PH1105 Optics, Vibrations and Waves

Lecture Notes: Chapter 33

Date:18/08/2021
Laws of Reflection and refraction

14
Learning Goals for Chapter 34
Looking forward at …
• Polarization of light
• how a plane mirror forms an image, and why concave and
convex mirrors form images of different kinds.
• how images can be formed by a curved interface between two
transparent materials.
• what aspects of a lens determine the type of image that it
produces.
• what causes various defects in human vision, and how they
can be corrected.
• how microscopes and telescopes work. 1
Electromagnetic Waves

(electromagnetic wave
equations)

𝐸𝑥
𝑬= 𝐸
𝑦

𝐸𝑦 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0𝑦 cos(𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡)

amplitude phase 𝜃

Phase-velocity:
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
= 0=𝑘 −𝜔
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝜔
𝑣= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑘
Polarization
• An electromagnetic wave is
linearly polarized if the electric
field has only one component.
• Light from most sources such
as light bulbs is a random
mixture of waves linearly
polarized in all possible
transverse directions; such light
is called unpolarized light or
natural light.
• A Polaroid polarizing filter
can convert unpolarized light
to linearly polarized light.
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Malus’s law
• When polarized light of
intensity Imax is incident on a
polarizing filter used as an
analyzer, the intensity I of the
light transmitted through the
analyzer depends on the angle
ϕ between the polarization
direction of the incident light
𝐸𝑥 𝐸0 sin 𝜙
and the polarizing axis of the 𝑬= 𝐸 =
𝑦 𝐸0 cos 𝜙
analyzer.

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Polarization by reflection
• Unpolarized light can be polarized,
either partially or totally, by
reflection.
• At one particular angle of
incidence, called the polarizing
angle, the light for which lies in
the plane of incidence is not
reflected at all but is completely
refracted.

28
Polarization by reflection
• Unpolarized light can be polarized,
either partially or totally, by
reflection.
• At one particular angle of
incidence, called the polarizing
angle, the light for which lies in
the plane of incidence is not
reflected at all but is completely
refracted.

𝑛𝑎 Sin 𝜃𝑝 = 𝑛𝑏 Sin 𝜃𝑏
= 𝑛𝑏 Sin 180 − 90 − 𝜃𝑝 = 𝑛𝑏 Sin 90 − 𝜃𝑝 = 𝑛𝑏 Cos 𝜃𝑝 28
Polarizing filters in photography
Circular polarization
• Circular polarization occurs when the vector has a constant
magnitude but rotates around the direction of propagation.
• When the wave is propagating toward you and the vector
appears to be rotating clockwise, it is called a right circularly
polarized electromagnetic wave.

• If instead the vector of a wave coming toward you appears to

be rotating counterclockwise, it is
called a left circularly polarized
electromagnetic wave.

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Learning Catalytics
 Example 33.6
• Sunlight reflects from smooth surface of a swimming pool. (nwater=1.33)
(a) For what angle of reflection is the reflected light completely polarized?

(b) What is the corresponding angle of refraction?

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 PH1105

Chapter 34

Date:18/08/2021 Part I
Introduction
• This surgeon performing
microsurgery needs a sharp,
magnified view of the
surgical site.
• To obtain this, she’s wearing
glasses with magnifying
lenses.
• How do magnifying lenses work?
• How do lenses and mirrors form images?
• We shall use light rays to understand the principles behind
optical devices such as camera lenses, the eye, microscopes,
and telescopes.
2
Reflection at a plane surface
• Light rays from the
object at point P are
reflected from a plane 𝜃
mirror.
• The reflected rays
entering the eye look
as though they had
come from image
point

3
Image formation by a plane mirror

4
Image formation by a plane mirror: Sign rules

5
Characteristics of the image from a plane
mirror
• In a plane mirror,
the image is virtual,
erect, reversed, and
the same size as the
object.

6
The image is reversed
• The image formed by a plane mirror is reversed; the image of
a right hand is a left hand, and so on.

7
BREAK
Spherical mirror with a point object
• A spherical mirror
with radius of
curvature R forms a
real image of the
point object P.

8
Sign conventions for spherical mirrors
• If the object point P is on the
same side as the incident
light, then s is positive.
• If the image point is on the
same side as the reflected
light, then is positive.
• If the center of curvature C is
on the same side as the
reflected light, then R is
positive.

9
Focal point and focal length
• When the object is very far
from the spherical mirror,
the incoming rays are
parallel.
• The beam of incident
parallel rays converges, after
reflection from the mirror, to
a focal point, point F.
• The distance from the vertex
to the focal point, denoted
by f, is called the focal
length.

10
Focal point and focal length
• With the object at the focal
point, the reflected rays are
parallel to the optic axis.
• The reflected rays meet only
at a point infinitely far from
the mirror, so the image is
at infinity.

11
Image of an extended object: Spherical mirror
• Shown is how to determine the position, orientation, and
height of an image formed by a concave spherical mirror.

12
Example 34.1
• A concave mirror forms an image, on a wall 3.00 m in front
of the mirror, of a headlamp filament 10.0 cm in front of the
mirror.
a) What are the radius of curvature and the focal length of the
mirror?
b) What is the lateral magnification? What is the image height
if the object height is 5.00 mm?

13
Solution to Example 34.1 (Problem Solving Strategy)

14
Solution to Example 34.1

15
Image formation by a convex mirror
• If the mirror is convex, so that R is negative, the resulting
image is virtual (that is, the image point is on the opposite
side of the mirror from the object), erect, and smaller than the
object.

16
Focal point and focal length of a convex
mirror
• When incoming rays that are
parallel to the optic axis are
reflected from a convex
mirror, they diverge as
though they had come from
the virtual focal point F at a
distance f behind the mirror.
• The corresponding image
distance s is negative.

17
Focal point and focal length of a convex
mirror
• When the incoming rays are
converging as though they
would meet at the virtual
focal point F, then they are
reflected parallel to the optic
axis.

18
Graphical method of locating images

19
Graphical method of locating images

20
Exercise Problem:34.14
Consider a convex spherical mirror that has focal length f =−12.0cm.
What is the distance of an object from the mirror’s vertex if the height
of the image is half the height of the object? Follow the sign rules.

21
Image of a point object at a spherical surface

22
Apparent depth of a swimming pool

• When light travels through a

plane surface between two
optical materials, the image
has the same lateral size
(m = 1) and is always erect.
• The apparent depth of a pool
is less than its actual depth.

23
Exercise Problem:34.20
• A person is lying on a diving board 2.75 m above the surface
of water in a swimming pool. She looks at a penny that is on
the bottom of the pool directly below her. To her, the penny
appears to be a distance of 6.50 m from her. What is the
depth of water at this point?

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Inside a Spherical Mirror