ASEP RSC XI - Design of Members Subjected To Axial Load Bending Adam C. Abinales

29/10/2021
Structural Design of Steel Members

under Combined Axial and Bending
Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D.Eng.

Presented by: Adam C. Abinales
Rodolfo2021/10/29
Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP / Photo: American Institute of Steel Construction
1
ASEP Technical Seminar on SteelAISCSMRF
Education
Presented by: Adam C. Abinales, M.Eng., F.ASEP
Learning Outcomes
The target learning outcomes for this lecture are as follows –
✓ Participants will be able to list the seismic requirements for

designing steel beam-column members in accordance with
NSCP 2015.
✓ Participants will be able to discuss the basis of code-

recommended equations in calculating member capacities.
✓ Participants will be able to analyze and design structural steel

members subjected to axial load and bending.
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Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP / 2
ASEP Technical Seminar on Steel SMRF 2
1
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NSCP 2015 Chapter 5 Structural Steel
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NSCP 2015 Chapter 5 Structural Steel
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Design of Compression Members

NSCP Provisions for Compression Members are outlined in
Section 505:
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
Slenderness Limitation: L / 200
The compressive strength of elements are sub-divided into:

1. Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender Elements
2. Torsional and Torsional-Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender
Elements
3. Single Angle Compression Members
4. Built-up members
5. Members with slender elements
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Design of Compression Members: Flexural

Buckling of Members without Slender Elements
Section 505.3:
NSCP Equation
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 505.3
Fcr – critical buckling stress
The critical buckling stress is a function of slenderness:

𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑦
≤ 4.71 (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
𝑟
> 4.71
𝐹𝑦
(𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
2
𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 𝐸ൗ 2
𝐾𝐿/𝑟
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Squash Load – Full Yielded Cross

Section (Ideal Case)
When a short, stocky column is loaded the strength is limited by
the yielding of the entire cross section.
Absence of residual stress, all fibers of cross-section yield

simultaneously at P/A=Fy. All elements of the section will yield.
Section Capacity:
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑔
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Effect of Residual Stress (Actual Case)

RESIDUAL STRESSES
➢ Results in a reduction in the effective stiffness of the cross

section, but the ultimate squash load is unchanged.
➢ Reduction in effective stiffness can influence onset of

buckling.
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Effect of Residual Stress (Actual Case)

RESIDUAL STRESSES
➢ With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at
P/A + residual stress = Fy
➢ Gradually get yield of entire cross section.

➢ Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield
1 2 3
= Yielded
4
Steel
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Column Theory: Euler Column

Differential Equation of Deflected Member:
Pcr 𝑑2𝑦 𝑀𝑥
2
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼
Effect of buckling:
Pcr 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑃𝑐𝑟 (𝑦)
ymax Mx
L ymax 𝑑2𝑦 𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼
x 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑦
y Let: + =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟
𝑐2 = 𝑑2𝑦
Pcr 𝐸𝐼 + 𝑐2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
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Second-order linear ordinary differential equation:
Pcr 𝑑2𝑦
+ 𝑐2𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 Equation of the buckling curve
Apply the boundary condition:
𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0; 𝐵=0
𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝐿; 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝐿 = 0
L ymax If A = 0, we have a trivial solution, so sin cL= 0:
Sine (cL) = 0 if cL equals:
𝑐𝐿 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, 4𝜋 … , 𝑛𝜋
x 𝑐𝐿 = 𝑛𝜋
y
Recall:
𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑃𝑐𝑟
𝑐2 = 𝐿 = 𝑛𝜋
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
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Pcr
L ymax For Euler Column: n = 1
𝑃𝑐𝑟
𝐿 = (1)𝜋
𝐸𝐼
x
y Euler Buckling
Euler Buckling
Load: 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 Stress: 𝜋 2𝐸
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 2 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐿 𝐿ൗ
𝑟
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To understand the applicability and limitations of Euler Buckling load, let us
plot the relationship between the slenderness and the ratio of the critical stress
Fcr over Fy for member W10 x 49. Assuming that its weak axis is not braced.
Fy = 248 MPa
Properties of W10x49
A = 9,290 rx = 110.29
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 Major/strong Axis Minor/weak Axis
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 Buckling Buckling
Buckling about X is bending

