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However, with the ambiguous messaging that surrounds that which defines quality implementation
of a VLE, there lies a discernible gap in gauging the importance of teachers using live video in the
delivery of synchronous instruction and if significant mental health implications are present in the
decision to do so. Publications were selected from 2010 onwards, because we identified significant
advances since 2010 (e.g., MOOCs, learning analytics, personalized learning) in the area of learning
technologies. The coding process was iterative with regular consensus meetings between the two
researchers involved. This needs to be done by taking into consideration that on-demand eOL is
gradually replacing the classic static eOL curricula and processes (Dignen and Burmeister 2020 ). In
order to be good at your teaching jobs, Then you should read our blog. Truong ( 2016 ) stated that
providing the same content to students with different qualifications and personal traits and having
different interests and needs is not considered adequate anymore when learning can now be
personalized. This is why so many new researchers seek help from a dissertation consultant when
they hit this chapter of their studies. Teaching jobs provide students with an employment opportunity
that fits in well around the standard school schedule and can be performed anywhere and at any
location. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use
is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain
permission directly from the copyright holder. The enormous number of published papers might lead
to some missing relevant papers; numerous literature review studies face this problem. We follow the
definition offered by the U.S. Department of Education and note that individualized learning in
school systems requires significant technology support, such as big data and learning analytics. Some
contextualized their reflections within the specific phase of their medical training or the extent of
their clinical exposure. Discussing the research gap will be challenging, but it is mandatory to state
what you are going to do in th research. Moreover, outlining allows you to learn specific things
about your chosen sources. For the literature review, we ensure discussion of all literature is
presented in past tense, as you are discussing previously published work in your field. Initially
focusing on deep and surface learning approaches, the research has expanded. Third, some elements
of the papers were not described accurately, leading to some missing information in the coding of
the papers. Also, some research issues and potential future development directions are discussed. The
noted benefits were divided into four overarching categories to include social, psychological,
academic, and assessment. Elementary schools, for instance, can be said to provide many
opportunities for families to increase their informal social capital and high schools, colleges and
universities often provide a student with guidance and counseling services not easily accessible
elsewhere. We had good references, and everything was clear as a result. In the image below,
Garrison, Anderson, and Archer (2000) depict the CoI framework that they argue is integral to the
online learning experience in higher education. (PDF) Comprehensively Summarizing What Distracts
Students from Online However, the consensus on the definition of distraction and what represents
distraction during online learning are still lacking. Research articles published in peer-reviewed
journals are definitely the highest priority for inclusion in this chapter. Video Say more by seamlessly
including video within your publication. This will ultimately contribute to the creation of an
optimally supportive educational environment. The NVivo software version 11.4.2 was used for data
analysis. Understand the Basics Figure out the main ideas and how they're explained. BMC Med
Educ. 2023;23(1):479.. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Clarke V, Braun V. So I
wanted to take some time to talk in detail about this chapter, its purpose, and how you can make it
great. It can be defined as “a learning process within organizations that involves the interaction of
individual and collective (group, organizational, and inter-organizational) levels of analysis and leads
to achieving organizations’ goals” (Popova-Nowak and Cseh 2015 ) with a focus on the flow of
knowledge across the different organizational levels (Oh 2019 ).
