Laboratory Manual

on

Computer Aided Engineering Drawing

BCEDK103/203

Compiled
by
Dr. Nityanand B

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SDM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UJIRE – 574 240
 Computer Aided Engineering Drawing
Subject Code: BCEDK103/203 CIE Marks: 50
Teaching Hours/Week: 02 + 02 SEE Marks: 50
Total Hours: 40 Exam Marks : 100
Credits: 03 Exam Hours: 03

Module - 1
Introduction: for CIE only
Significance of Engineering drawing, BIS Conventions, Scales. Introduction to Computer Aided
Drafting software, Co-ordinate system and reference planes HP, VP, RPP & LPP of 2D/3D
environment. Selection of drawing sheet size and scale. Commands.
Orthographic Projections of Points, Lines and Planes:
Orthographic projections of points in 1st and 3rd quadrants.
Orthographic projections of lines (Placed in First quadrant only).
Orthographic projections of planes (triangle, square, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, and circular laminae)
Module - 2
Orthographic Projection of Solids:
Orthographic projection of right regular solids (Solids Resting on HP only): Prisms & Pyramids
(triangle, square, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon), Cylinders, Cones, Cubes &Tetrahedron.
Projections of Frustum of cone and pyramids (For practice only)
Module - 3
Isometric Projections:
Isometric scale, Isometric projection of hexahedron (cube), right regular prisms, pyramids,
cylinders, cones and spheres. Isometric projection of combination of two simple solids.
Conversion of simple isometric drawings into orthographic views.
Module - 4
Development of Lateral Surfaces of Solids:
Development of lateral surfaces of regular prisms, cylinders, pyramids and cones resting with base
on HP.
Development of lateral surfaces of their frustums and truncations.
Problems on applications of development of lateral surfaces like funnels and trays.
Problems on applications of development of lateral surfaces of transition pieces connecting
circular duct and rectangular duct (For CIE Only)
Module - 5
Multidisciplinary Applications & Practice (For CIE Only):
Free hand Sketching; Roads, Buildings, Utensils, Hand tools & Furniture’s etc
Drawing Simple Mechanisms; Bicycles, Tricycles, Gear trains, Ratchets, two-wheeler cart
&Four-wheeler carts to dimensions etc
Electric Wiring and lighting diagrams; Like, Automatic fire alarm, Call bell system, UPS
system, Basic power distribution system using suitable software
Basic Building Drawing; Like, Architectural floor plan, basic foundation drawing, steel
structures- Frames, bridges, trusses using Auto CAD or suitable software,
Electronics Engineering Drawings- Simple Electronics Circuit Drawings, layers concept.
Graphs & Charts: Column chart, Pie chart, Line charts, Gantt charts, etc. using Microsoft Excel.
 Contents

Module Page No

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Projection of Points 3

1.2 Projection of Lines 5

1.3 Projection of Planes 9

2 Projection of Solids 12

3 Isometric projections 17

4 Development of Surfaces 23

Additional questions
 1. Introduction

Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of three dimensional objects. It provides

necessary information about the shape, size, material etc., of the object. It is the graphic language
from which a trained person can visualise objects. As compared to verbal or written description,
this method is brief and clear to understand. Some of the applications are: building drawing for
civil engineers, machine drawing for mechanical engineers, circuit diagrams for electrical and
electronics engineers, computer graphics for one and all.

Drawings prepared in one country may be utilised in any other country irrespective of the language
spoken. Hence, engineering drawing is called the universal language of engineers. Like any other
language, engineering drawing follow certain rules so that it conveys the same meaning to every-
one. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adapted the International Standards for drawing. The other
foreign standards are: DIN of Germany, BS of Britain and ANSI of America.

Drawing Instrument and Aids

1. Drawing board 2. Drawing sheets 3. Instrument box 4. Pencils

Pencils: The hardness or softness of the pencil lead is indicated by 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B etc.
The hardness increases as the value of the numeral before the letter H increases. The lead becomes
softer, as the value of the numeral before B increases.

Drawing Sheets:

Designation Dimension, mm
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
Types of lines and applications

Line Description Applications

Continuous thick Visible edges, outlines

Continuous thin Dimension, Projection lines

Dashed line Hidden edges, outlines

Chain thin Centre lines

1
 1.1 Quadrants

Quadrant Position of Object Symbol

1 In front of VP, above HP

2 Behind VP, above HP

3 Behind VP, below HP

4 In front of VP, below HP

2
 1.1 Projection of points

1st Quadrant
Point A is 30 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP

2nd Quadrant
Point B is 30 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP

3
3rd Quadrant
3. Point C is 25 mm below HP and 30 mm behind VP

4th Quadrant
Point D is 25 mm below HP and 40 mm in front of VP

4
 1.2 Projection of Lines

Simple cases:

1. Line Perpendicular to HP and Parallel to VP

2. Line Perpendicular to VP and Parallel to HP
3. Line Parallel to both HP and VP
4. Line inclined to HP and Parallel to VP
5. Line inclined to VP and Parallel to HP
6. Line inclined to both HP and VP.

Case 1: Line AB of length 50mm is Perpendicular to HP and Parallel to VP

Case 2: Line AB of length 50mm is Perpendicular to VP and Parallel to HP

5
Case 3: Line AB of length 50mm is parallel to both HP and VP

Case 4: Line AB of length 50mm is 300 to HP and Parallel to VP

Case 5: Line AB of length 50mm is inclined 300 to VP and Parallel to HP

6
Case 6: Line inclined to both HP and VP.

1. A line AB 80 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The line is
inclined at 300 to HP and 450 to VP. Draw its projections.