about the strong axis of the
columns since the moment of
inertia about X, Ix, is higher x
than the moment of inertia
about Y—which has a y
smaller moment of inertia, Iy
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plot the relationship
Buckling occursbetween
when the slenderness
a straight and thesubjected
column ratio of thetocritical
axialstress
Fcrcompression
over Fy for member W10 x 49. Assuming that its weak
suddenly undergoes bending as shown in the axis is not braced.
Fy = 248 MPa
figure below. Buckling is identified as a failure limit-state
A
for columns.
Properties of W10x49
= 9,290 rx = 110.29
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 Major/strong Axis Minor/weak Axis
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 Buckling Buckling
P
Pcr
Buckling about X is bending

about the strong axis of the
columns since the moment of
inertia about X, Ix, is higher x
than the moment of inertia
about Y—which has a y
smaller moment of inertia, Iy
P
Pcr
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plot the relationship between the slenderness and the ratio of the critical stress
Fcr over Fy for member W10 x 49. Assuming that its weak axis is not braced.
Fy = 248 MPa
Properties of W10x49 L L/r Fcr Fcr/Fy
A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
Rodolfo2021/10/29

From previous problem:
Let us plot the relationship between the slenderness and the ratio of the
critical stress Fcr over Fy for member W10 x 49. Assuming that its weak axis
is not braced. Fy = 248 MPa
A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
𝐿 12,000
= = 185.21 9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
𝑟 64.792 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
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A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
𝐿 12,000
= = 185.21 9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
𝑟 64.792 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
Rodolfo2021/10/29

A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
1.80
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
1.60
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
1.40 𝐿 12,000
= = 185.21 9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
1.20
𝑟 64.792 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
1.00
Fcr/Fy
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52

0.80 7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
0.60 7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
0.40 6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
0.20 6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
0.00 5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00
185.21 5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
Slenderness, L/r 4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
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A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
1.80
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
1.60 𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋 2 (200,000)
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2 = = 57.5 9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
1.40
𝐿ൗ 185.21 2 9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
1.20 𝑟 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
1.00
Fcr/Fy
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52

0.80
𝐹𝑐𝑟 57.5
= = 0.23 7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
0.60 𝐹𝑦 248 7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
0.40 6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
0.20
0.23 6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
0.00 5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
Slenderness, L/r 4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
Rodolfo2021/10/29

A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
1.80
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
1.60 𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋 2 (200,000)
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2= = 57.5 9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
1.40
𝐿ൗ 185.21 2 9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
1.20 𝑟 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
1.00
Fcr/Fy
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52

0.80
𝐹𝑐𝑟 57.5
= = 0.23 7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
0.60 𝐹𝑦 248 7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
0.40 6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
0.20
0.23 6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
0.00 5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
Slenderness, L/r 4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
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A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
1.80
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
1.60 𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋 2 (200,000)
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2 = = 57.5 9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
1.40
𝐿ൗ 185.21 2 9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
1.20 𝑟 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
1.00
Fcr/Fy
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52

0.80
𝐹𝑐𝑟 57.5
= = 0.23 7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
0.60 𝐹𝑦 248 7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
0.40 6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
0.20
0.23 6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
0.00 5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
Slenderness, L/r 4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
Rodolfo2021/10/29

A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
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A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
Rodolfo2021/10/29

A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
(84.89, 1.10) 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
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A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
𝐹𝑐𝑟 10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
= 1.10; 𝐹𝑐𝑟 > 𝐹𝑦? 9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
𝐹𝑦 9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
(84.89, 1.10) 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
Rodolfo2021/10/29

A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
𝑼𝒏𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄! 9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
𝑭𝒄𝒓 > 𝑭𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
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A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
𝜋2𝐸 10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
𝐿ൗ 9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
𝑟
9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
𝐿
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
𝑟 8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
Rodolfo2021/10/29

A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑟
9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑟
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
Rodolfo2021/10/29
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A = 9,290 rx = 110.29 12000 185.21 57.5 0.23
IX = 1.13E+08 ry = 64.792 11500 177.49 62.7 0.25
IY = 3.90E+07 Fy = 248 11000 169.77 68.5 0.28
10500 162.06 75.2 0.30
10000 154.34 82.9 0.33
9500 146.62 91.8 0.37
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑟
9000 138.91 102.3 0.41
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑟
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 8500 131.19 114.7 0.46
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
8000 123.47 129.5 0.52
7500 115.75 147.3 0.59
7000 108.04 169.1 0.68
𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐾𝐿 𝐸
≤ 4.71 > 4.71 6500 100.32 196.1 0.79
𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝑟 𝐹𝑦 6000 92.60 230.2 0.93
5500 84.89 273.9 1.10
5000 77.17 331.5 1.34
4500 69.45 409.2 1.65
Rodolfo2021/10/29
AISC/NSCP Code sets a limit and proposed two

equations for column design based on L/r
Section 505.3:
NSCP Equation
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 505.3
Fcr – critical buckling stress

𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑦
𝑟
≤ 4.71
𝐹𝑦
(𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
𝑟
> 4.71
𝐹𝑦
(𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
2
𝐾𝐿/𝑟
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𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑦ൗ
𝑟
≤ 4.71
𝐹𝑦
(𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦 ) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
> 4.71 (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦 ) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
2
𝐾𝐿/𝑟
1.0
Inelastic Part
Fcr =  
Fy
0.658 Fe F
  y
Fcr/F y  
0.39 F cr = 0.877Fe 
Elastic Part
E KL
4.71
Fy r
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𝑟
≤ 4.71
𝐹𝑦
(𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
> 4.71 (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
2
𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 𝐸ൗ 2 Euler’s Critical Stress
𝐾𝐿/𝑟
1.0 Inelastic Part

Fcr =  
Fy
0.658 Fe F
  y
Fcr/F y  
0.39 F cr = 0.877Fe 
Elastic Part
E KL
4.71
Fy r
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𝑟
≤ 4.71
𝐹𝑦
(𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
> 4.71 (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
2
𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 𝐸ൗ 2 Euler’s Critical Stress
𝐾𝐿/𝑟
1.0 Inelastic PartF Elastic Part

=  
Fy
cr 0.658 Fe F
  y
Fcr/F y  
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
0.39 F cr = 0.877Fe 
We only use 87.7% of the actual

critical stress from Euler to
4.71
E KL account for initial crookedness.
Fy r
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𝐹𝑦ൗ
𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
≤ 4.71 (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦 )
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
> 4.71 (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦 ) 2
𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 𝐸ൗ 2
𝐾𝐿/𝑟
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
The design compressive strength must be greater or equal the

demand:
LRFD ASD
𝑃𝑛
≥ 𝑃𝑢 Ω = 1.67
∅𝑃𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢 𝜙 = 0.90 Ω
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Effective Length of Columns

The effective length of column is defined as follows:
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝐾𝐿 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Purpose of introducing effective length:
Length of equivalent pin ended column with similar elastic

buckling load.
Distance between points of inflection in the buckled shape.
Euler Buckling Euler Buckling
Load: Stress:
𝜋2𝐸
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝐾𝐿ൗ
𝐾𝐿2 𝑟
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Effective Length of Columns

Approximate K-factors as per AISC Manual:
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Effective Length Factors for Multi-Story Frame

When a column is part of a multi-story frame, the stiffness of the members
framing into the column impact the rotation that could occur at the column
ends. The rotation for this case neither that of a fixed support nor a pinned
support. These frames in the building may be classified as:
❑ Braced frame – also known as sidesway prevented frame or sidesway

inhibited frame. K factors for this type of frame ranges from 0.5-1.0.
❑ Moment frame – sidesway permitted frame, sidesway uninhibited frame.
The lowest possible K factor for this type of columns is 1.0.
Sidesway permitted Sidesway prevented
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Effective Length Factors for Multi-Story Frame

When a column is part of a multi-story frame, the stiffness of the members
framing into the column impact the rotation that could occur at the column
ends. The rotation for this case neither that of a fixed support nor a pinned
support. These frames in the building may be classified as:
❑ Braced frame – also known as sidesway prevented frame or sidesway

inhibited frame. K factors for this type of frame ranges from 0.5-1.0.
❑ Moment frame – sidesway permitted frame, sidesway uninhibited frame.
The lowest possible K factor for this type of columns is 1.0.
Gaylord, Gaylord and Stallmeyer (1992) show

that the effective length factor is a function of the
rotational stiffnesses of the members intersecting
at the joint.
σ 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 /𝐿𝑐
𝐺=
σ 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 /𝐿𝑔
Sum of stiffnesses of all columns at the end of the column under
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 /𝐿𝑐 consideration.
𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 /𝐿𝑔 Sum of stiffnesses of all beams at the end of the beam under
consideration.
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Alignment Chart for K-factor Calculation

By calculating the ratio, G, of column stiffnesses to beam stiffnesses at both
ends of the column, the K-factor for the column can be determined using the
AISC-provided alignment charts.
Alignment Charts (AISC 360-16) Figure C.A.7.1 and Figure C.A.7.1