Insufficient data A key note thread found within many of articles was the self-admission of
insufficient data. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on college students with disabilities. Sitemap
case study creative writing presentation problem solving rewiew prompts websites tips. Academic
and non-academic life stressors and their impact on psychological wellbeing of medical students. The
literature review usually starts general and gradually progresses into published research most related
to your specific project's emphasis. Bahceci and Gurol ( 2016 ) created a portal that offers
individualized learning content based on the individual’s level of cognitive knowledge. Falcione et
al. (2019) add that collaborative learning leads to a mastery of course content and the cultivation of
interpersonal skills that benefit the student outside of the classroom environment. Each paper that
met the inclusion criteria was read in its entirety a second time to validate the paper’s decision in the
final data set. Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil. Before sharing sensitive
information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. This study contributes to existing
literature by pinpointing specific improvement areas, emphasizing the importance of student
involvement and faculty roles in the educational process. Effectiveness of online and blended
learning from schools: A systematic Effectiveness of online and blended learning from schools: A
systematic review - Topping - 2022 - Review of Education - Wiley Online Library SYNTHESIS
Effectiveness of online and blended learning from schools: A systematic review Keith J. Groups
comprised of members with diverse perspectives have been shown to increase learning in group work
(Kozhevnikov et al., 2014). It is interesting to note that mixed ability groups tend to benefit lower
ability students and may not benefit higher ability students (Webb et al, 2002). First, we had to make
some methodological decisions (e.g., selection of databases, the search query) that might lead to
certain biases in the results. Such studies focused on how the implementation of eOL can increase
employee performance, organizational value, and customer value. In the summer of 2020, The
Hospital for Sick Children released a report that detailed how online learning and increased screen
time could result in an increase of negative mental health effects.In addition, the prevailing advice of
Public Health Ontario (2015) for the total number of hours of screen-time children and youth should
be engaged in had not moved from the. It can be defined as “a learning process within organizations
that involves the interaction of individual and collective (group, organizational, and inter-
organizational) levels of analysis and leads to achieving organizations’ goals” (Popova-Nowak and
Cseh 2015 ) with a focus on the flow of knowledge across the different organizational levels (Oh
2019 ). The ongoing evaluation and adaptation of TLEs in collaboration with teachers and students is
crucial for improving medical education. The proper sequence allows moving from one question to
another, avoiding chaos in writing. E.g., a body part in the standard literature review samples often is
organized chronologically, moving from the older findings to the newest research. Most works on
predestination look at the Protestant concept, with others examining a strict orthodox Catholic
interpretation. Association of the different e-learning technologies with the objectives investigated in
the various studies. Exploring why medical students still feel underprepared for clinical practice: a
qualitative analysis of an authentic on-call simulation. As educational technologies began to mature in
the last half of the previous century, personalized learning took the form of intelligent tutoring
systems. In this century, big data and learning analytics are poised to transform personalized learning
once again. Experts make accurate citations, use current books, and derive conclusions from them.
BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):98.. Moir F, Yielder J, Sanson J, Chen Y. And, create smaller
subsections within your major sections, providing brief introductory paragraphs to preview the
section’s content for the reader -Include phrasing that ties together the findings and conclusions from
all of your sources into a coherent narrative. -As part of this, be sure to use transitional phrasing in
which you compare and contrast the different studies you discuss. This section of the project should
take at least as long as the remaining sections of the paper combined. Publications were selected
from 2010 onwards, because we identified significant advances since 2010 (e.g., MOOCs, learning
analytics, personalized learning) in the area of learning technologies. Listed below are some examples
that the authors highlighted in this post: Diigo: Diigo is a social bookmarking tool that allows
learners to collect, annotate, organize, and share online resources. Investigating the capabilities of
different technologies in different organizations. E-learning systems are categorized based on their
functionalities and affordances.
These terms were chosen because they have been most used in the education field (Reisman, 2014 ).
CBE Life Sciences Education, 15 (4). Tarun, I. M. (2019). The Effectiveness of a Customized Online
Collaboration Tool for Teaching and Learning. Preparing for the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact
on a nursing simulation curriculum. It’s needed to give potential readers an overview of the writing
content, helping to decide whether their research determines it. Springer Nature remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and
permissions About this article Cite this article. Reimagining the role of technology in education:
2017 national education technology plan update. As a result, personalized learning definitions and
the terms that have been used interchangeably, such as adaptive learning, individualized instruction,
and customized learning are analyzed in this paper. Part of this mixed response included the ministry
directive that students’ marks and grades would be frozen to the date prior to the initial closure
(Miller, 2020 ), though opportunities for improvement would be provided. She is majorly involved in
developing and reviewing online content plans that engage and resonate with audiences. Your initial
keywords might include faculty retention, faculty turnover, higher education retention, higher
education job satisfaction, and so forth. However, and regardless of whether you’re conducting
quantitative or qualitative research (or a mixed methods study!), analysis is a critical part of
justifying your proposed study’s methodological approach. Just as the terms pleasure and
contentment are not interchangeable, in the context of the research, it remains unclear if a
participant’s self-reporting on perceived levels of anxiety is congruent with clinical definitions of the
terms. While studies which utilized this form of data collection are free of equivocation by way of
maintaining qualifying language such as “perceived level of anxiety” and not simply state “anxiety”,
the question of the results being meaningful still remains. Plenty of information mentioned years ago
remains relevant, so it’s better not to miss it. Besides the controlled e-learning systems, organizations
have been using environments such as social media (Qi and Chau 2016 ), massive open online
courses (MOOCs) (Weinhardt and Sitzmann 2018 ) and other web-based environments (Wang et al.
