INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION

I. Origin and History of the Punishment

II. Justification of Punishment
III. Ancient forms of Punishment
IV. Punishment in primitive society

GROUP 1
Althea Juevesano
Arla Jean Limpag
Apple Jean Rubilla
Riskie Israel Supino
Adel Aying
Aldren Surdevilla
Rence Nailon
Lexter Serat
Venson Sumodlayon
PUNISHMENT
Punishment is a process by which a consequence is imposed on an individual for a
wrongdoing, or violations of rules and norms. Its typically intended to deter the
individual from repeating the same behavior in the future. Punishments can take many
forms, from fines and imprisonment in legal context, to timeouts and loss of
privileges in parenting, or even social ostracism. The nature of punishment can vary
greatly depending on the cultural, legal, and social frameworks in place.

THE HISTORY OF PUNISHMENT

The history of crime and punishment has roots back in time, to Roman and Greek
times, to Middle Ages, with its punishments of stoning, burning, quartering,
whipping, drowning, and other violent acts. The administration of justice, criminal
law and codes, penal institutions, transportation and colonization, are all part of the
history of crime and punishment.

THE ORIGIN OF PUNISHMENT

The origin of punishment can be traced back to the earliest human societies. As social
beings, humans needed a way to maintain order and discourage harmful behaviors.
This led to the development of various forms of punishment.

In prehistoric times, punishment were likely immediate and physical, often based on
the principle of retaliation or revenge. With the advent of more structured societies,
like in Ancient Mesopotamia, written codes of law and punishment began to appear.
The Code of Hammurabi, dating attack to around 1754 BC, is one of the oldest and
most complete written legal codes, stipulating specific punishments for specific
crimes.

THE ANCIENT FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

Whipping/Flogging: Common in ancient Rome, Greece, and other societies,
offenders were publicly whipped or flogged as a form of punishment for various
crimes.
Branding: Criminals were marked with hot irons or branded with symbols to signify
their crimes, making them easily identifiable in society.
Torture: Torture methods such as the rack, the iron maiden, and various other
devices were used to extract confessions or punish offenders in ancient civilizations
like medieval Europe.
 Exile/Banishment: Individuals deemed undesirable or criminal were expelled from
their communities and forced to live in remote areas or exile, such as in ancient Rome
or Greece.
Amputation: In some ancient civilizations, amputation of limbs was used as a
punishment for crimes such as theft or adultery.
Forced Labor: Offenders were sentenced to hard labor, such as mining, building
infrastructure, or rowing in galleys, as a form of punishment in ancient societies like
Rome and ancient Egypt.

JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT
The justification of punishment can be understood through various principles:
1. Retribution: This principle holds that punishment is justified as a response to
wrongdoing because the offender deserves it. It is based on the idea of moral
responsibility and just deserts, seeking to balance the scales of justice by inflicting
harm or suffering proportional to the harm caused by the offense.
2. Incapacitation: This principle justifies punishment by removing the offender from
society to prevent further harm or wrongdoing. It focuses on protecting the public by
restricting the offender's ability to commit additional offenses, often through
imprisonment or other forms of confinement.
3. Deterrence: The principle of deterrence seeks to prevent future crimes by
discouraging potential offenders through the threat or imposition of punishment. It
operates on the assumption that individuals will refrain from committing crimes if
they fear the consequences, whether through the example of punishment or the
anticipation of personal consequences.
4. Rehabilitation: This principle views punishment as an opportunity to reform and
rehabilitate offenders, addressing the underlying causes of criminal behavior and
promoting their successful reintegration into society. Rehabilitation focuses on
education, therapy, and support programs to help offenders develop the skills and
mindset necessary to lead law-abiding lives.
5. Reparation: This principle emphasizes making amends or restitution to victims or
affected parties as a form of punishment. It involves the offender taking responsibility
for their actions by compensating those harmed, repairing the damage caused, or
providing other forms of assistance to restore the victim's well-being or dignity.

These principles are often used in combination within criminal justice systems to
achieve multiple goals, such as ensuring accountability, protecting society, preventing
future crimes, promoting rehabilitation, and restoring relationships harmed by
criminal behavior.
PUNISHMENT IN PRIMITIVE SOCIETY
In many primitive societies, banishment was a common form of punishment.
Individuals who were deemed to have committed serious offenses or violated
important social norms would be expelled from the community and forced to live on
their own. This was a way for the community to protect itself from potential harm and
maintain social harmony.
Another form of punishment was physical chastisement. This could involve beatings,
lashings, or other forms of physical pain inflicted upon the offender. The severity of
the punishment often depended on the seriousness of the offense committed.
In extreme cases, death was sometimes used as a form of punishment. This could be
through execution or other violent means. The purpose of such punishments was to
deter others from engaging in similar behaviors and to reinforce the authority and
power of the community or its leaders.
Primitive societies often had a strong sense of communal values and the need for
social cohesion. Punishment was seen as a way to maintain order and ensure the
survival and well-being of the community.