σ 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 /𝐿𝑐
𝐺=
σ 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 /𝐿𝑔
Sidesway prevented (braced frame) Sidesway permitted (moment frame)

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Sample Problem: The rigid frame shown in below is unbraced. Each member
is oriented so that its web is in the plane of the frame. Determine the effective
length factor Kx for columns AB and BC.
Solution:
3.6 m
1. For column AB, list section properties of steel sections framing

in joint A and B.
W12x96: W12x120:
Ix = 347 x 106 mm4 Ix = 445 x 106 mm4
3.6 m
W24x55: W24x68:
Ix = 562 x 106 mm4 Ix = 762 x 106 mm4
For joint A:
𝐸 347 𝑥106 𝐸𝑐 445 𝑥106
4.6 m
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
σ = 𝑐 + = 220,000
𝐿𝑐 3600 3600
𝐸 𝐼 𝐸 562 𝑥106 𝐸𝑔 762 𝑥106
σ 𝑔𝑔= 𝑔 + = 232,212
𝐿𝑔 6000 5500
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐸𝑐 = 𝐸𝑔 = 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 200,000
6.0 m 6.0 m 5.5 m For joint B:
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐸 445 𝑥106 𝐸𝑐 445 𝑥106
σ = 𝑐 + = 220,350
𝐿𝑐 3600 4600
𝐸 𝐼 𝐸 562 𝑥106 𝐸𝑔 762 𝑥106
σ 𝑔𝑔= 𝑔 + = 232,212
𝐿𝑔 6000 5500
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Solution:
3.6 m
For joint A:
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐸 347 𝑥106 𝐸𝑐 445 𝑥106
σ = 𝑐 + = 220,000
𝐿𝑐 3600 3600
𝐸 𝐼 𝐸 562 𝑥106 𝐸𝑔 762 𝑥106
3.6 m
σ 𝑔𝑔= 𝑔 + = 232,212
𝐿𝑔 6000 5500
For joint B: 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐸𝑐 = 𝐸𝑔 = 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 200,000
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐸 445 𝑥106 𝐸𝑐 445 𝑥106
σ = 𝑐 + = 220,350
4.6 m
𝐿𝑐 3600 4600
𝐸 𝐼 𝐸 562 𝑥106 𝐸𝑔 762 𝑥106
σ 𝑔𝑔= 𝑔 + = 232,212
𝐿𝑔 6000 5500
6.0 m 6.0 m 5.5 m For stiffness ratio at joint A and B:

𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
σ 𝑐 𝑐 220,000 σ 𝑐 𝑐 220,350
𝐿𝑐 𝐿𝑐
𝐺𝐴 = = = 0.947 ; 𝐺𝐵 = = = 0.949
𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 232,212 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 232,212
σ σ
𝐿𝑔 𝐿𝑔
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Solution:
3.6 m
For stiffness ratio at joint A and B:

𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
σ 𝑐 𝑐 220,000 σ 𝑐 𝑐 220,350
𝐿𝑐 𝐿𝑐
𝐺𝐴 = = = 0.947 ; 𝐺𝐵 = = = 0.949
𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 232,212 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 232,212
3.6 m
σ σ
𝐿𝑔 𝐿𝑔
Note: If we utilize the theoretical

4.6 m
values of K-factor, one may assumed a

K-factor of 0.50 (for fixed condition).
Comparing this value with the one
calculated in this problem, we can say
6.0 m 6.0 m 5.5 m that using theoretical K-factors may
𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 1.3 sometimes be not conservative.
𝐺𝐴 = 0.947
𝐺𝐴 = 0.947
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Solution:
2. For column BC: Joint B
3.6 m
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐸 445 𝑥106 𝐸𝑐 445 𝑥106

σ = 𝑐 + = 220,350
𝐿𝑐 3600 4600
𝐸 𝐼 𝐸 562 𝑥106 𝐸𝑔 762 𝑥106
σ 𝑔𝑔= 𝑔 + = 232,212
3.6 m
𝐿𝑔 6000 5500
𝐸𝐼
σ 𝑐 𝑐 220,350
𝐿𝑐
𝐺𝐵 = = = 0.949
𝐸 𝐼 232,212
σ 𝑔𝑔
4.6 m
𝐿𝑔
For the case joint C, the pinned support can be imagined as a

column resting on beams with low stiffness, hence, the ratio will
6.0 m 6.0 m 5.5 m be approaching infinity. The situation is analogous to that of a very
stiff column attached to infinitely flexible girders—that is, girders
of zero stiffness.
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
σ 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐿𝑐
𝐺𝑐 = = = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 (max 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 10)
𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
σ
𝐿𝑔
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Solution:
3.6 m
For stiffness ratio at joint A and B:

𝐸𝐼
σ 𝑐 𝑐 220,350
𝐿𝑐
𝐺𝐵 = = = 0.949; 𝐺𝐶 = 10
𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑔 232,212
3.6 m
σ
𝐿𝑔
Note: Again, if we utilize the
theoretical values of K-factor, one
may assumed a K-factor of 2 (for
4.6 m
fixed condition). Comparing this

𝐾𝐵𝐶 = 1.85 value with the one calculated in this
joint, the value is greater than
theoretical K-factor for fixed-pinned
6.0 m 6.0 m 5.5 m condition of 0.70. The theoretical
value is once again not conservative.
𝐺𝐶 = 10
𝐺𝐵 = 0.947
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Local Instability (Members with Slender Elements)

The columns we discussed thus far are columns that are controlled by
overall column buckling. There are some structural steel shapes,
however, that may fail in an another form of buckling prior to the
column buckling. This buckling is local buckling of the elements that
make up the column shape. If the section is susceptible to local buckling,
then the strength that is expected must be reduced from that calculated in
the previous lecture.
Failure of column due to local buckling.
To determine if the column is susceptible to local buckling,

the local slenderness of its elements must be determined and
compared to code-provided limits. The section of a structural
shape is classified into two:
1. Unstiffned elements
2. Stiffened elements
Geschwindner et al. 2017
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✓ Unstiffened elements – are elements unsupported along one
edge parallel to the direction of load.
✓ Stiffened elements – are elements supported along both edges
parallel to the direction of load.
Definition of Unstiffened and Stiffened Elements.
(After Williams, A. 2011)
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For columns, the section can be
classified as slender or non-
slender. The columns we so far
discussed are non-slender
columns—these are sections not
susceptible to local buckling. A
column is said to be slender if the
following width to thickness
ratios are exceeded.
Note that these limits are given in

Table 502.4.1 (Unstiffened
Elements) and Table 502.4.2
(Stiffened elements)
(Segui W.T., A. 2013)
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For example, for W-sections, the section consists of both stiffened and
unstiffened elements.
Flange width-to-thickness ratio Web width-to-thickness ratio
𝑏 𝐸 ℎ 𝐸
≤ 0.56 ≤ 1.49
𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
𝑏𝑓 𝑏𝑓 𝐸
𝑏= ; ≤ 0.56
2 2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦
𝑑 − 2𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑠 ℎ 𝐸
= ≤ 1.49
𝑡𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
(NSCP, 2015)
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For example, for W-sections, the section consists of both stiffened and
unstiffened elements.
Flange width-to-thickness ratio Web width-to-thickness ratio
𝑏 𝐸 ℎ 𝐸
≤ 0.56 ≤ 1.49
𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
These values are already given in the steel table!
𝑏𝑓 𝑏𝑓 𝐸
𝑏= ; ≤ 0.56
2 2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦
𝑑 − 2𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑠 ℎ 𝐸
= ≤ 1.49
𝑡𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
(NSCP, 2015)
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If a steel section is classified as an slenderness elements, the capacity of
the section must be reduced as follows:

𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝑄𝐹𝑦
≤ 4.71 (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝑄𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝑄 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝑟 𝑄𝐹𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
𝑟
> 4.71
𝑄𝐹𝑦
(𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝑄𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
2 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠 𝑄𝑎
𝐾𝐿/𝑟
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠. If the shape has no slender
unstiffened elements, Qs = 1.0.If the shape has no slender stiffened elements, Qa = 1.0.
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Calculation of reduction factors Qs and Qa are outlined in NSCP Section
E7. For slender unstiffened elements, the calculation of Qs is classified
based on the following:
a. For flanges, angles and plates projecting from rolled columns or
other compression members.
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b. For flanges, angles and plates projecting from built-up I-shaped
columns or other compression members:
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b. For single angles:
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b. For stems of tees:
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E7. For slender stiffened elements, the calculation of reduction factor Qa
is given as:
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑄𝑎 =
𝐴𝑔
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐴𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, 𝑏𝑒, 𝑚𝑚2
This means h/tw
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𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑄𝑎 =
𝐴𝑔
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𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑄𝑎 =
𝐴𝑔
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Local Instability (Local buckling in W-shapes)
Flange local buckling
Web local buckling
Flange local
buckling
(From Prof. Lee L. Lowery, Jr., PhD, P.E. website, Texas A&M University)
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Design of Compression Members: Review