2011 ) to reinforce their organizational learning potential. Corresponding author Correspondence to
Fatmah Almoayad. Step 2: Analyze and Select Sources In the second phase of your research, it is
essential to carefully evaluate and select sources that directly contribute to your research question.
The reviewers created four phases to review papers to produce the final papers to review. This
includes the notions of individualization, differentiation, and personalization. To fulfill answer of
“What are the similarities and differences of different terms used for personalized learning
approaches?” we need a research base and theoretical framework that provides answers to basic
questions. The challenges associated with virtual schooling include the conclusion that the only
students typically successful in online learning environments are those who have independent
orientations towards learning, highly motivated by intrinsic sources, and have strong time
management, literacy, and technology skills. Supplementary procedures Relevant papers were
initially identified through traditional searches of online databases and journals. The concept of
“teacher” as “facilitator” is a hallmark of student-centered, online learning. The discussions were
audio-visually recorded and lasted between 45 and 60 min. Role of self-reflection Reflections on
learning were expressed by some students. Programs Offered: M.S. in Rehabilitation Counseling,
Graduate Certificate in Rehabilitation Counseling, Undergraduate Certificate in Rehabilitation
Studies. Although a few studies have utilized contemporary e-learning systems (see Appendix ),
even in these studies there is a lack of alignment between the capabilities of those systems (e.g., open
online course, adaptive support, social and collaborative learning) and the objectives and strategy of
the organization (e.g., organizational value, fostering learning). The pool of writers on this platform
encompasses experts in every literature review type. A quality literature review doesn’t just
summarize sources that are already available it analyses, synthesizes, and evaluate. Two individuals
(the main researcher and an independent research assistant) were involved in coding the data.
In addition to this paucity of research, the attrition of study participants is noted as being a barrier to
gathering full data sets (Manthey et al., 2016 ). Some systemic issues which led to shortages in the
available data are noted in Johnston et al. ( 2014 ) where school districts are slow to institute policy.
Essentially, our students went from daily, face-to-face interaction that built relationships and
promoted positive social-emotional skills to the bare minimum interaction of a posting or an email a
few times a week. Given these unsettling statistics, we would have thought that the rich and varied
K-12 arena would have been a sphere where there would be a surfeit of mental health research
related to VLE utilization. FitzGerald et al. ( 2018 ) pointed out that personalization is a crucial topic
of current interest in technology-oriented learning design and discussion for government
policymakers, but less so in educational research. This means we'll keep fixing the work until the
supervisor approves it. While discussed in depth, they will ultimately be used to drive an ideas-based
argument for your own original research. Three questions regarding massive open online courses
(MOOCs). Chen, Huang, Shih and Chang ( 2016 ) brought up the gender component to personalized
learning. When schools reopened toward the end of September 2020, protocols and safety standards
had been improved and implemented in ways that would encourage some families to opt for in-
person learning while for others, the risk was still too great. It’s certainly the most lengthy and
detailed, and requires some very advanced skills in terms of literature searching, review and
interpretation of existing research, and composition. As Beale notes, this does not necessarily mean
that every lesson needs to include a video meeting, though there is a beneficial psychological impact
of knowing that the teacher is still in contact and regular face-to-face online discussions can enable
this. RQ2: How can e-learning be leveraged to enhance the process of improving actions through
better knowledge and understanding in an organization. Adobe InDesign Design pixel-perfect
content like flyers, magazines and more with Adobe InDesign. Video Say more by seamlessly
including video within your publication. For example, George and Lal ( 2019 ) argued that
personalized learning is meant to incorporate a learner’s varied attributes, including learning style,
knowledge level on a subject, preferences, and learner’s prior knowledge while they discussed
adaptive learning is adapting content according to learner’s choice and pace. While evaluating some
theories, it is helpful to develop a hypothesis to examine. With the advances in technology as well as
the increase in quantity and quality of digital tools available, there is great potential for the future of
online learning. The proposal will not be well-supported without a literature review. Three discussion
sessions involved the male student group (same participants complete the three sessions), and two
sessions were held with the female student group (same participants complete the two sessions).