7
2. A line AB 80 mm long has its end A on HP. The line is inclined at 300 to HP and 450 to
VP. Draw its projections.

8
 1.3 Projection of Planes
1. An equilateral triangular lamina of 25mm side lies with one of its edges on HP such that the
surface of the lamina is inclined to HP at 600. The edge on which it rests is inclined to VP at
600. Draw the projections.

2. A square lamina of 40mm side rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 300 to HP
and the side on which it rests makes 450 to VP. Draw its projections.

9
3. A rectangular lamina of sides 20mm x 30mm rests on HP on one of its longer edges. The
lamina is tilted about the edge on which it rests till its plane surface is inclined to HP at 45°.
The edge on which it rests is inclined at 30° to VP. Draw the projections of the lamina.

4. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its sides such that the
surface makes an angle of 600 with HP. The edge on which it rests is inclined at 450 to VP.
Draw its projections.

10
 5. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25mm rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 450 to
HP and the side on which it rests makes 30° to VP. Draw its projections.

6. Draw the projections of a circular plate of negligible thickness of 50mm diameter resting on HP
on a point A on the circumference, with its plane inclined at 45° to HP and the top view of the
diameter passing through the resting point makes 60o with VP.

11
 Module 2
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Solid: A solid is a three dimensional object having length, breadth and thickness.

Classification of solids:

1. Polyhedra – bounded by faces and edges

2. Solids of revolution
1. Polyhedra – bounded by faces and edges
Ex: Prism, Pyramid, Tetrahedron, Cube or Hexahedron, Octahedron
a) Prism: It is a polyhedra having two equal and similar faces joined by other faces which are
rectangles.

Types of Prism
a) Triangular Prism
b) Rectangular Prism
c) Pentagonal Prism
d) Hexagonal Prism

a) b) c) d)

12
 b) Pyramid: This is a polyhedra having plane surface as a base and a number of triangular
faces meeting at a point called the Vertex or Apex.

Types:

c) Solids of revolution
When a solid is generated by revolutions of a plane figure about a fixed line (Axis) then
such solids are named as solids of revolution.

Types:

a) Cylinder
b) Cone
c) Sphere

a) b) c)

13
1. A square prism 35 mm sides of base and 65 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges
of the base which is inclined to VP at 300. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis
is inclined to HP at 450.

2. A triangular pyramid of 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of

its edges of the base which is inclined to VP at 450. Draw the projections of the prism when
the axis is inclined to HP at 450.

14
3. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of
the base such that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations
with HP. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis of the pyramid is inclined to HP at 400
and appears to be inclined to VP at 450.

4. A pentagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base
edges which is inclined to VP at 300. Draw the projections of the solid when the axis is inclined to
HP at 400.

15
5. A hexagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one
of its slant edges. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis appears to be
inclined to VP at 450.

6. A hexagonal prism 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of

its base edges. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis is inclined to HP at
450 and appears to be inclined to VP at 400.

16
 Module 4
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
1. A sphere of diameter 50 mm rests centrally on top of a cube of sides 50 mm. Draw the
isometric projections of the combination of solids.

2. Three cubes of sides 60mm, 40mm, and 20 mm are placed centrally one above the
other.

17
3. A rectangular slab base 100 mm x 80 mm and height 30 mm has full depth co-axial
square hole side 40 mm, such that one of its sides of the square is parallel to one of the
sides of the rectangle. Draw the isometric projection.

4. A square prism base side 40mm, height 50 mm is placed centrally on a cylindrical slab of
diameter 100 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.

18
5. A cone base diameter 45mm and height 65mm is placed centrally on the top face of a
pentagonal prism side 45 mm and height 35 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.

6. A triangular pyramid base side 40 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on a square

slab side 80 mm and 20 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.

19
 7. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm is resting on HP on
its base with a side of base perpendicular to VP. Draw its isometric projections.

Steps: 1. Draw a Pentagon of side 30mm. Join centre to corners. 2. Enclose in a BOX and
Measure. 3. Draw Isometric projection

20
ISOMETRIC TO ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

21
22
 Module 4
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Definition: The surface of a solid laid out on a plain.

1. Development of Cube

2. Development of Rectangular prism. 3. Development of Hexagonal prism

4. Cylinder 5. Square pyrammid

Types of Development:

1. Parallel line method – Prisms, Cylinders

2. Radial line method – Pyramids, Cones
3. Triangulation development – Tetrahedron
4. Approximate method - Sphere
23
1. A hexagonal prism of side of base 25 mm and height 60 mm is resting on HP on its base
such that one of its vertical surfaces is parallel to VP. A section plane, inclined at an angle
40 to HP and perpendicular to VP, passes through the top corner. Develop the lateral
surfaces of the prism.

2. A square prism of side of base 40 mm and axis length 65 mm is resting on HP on its base
with all the vertical faces being equally inclined to VP. The prism is cut by an inclined
plane at 60 to HP and perpendicular to VP. The section plane passes through a point on
the axis at a distance of 15 mm from the top face.

24
3. A square pyramid of side of base 40 mm and axis length 65 mm is resting on HP on its
base with all the base edges being equally inclined to VP. The solid is cut by an inclined
plane at 60 to HP and perpendicular to VP. The section plane passes through a point on
the axis at a distance of 15 mm from the apex. Draw the development of lower portion of
the pyramid (lateral surfaces only).

4. Draw the development of the lateral surface of a funnel consisting of a cylinder and a
frustum of a cone. The diameter of the cylinder is 20mm and top face diameter of the
funnel is 80mm. The height of frustum and cylinder are equal to 60mm and 40mm
respectively.

25
5. Draw the Development of Tray of base 30mm square and upper square of 60mm and
height 20mm.

Tray

Funnel
26