Topics
• Derivation of Euler Buckling Load
2
𝑃(𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) = 𝜋 𝐸𝐼ൗ 2
𝐾𝐿
• Described limitations of Euler Buckling Load

o Slenderness ratio (applicable only for beams with elastic
buckling behavior) – AISC defines the limit of elastic and
inelastic behavior
≤ 4.71 (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦 ) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦 2
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
𝐾𝐿/𝑟
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
𝑟
> 4.71
𝐹𝑦
(𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦 ) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
Rodolfo2021/10/29

Topics
• Derivation of Euler Buckling Load
2
𝑃(𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) = 𝜋 𝐸𝐼ൗ 2
𝐾𝐿
• Described limitations of Euler Buckling Load

o Slenderness ratio (applicable only for beams with elastic
buckling behavior) – AISC defines the limit of elastic and
inelastic behavior
Inelastic Part
1.0
Fcr =  
Fy
0.658 Fe F
  y
Fcr/F y  
0.39 F cr = 0.877Fe 
Elastic Part
E KL
4.71
Fy r
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𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝑄𝐹𝑦
≤ 4.71 (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝑄𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝑄 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝑟 𝑄𝐹𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
𝑟
> 4.71
𝑄𝐹𝑦
(𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝑄𝐹𝑦) 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
2 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠 𝑄𝑎
𝐾𝐿/𝑟
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑄𝑎 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠. If the shape has no slender
unstiffened elements, Qs = 1.0.If the shape has no slender stiffened elements, Qa = 1.0.
Rodolfo2021/10/29
Review of Design of Steel Flexural Members (I-shapes and Channels)

Check for Compactness
For standard I-Shapes and Channels
𝑏𝑓 𝐸 𝐸
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜆 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜆𝑝 = 0.38 and 𝜆𝑟 = 1.0
2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
𝑖𝑓 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑝 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑖𝑓𝜆𝑝 < 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑖𝑓 𝜆 > 𝜆𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
When section is compact, only check for When section is non- compact, check for When section is slender, check for
LTB FLB and LTB FLB and LTB
𝐶𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑭𝑳𝑩) 𝐶𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑭𝑳𝑩)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝 𝑁𝑜 𝐿𝑇𝐵 𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝 0.9. 𝐸𝑘𝑐 𝑆𝑥
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑥 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥 ) 𝑀𝑛 =
𝜆𝑟 − 𝜆𝑝 𝜆2
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑳𝑻𝑩) 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑳𝑻𝑩)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑝 < 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝
𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 𝑁𝑜 𝐿𝑇𝐵, 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝐿𝐵
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑀𝑝 𝑁𝑜 𝐿𝑇𝐵, 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝐿𝐵
𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑝 < 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑝 < 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟
𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑟 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑀𝑝 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑥 ) 𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑟 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑟
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
2 2 2
Cb π 2 E Jc  Lb  Cb π 2 E Jc  Lb  Cb π 2 E Jc  Lb 
Fcr = 1 + 0.078   Fcr = 1 + 0.078   Fcr = 2
1 + 0.078  
2 2 S x ho  rts 
 Lb  S x ho  rts   Lb  S x ho  rts   Lb 
     
 rts   rts   rts 
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑴𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑭𝑳𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑻𝑩 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑴𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑭𝑳𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑻𝑩 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒔
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫, 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑺𝑫, 𝜴 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
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Design of Steel Flexural Members (I-shapes and Channels)

Weak Axis Bending
Check for Compactness

For standard I-Shapes and Channels
𝑏𝑓 𝐸 𝐸
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜆 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜆𝑝 = 0.38 and 𝜆𝑟 = 1.0
2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
𝑖𝑓 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑝 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑖𝑓𝜆𝑝 < 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑖𝑓 𝜆 > 𝜆𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
When section is compact, the moment When section is non- compact, check for When section is slender, check for
capacity is: (No LTB checking) FLB (No LTB Checking) FLB (No LTB Checking)
𝐶𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑭𝑳𝑩) 𝐶𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑭𝑳𝑩)
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑦 ≤ 1.6𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑦 𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝 0.9. 𝐸𝑘𝑐 𝑆𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑦 ) 𝑀𝑛 =
𝜆𝑟 − 𝜆𝑝 𝜆2
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫, 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑺𝑫, 𝜴 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
Rodolfo2021/10/29
Design of Steel Flexural Members (I-shapes and Channels)