Truong ( 2016 ) stated that providing the same content to students with different qualifications and
personal traits and having different interests and needs is not considered adequate anymore when
learning can now be personalized. Some industries noted that eOL promoted the development of
their learning organizations, whereas others reported that eOL did not seem to contribute to their
development as a learning organization (Yoo and Huang 2016 ). In as many facets as teachers differ
so too do the online VLE tools that may be utilized to deliver programming and the effects of each
LMS’s nuances can be difficult to account for and isolate as non-contributing factors within the
studies. Michalski, M. P. (2014). Symbolic meanings and e-learning in the workplace: The case of an
intranet-based training tool. Furthermore, virtual reality techniques might be a solution to this need.
Looking at the contemporary eOL research, we notice that the exploration of e-learning capabilities
to nurture the aforementioned elements and support employee-centric approaches is very limited
(e.g., personalized technologies, adaptive assessment). The subsequent 63 articles were read in their
entirety to determine whether their content would be appropriate for this scoping review.
Washington: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy
Development; 2009. Implementing structured reflection activities tailored to different curriculum
stages can deepen students’ engagement and understanding. To maintain track of the scholarly
articles and sources, use a bibliography or reference management software like EndNote or Zotero.
The first year (phase 1) in medical school is preparatory, during which the students study chemistry,
physics, and the English language.
This helps create a coherent narrative and highlights the connections between different works. These
critical aspects for effective eOL are sometimes the main objectives of the studies (see Appendix ).
Furthermore, Atkinson ( 2006 ) found that there was a significant difference in learning achievement
between male and female students, and among students who used different learning styles
(Cak?roglu, 2014; Klasnja-Milicevic et al., 2011; Latham et al., 2014 ). Our findings revealed that
individualized instruction mostly focuses on special education students or students are limited in
way compared to their peers. As you are writing the literature review, mention the author names and
the year of publication, but you will still need to compile a list to complete citations for each entry at
the end of your review. The total review process is noted visually in Fig. 1. Review process and
results Summary of research findings The purpose of this scoping review is to isolate and investigate
the existing data and research that identifies if the real-time visual presence of a teacher in a virtual
learning environment (VLE) is a significant factor in a student’s ability to maintain good mental
health. It is through this discourse that students are able to generate and organize ideas and
ultimately achieve “intellectual convergence” by synthesizing the ideas presented (Bates, 2015). The
college is trying to expose us and allow the students to do the examination once, twice, or more than
that. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and
reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s)
and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
Use of student ratings to benchmark universities: multilevel modeling of responses to the Australian
course experience questionnaire (CEQ). Democratizing education at the margins: Faculty and
practitioner perspectives on delivering online tertiary education for refugees. Education and
Information Technologies.. Okoli, C. (2015). A guide to conducting a standalone systematic
literature review. Further, some of the articles underline fundamental goods that can be uniquely
exploited via VLEs. It is our view that findings of studies with a less than thirty sample size should
be interpreted cautiously, as the dynamics and pressures conspicuous in an average sized class cannot
be accurately measured. Cavanaugh et al. ( 2004 ) mentioned a similar dynamic in considering that
common goals are needed in policy making to identify the effectiveness of an intervention and
policy makers and evaluators are exhorted to work together in partnership to ameliorate this. Bates
(2015) concludes that CoI and OCL are more “complementary rather than competing” (section 4.4.3)
ideas and are, therefore, not mutually exclusive models for learning. Medical student perceptions of
the Learning Environment in Medical School Change as students transition to clinical training in
Undergraduate Medical School. Reimagining the role of technology in education: 2017 national
education technology plan update. Even if we agree on a unified definition with each component
commonly agreed on, we need to ensure that each component is well defined. The first smartphone
was released in June 2007, which might be an element of the increase due to flexibility and access it
provides. Adaptivity is typically referring to content being adjusted according to prior knowledge
(Huang and Shiu, 2012 ), while personalized learning is being used for more broad adjustments
according to different needs, interests, and goals of individuals. As a result, personalized learning
definitions and the terms that have been used interchangeably, such as adaptive learning,
individualized instruction, and customized learning are analyzed in this paper. This system develops
customized instructional methods and learning content for individual learners with unique
characteristics and interests. Lee et al. ( 2018 ) suggested that learner-centered learning and
personalized learning are blended and considered together. Lee et al. ( 2018 ) defined a personalized
learning plan (PLP) that refers to a customized instructional plan (Somyurek, 2015 ) that considers
individual differences and needs, characteristics, interests, and academic mastery. Help Center Here
you'll find an answer to your question. We find this to be crucial to our research focus of determining
how the perceived humanity of the VLE affects the mental health of the student; after all, it is the
space in which the student will be spending most of their learning hours. To provide this type of
helpful context as to why this approach makes sense for your study, you’ll want to attend in more
detail to those studies that most closely resemble your own in terms of methodological approach and
topic. Especially, with a literature review, existing knowledge of sources can be established. The
language was filtered to English only to not wait on translation, the paper addressed technology
integration, and type of the paper research articles that published in one of the peer-reviewed
scientific journals listed to keep the scope manageable. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):479.. Article
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Clarke V, Braun V. Provided by the Springer Nature
SharedIt content-sharing initiative Organizational learning Literature review Learning environments
Find a journal Publish with us Track your research Online Collaborative Learning in Higher
Education: A Review of the Literature As an instructor in a fully online program, I often use group
work as a means to increase engagement and facilitate a connection in the online classroom. It is
reported that over 1.5 billion learners around the world have seen their education disrupted due to
COVID-related school closures.
The effect of technology supported problem-based learning approach on adults’ self-efficacy
perception for research-inquiry. Teams Enable groups of users to work together to streamline your
digital publishing. This gap can be filled up by focusing on higher-order thinking skills cultivation by
supporting these skills through personalized learning environments. However, it seems that also the
lack of a commonly identified personalized learning approach is an obstacle. To advance eOL
research, there is a need for a significant move to address complex, strategic skills by including
learning and development professionals (Garavan et al. 2019 ) and by developing strategic
relationships. With respect to RQ2, we categorized the main findings of the selected papers into five
areas that reflect the status of eOL research, and we have discussed the challenges and opportunities
emerging from the current review. This indicates the very limited focus of the eOL research on the
various capabilities of e-learning systems. In other words, the literature has been very detailed on the
organizational value and employees’ acceptance of the technology, but less detailed on the
capabilities of this technology that needs to be put into place to achieve the intended goals and
strategic agenda. Several studies (9) named web-based learning environments, without describing the
functionalities of the identified system. Five focus group discussions were conducted during the
course of the study. Establishing open communication channels between students and faculty who
act as mentors and evaluators is also essential. Supplementary material 1: Topics guide Rights and
permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any
medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source,
provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. A SLR has the
capacity to present a fair evaluation of a research topic by using a trustworthy, rigorous, and
auditable methodology (Kitchenham and Charters 2007 ). Further still, as online learning continues
to be a the only viable option for many families, educators in Ontario must ensure that the creation of
a VLE and the curriculum delivered through it is guided by the Ontario College of Teachers (OCT)
Ethical Standards of Care, where it is understood that Ontario Teachers ought to avoid practices that
may not support the welfare of all students placed in their care. The title, abstract, and when
necessary, the full paper was reviewed to decide if the paper met the inclusion criteria. BMC Med
Educ. 2018;18(1):98.. Moir F, Yielder J, Sanson J, Chen Y. Publications Account settings Advanced
Search Journal List Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection Effects of virtual learning
environments: A scoping review of literature Laura caprara. The noted benefits were divided into
four overarching categories to include social, psychological, academic, and assessment. Med Educ
Online. 2015;20(1):28694.. Aghamolaei T, Shirazi M, Dadgaran I, Shahsavari H, Ghanbarnejad A.
The content of online discussions can be retrieved at a later time. Chen, Huang, Shih and Chang (
2016 ) brought up the gender component to personalized learning. Traditional Learning Compared to
Online Learning During the COVID-19 This study compares university students' performance in
traditional learning to that of online learning during the pandemic. Understand the Basics Figure out
the main ideas and how they're explained. Insufficient data A key note thread found within many of
articles was the self-admission of insufficient data. Listed below are some examples that the authors
highlighted in this post: Diigo: Diigo is a social bookmarking tool that allows learners to collect,
annotate, organize, and share online resources. This is different than synchronous learning which is
defined as “Learning that happens in real time. In the next several sections, each term will be
defined, and their relationship with personalized learning will be discussed. Methodological
Approach This approach centers on the research methods employed in various studies related to your
topic. Okoli’s work provides a detailed framework for writing a systematic literature review with its
roots in information technology. Relations between students’ perceptions of the teaching-learning
environment and teachers’ approaches to teaching: a qualitative study. Embed Host your publication
on your website or blog with just a few clicks.
Equally important is encouraging student participation in extracurricular activities, which aids in
developing essential life skills. And, let’s imagine that you are interested in exploring faculty
members’ perspectives on how workload influences retention and satisfaction using a qualitative
phenomenological approach. We’ve covered the typical basic requirements of the chapter in terms of
length and number of sources, so let’s move on now to talk in more detail about the underlying aims
of this chapter. Articles Get discovered by sharing your best content as bite-sized articles. This
means you’ll want to devote more space in your chapter to these studies, giving more detail about
methods to demonstrate appropriateness of such approach in your own inquiry. QR Codes Generate
QR Codes for your digital content. It is mandatory to check whether the selected source contributes
to give a more profound understanding of the subject. Participatory design of persuasive technology
in a blended learning course: A qualitative study. All of the material will be charted so it can be
viewed in tandem for the above purposes. Forty-seven peer-reviewed articles were collected from a
systematic literature search and analyzed based on a categorization of their main elements. Effect of
the COVID-19 pandemic on college students with disabilities. An essay literature review will help
you to do your research that increases the quality of research. Baker et al. ( 2019 ) which observed
quiz results decrease among those students whose instructor withdrew communication and
synchronous availability after originally being quite attendant to their needs and in the work of
Engelbertink et al. ( 2020 ) where student motivation dropped significantly when the teacher no
longer demonstrated an interest in the student’s homework. Ensure the sources you analyse are
directly relevant to your research question s and topic. Each theme contained a number of sub-
themes (as shown in Table 2 ). The search process uncovered 2,347 peer-reviewed articles. 3.2
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The selection phase determines the overall validity of the literature
review, and thus it is important to define specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. However, a new
educational setting has also been credited for fostering a safe and cooperative environment where
students, faculty, and administrative staff effectively collaborate, enhancing the educational
experience. Here, the teacher serves as a facilitator of the discussion in an effort to move students
through the process of generating, organizing, and synthesizing ideas (Bates, 2015). In cases where
students were priorly familiar with one another and the teacher, as was the case in one author’s
classroom, students remained quiet, distanced, and generally withdrawn. December 14, 2020 at 9:53
am After going over a few of the articles on your website, I seriously like your way of blogging.
Those who will read this example of literature review will understand in which way they should
move to continue investigating the topic. It helps teachers provide immediate feedback to students
and enables students to interact with one another” (Ontario Ministry of Education, 2020, PPM 164).
Persisting in the status quo as such leaves students vulnerable to practices that might institutionally
under-serve them and have potential generational implications. Institutions must select
uncomplicated LMSs for teachers to use to deliver their program. I first consider what the literature
tells us about the efficacy of online distance learning (section 1) and the importance of building a
learning community (section 2). Individualized learning and customized learning, even though they
are being used by cooperative, they are not commonly used in research. Sometimes, students hesitate
whether to trust authors or not. Academic and non-academic life stressors and their impact on
psychological wellbeing of medical students. However, it seems that also the lack of a commonly
identified personalized learning approach is an obstacle. Thus, novel, ubiquitous, and flexible
learning mechanisms are needed, placing humans (e.g., employees, managers, civil servants) at the
center of the information and learning flow and bridging traditional learning with experiential, social,
and smart learning.