the basic rights of others or
major age-appropriate
societal norms or rules are
violated.
Thanks
Does Anyone Have Any Questions?
If you have any questions or concerns message me through
google hangouts or email me. You can also use BigSky.
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Schizophrenia
Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders
Perspectives on Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a complex
syndrome that inevitably has a
devastating effect on the lives of
the person affected and on
family members.
This disorder can disrupt a

person’s perception, thought,
speech, and movement: almost
every aspect of daily functioning.
KEY FEATURES
DELUSIONS HALLUCINATIONS
Fixed beliefs that are not Perception-like
amenable to change in experiences that occur
light of conflicting
DISORGANIZED without an external
evidence. THINKING stimulus.
(SPEECH)
GROSSLY DISORGANIZED Inferred from the NEGATIVE
OR ABNORMAL MOTOR individual's speech.
BEHAVIOR SYMPTOMS
Manifests itself in a Account for a substantial portion
of the morbidity associated with
variety of ways, ranging schizophrenia but are less
from childlike "silliness" to prominent in other psychotic
unpredictable agitation. disorders.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Identifying Symptoms
Kraepelin described the situation when he outlined his view of dementia praecox in
the late 1800s:
The complexity of the conditions which we observe in the
domain of dementia praecox is very great, so that their
inner connection is at first recognizable only by their
occurring one after the other in the course of the same disease.
- This mix of symptoms was also highlighted by Bleuler in the

title of his 1911 book, Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias,which
emphasizes the complexity of the disorder.
Clinical Description, Symptoms, and
Subtypes
Positive Symptoms Disorganized Symptoms

Delusions Disorganized Speech
Hallucinations Inappropriate Affect and Disorganized Behavior
Negative Symptoms
Avolition
Alogia
Anhedonia
Asociality
Affective Flattening
Clinical Description, Symptoms, and
Subtypes
Historic Schizophrenia Subtypes

- Three divisions have historically been identified: paranoid (delusions of
grandeur or persecution), disorganized (or hebephrenic; silly and
immature emotionality), and catatonic (alternate immobility and excited
agitation).
- Although these categories continued to be used in DSM-IV-TR, they were

dropped from the diagnostic criteria for DSM-5
Other Psychotic
Disorders
Schizophreniform Disorder
Some people experience the

symptoms of schizophrenia for
a few months only; they can
usually resume normal lives. The
symptoms sometimes
disappear as the result of
successful treatment, but they
often do so for reasons
unknown.
Schizoaffective Disorder
Historically, people who had
symptoms of schizophrenia
and who exhibited the
characteristics of mood
disorders (for example,
depression or bipolar
disorder) were lumped in the
category of schizophrenia.
Now, however, this mixed bag
of problems is diagnosed as
schizoaffective disorder .
Delusional Disorder
Delusions are beliefs that

are not generally held by
other members of a society.
The major feature of
delusional disorder is a
persistent belief that is
contrary to reality, in the
absence of other
characteristics of
schizophrenia.
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Characterized by the
presence of one or more
positive symptoms such as
delusions, hallucinations, or
disorganized speech or
behavior lasting 1 month or
less.
Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
A condition for
future studies.
Prevalence and
Causes of
Schizophrenia
- A number of causative factors have been implicated for
schizophrenia, including genetic influences, neurotransmitter
imbalances, structural damage to the brain caused by a
prenatal viral infection or birth injury, and psychological
stressors.
- Relapse appears to be triggered by hostile and critical family

environments characterized by high expressed emotion.
Statistics
- Worldwide, the lifetime prevalence rate of schizophrenia is roughly equivalent for
men and women, and it is estimated to be 0.2% to 1.5% in the general population,
which means the disorder will affect about 1% of the population at some point.
- Life expectancy is slightly less than average, partly because of the higher rate of
suicide and accidents among people with schizophrenia.
- The difference between the sexes in age of onset is clear. For men, the likelihood
of onset diminishes with age, but it can still first occur after the age of 75. The
frequency of onset for women is lower than for men until age 36, when the
relative risk for onset switches, with more women than men being affected later
in life (Jablensky, 2012). Women appear to have more favorable outcomes than
do men.
Development
The more severe symptoms of schizophrenia first occur

in late adolescence or early adulthood, although we saw
that there may be signs of the development of the
disorder in early childhood (Murray & Castle, 2012).
Genetic Influences
Family Studies Linkage and Association Studies
- The more severe the parent’ schizophrenia, - Three of the most reliable genetic influences that
the more likely the children were to develop it. make one susceptible to schizophrenia include
Twin Studies sections on chromosome 8, chromosome 6 , and
- If the environment is solely responsible for chromosome 22 (Murray & Castle, 2012).
schizophrenia, we would expect little Endophenotypes
difference between identical and fraternal - Endophenotyping - researchers try to find basic
twins with regard to this disorder. processes that contribute to the behaviors or
The Offspring of Twins symptoms of the disorder and then find the gene
- If your parent is the twin with schizophrenia, or genes that cause these difficulties
you have about a 17% chance of having Adoption Studies
schizophrenia yourself. If your parent does - These studies often span many years; because
not have schizophrenia but your parent’s people often do not show the first signs of
fraternal twin does, your risk is only about 2%. schizophrenia until middle age, researchers need
to be sure all the offspring reach that point
before drawing conclusions.
Neurobiological Influences
Dopamine
- One of the most enduring yet controversial theories of the cause of schizophrenia
involves the neurotransmitter dopamine. In schizophrenia, attention has focused
on several dopamine sites, in particular those referred to simply as D1 and D2.
Brain Structure
- Many children with a parent who has the disorder, and who are therefore at risk,
tend to show subtle but observable neurological problems, such as abnormal
reflexes and inattentiveness. Adults who have schizophrenia show deficits in their
ability to perform certain tasks and to attend during reaction time exercises.
Prenatal and Perinatal Influences

- Fetal exposure to viral infection, pregnancy complications, and delivery
complications are among the environmental influences that seem to affect
whether or not someone develops schizophrenia.
Psychological and Social Influences
Stress
- Onset of symptoms usually happens as a result of environmental stressors,
showing that these stressors may have their impact during sensitive
periods in development.
Families and Relapse

- If the levels of criticism (disapproval), hostility (animosity), and emotional
overinvolvement (intrusiveness) expressed by the families were high,
patients tended to relapse
Treatment of
Schizophrenia
Treatment typically involves antipsychotic drugs that are usually
administered with a variety of psychosocial treatments, with the
goal of reducing relapse and improving skills in deficits and
compliance in taking the medications. The effectiveness of
treatment is limited, because schizophrenia is typically a chronic
disorder.
Successful treatment for people with schizophrenia rarely includes
complete recovery. The quality of life for these individuals can be
meaningfully affected, however, by combining antipsychotic
medications with psychosocial approaches, employment support,
and community-based and family interventions.
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YOU

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SEXUAL

CREDITS: This presentation template

Personality Disorders Cluster A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

They neither desire nor enjoy closeness with

Dependent Personality Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

People with dependent personality disorder, rely

Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NDA). (2009). Principles of

CREDITS: This presentation template was

This disorder can disrupt a

- This mix of symptoms was also highlighted by Bleuler in the

Positive Symptoms Disorganized Symptoms

Historic Schizophrenia Subtypes

- Although these categories continued to be used in DSM-IV-TR, they were

Some people experience the

Delusions are beliefs that

- Relapse appears to be triggered by hostile and critical family

The more severe symptoms of schizophrenia ﬁrst occur

Prenatal and Perinatal Inﬂuences

Families and Relapse

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