Biaxial Bending
Biaxial bending occurs when a beam is subjected to a loading
condition that produces bending about both the major (strong) axis
and the minor (weak) axis.
For LRFD:
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
∅𝑀𝑛𝑥 ∅𝑀𝑛𝑦
For ASD
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑛𝑥ൗ 𝑀𝑛𝑦
Ω ൗ
Ω
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Design of Steel Beam-Columns

(Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
Combination of multiple states of stress:
Design provisions are simplified and rely on the inherent ductility

of steel to redistribute forces throughout the section.
The basic principle for design is an interaction equation which

combines forces from axial and bending loads. Shear is checked
independently.
Modes of failure from all independent modes are analyzed

independently of other modes and forces. This is not completely
realistic, but is sufficiently accurate for design purposes.
Rodolfo2021/10/29

Interaction Principles:
The interaction of axial load and bending within the elastic response range
of a beam-column (a member subjected to both axial load and bending)
can be investigated through straightforward techniques of superposition.
This, however, has some limitations that must be recognized:
1. Superposition of stress is correct only for behavior within elastic
range.
2. Superposition of strain can be extended to inelastic range only when
the strains are small.
3. Superposition cannot account for member deformation or stability
effects such as local buckling.
4. Superposition cannot account for structural deflections and system
stability.
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Interaction Equation must reflect the following characteristic:
For Axial Loads

1. Maximum column strength
2. Individual column slenderness
For Bending Moment

1. Lateral support conditions
2. Sidesway conditions
3. Member second-order effects
4. Structure second-order effects
5. Moment gradient along the member
Rodolfo2021/10/29

The Interaction Equations (NSCP Section 508)
𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐
1.0
𝑃𝑟 8 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐 9 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 < 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑐 0.2
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑟 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 𝑀𝑟 0.9 1.0
2𝑃𝑐 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦
𝑀𝑐
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑁 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑜

𝑃𝑐 = 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑁 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑁 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑜
𝑀𝑐 = 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
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𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐
1.0
+ + ≤ 1.0 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 < 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑐 0.2
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
+ + ≤ 1.0 𝑀𝑟 0.9 1.0
2𝑃𝑐 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦
𝑀𝑐
𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
1. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑃𝑐 , 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒.
2. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑀𝑐 , 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑.
3. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑃𝑟, 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
4. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑀𝑟, 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
Rodolfo2021/10/29

Methods of Analysis for Second-Order Effect

1. Approximate Second Order Analysis Method (B1-
B2 Method)
2. Direct Analysis Method (New) => future method of
analysis
3. Equivalent Length Method
Rodolfo2021/10/29
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29/10/2021

Second-order Effects by Approximate Method
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔: 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠 = 𝑀𝑟
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑀1 + 𝑃𝛿
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡
𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠.
𝑀𝑟 𝑀1 + 𝑃𝛿
𝐴𝐹 = =
𝑀1 𝑀1
1
𝐴𝐹 =
𝑃𝛿
1−
𝑀1 + 𝑃𝛿
1
𝐴𝐹 =
𝑃
1−
𝑃𝑒
Rodolfo2021/10/29

𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑟
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: 1
𝐴𝐹 =
𝑃
1−
𝑃𝑒
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠
𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒. 𝑇𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 such
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 we have:
𝑀1
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4
𝑀2
𝐶𝑚
𝐵1 = ≥ 1.0
𝛼𝑃
1−
𝑃𝑒1
𝑀𝑟 = 𝐵1 𝑀𝑛𝑡
Rodolfo2021/10/29
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𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑚
Rodolfo2021/10/29

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑚
Rodolfo2021/10/29
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𝑼𝒏𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑀𝑙𝑡 = 𝐻𝐿 (first order effects)
𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤
𝑀2𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝐻𝐿 + P∆2
This increase in moments can be interpreted as magnification of first
order effects:
𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝐵2 𝑀𝑙𝑡
Rodolfo2021/10/29

𝑈𝑛𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:
Where: 1
𝐵2 = ≥ 1.0
𝛼 σ 𝑃𝑛𝑡 ∆𝐻
1−
𝑅𝑀 σ 𝐻𝐿
෍ 𝑃𝑛𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
∆𝐻 = 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠

𝛼 = 1.0 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 1.6 𝐴𝑆𝐷
𝐻 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑅𝑀 = 0.85(moment frames)
Rodolfo2021/10/29
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29/10/2021

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒:
𝑀𝑟 = 𝐵1 𝑀𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑀𝑙𝑡 (second order moment)
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑃𝑙𝑡 (second order axial force)

𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐
1.0
+ + ≤ 1.0 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑎)
𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 < 0.2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
𝑃𝑐 0.2
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 508.1 − 1𝑏)
+ + ≤ 1.0 𝑀𝑟
2𝑃𝑐 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦 0.9 1.0
𝑀𝑐
Rodolfo2021/10/29
Design requirements for members part of SMF

Additional requirements for members part of SMF are provided in
Part 2A Seismic Provision for Structural Steel Buildings.
• Scope of Part 2A Seismic Provision for Structural Steel Buildings is only
for buildings analyzed with R > 3.0
• Since SLRS must have R 3.0, then these requirement in Part 2A
becomes mandatory
• For SMF, the primary requirements rely on the Beam to Column
connections in conformance shall be based on either the use of pre-
qualified connections (AISC 358) or testing as described in NSCP 2015
Chapter 5, Appendix B.4.
Rodolfo2021/10/29
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29/10/2021
Design of Members part of SMF

Other requirements:
• Panel Zone Strength
𝑡 ≥ (𝑑𝑧 + 𝑤𝑧 )/90 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 522 − 2)
• Continuity plates are connection-dependent and therefore must be

checked using AISC 358-05 requirements
• Strong Column/Weak Beam Requirements
∗
σ 𝑀𝑝𝑐
∗ > 1.0 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 522 − 3)
σ 𝑀𝑝𝑏
Rodolfo2021/10/29
Design of Members part of SMF

Other requirements:
• Protected Zones
The region at each end of the beam subject to inelastic straining shall
be designated as a protected zone, and is prequalified connection-
dependent following AISC 358-05
• Lateral bracing requirements following NSCP 2015 Section 522.7 and

522.8
• Beam and Column Limitations such as maximum beam and column

depth, beam and column weight, minimum span-to-depth ratio in
beams, and additional flange-to-thickness ratio requirements which are
also prequalified connection-dependent.
Rodolfo2021/10/29
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29/10/2021
Concluding Remarks
• Seismic design of steel members part of SMF subjected to axial and
bending must comply both Part 1 and Part 2A requirements of NSCP
2015 Chapter 5 Structural Steel.
• Prequalified connection dictates most of the additional requirements
• Other important checks such as material specification, importance of

checking panel zone strength, requirements for continuity plate, and
strong column/weak beam check are all part of Part 2A NSCP 2015
Chapter 5 seismic provisions.
• Future code updates will already introduce a chapter on prequalified

connections.
Rodolfo2021/10/29
Thank you for listening!
Rodolfo2021/10/29
41

ASEP RSC XI - Design of Members Subjected To Axial Load Bending Adam C. Abinales

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29/10/2021

Structural Design of Steel Members

Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D.Eng.

✓ Participants will be able to list the seismic requirements for

✓ Participants will be able to discuss the basis of code-

✓ Participants will be able to analyze and design structural steel

NSCP 2015 Chapter 5 Structural Steel

NSCP 2015 Chapter 5 Structural Steel

Design of Compression Members

Slenderness Limitation: L / 200

The compressive strength of elements are sub-divided into:

Design of Compression Members: Flexural

Fcr – critical buckling stress

The critical buckling stress is a function of slenderness:

Squash Load – Full Yielded Cross

Absence of residual stress, all fibers of cross-section yield

Effect of Residual Stress (Actual Case)

➢ Results in a reduction in the effective stiffness of the cross

➢ Reduction in effective stiffness can influence onset of

Effect of Residual Stress (Actual Case)

➢ Gradually get yield of entire cross section.

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

L ymax For Euler Column: n = 1

Column Theory: Euler Column

Buckling about X is bending

Column Theory: Euler Column

Buckling about X is bending

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

8000 123.47 129.5 0.52

Column Theory: Euler Column

8000 123.47 129.5 0.52

Column Theory: Euler Column

8000 123.47 129.5 0.52

Column Theory: Euler Column

8000 123.47 129.5 0.52

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

Column Theory: Euler Column

AISC/NSCP Code sets a limit and proposed two

Fcr – critical buckling stress

The critical buckling stress is a function of slenderness:

AISC/NSCP Code sets a limit and proposed two

AISC/NSCP Code sets a limit and proposed two

1.0 Inelastic Part

AISC/NSCP Code sets a limit and proposed two

1.0 Inelastic PartF Elastic Part

We only use 87.7% of the actual

AISC/NSCP Code sets a limit and proposed two

The design compressive strength must be greater or equal the

Effective Length of Columns

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝐾𝐿 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Purpose of introducing effective length: