SISTEM JARINGAN

Chapter 2 :
Network Stack
Outline
2.1 Standard Development Organizations
2.2The OSI Reference Model
2.3 How Layers Communicate
2.4 Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Reference
Models
2.1 Standard Development
Organizations
 the development of any standard requires
a process, and the more open, the better.
 As a result, you will find that the
standards process is organized around a
set of stages,
which include any of the following:
 Formation of a group that represents the
industry.
 Request for a proposal (RFP) of a standard,
 Request for comments (RFC)
 Testing and modification of the proposed
standard.
 Draft standards,
 Accepted standard,
In the networking industry
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI;
www.ansi.org)
 International Organization for Standardization
(ISO; www.iso.org)
 International Telecommunications Union-
Telecommunications Group (ITU-T;
www.itu.int)
 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF;
www.ietf.org)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE; www.ieee.org)
2.2 The OSI Reference Model
 The most important networking model in use
today is the ISO’s Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) Reference model.
 This model divides network communications
into seven different layers and highlights how
each layer is used in the communication
process.
 Each layer adds more information to data
during the sending process, while using and
removing that information during the receiving
process.
The OSI Model Layers
2.3 How Layers Communicate
 All communication between two systems
requires that the data being transferred travel
down though the sending system’s network
stack, across the Physical layer, and then up
through the receiving system’s network stack.
 While the protocols used within a layer must
be identical for peer devices, the protocols
used at layer interfaces are undefined and can
be changed
OSI data encapsulation and
transport
 The Physical Layer

 The Physical layer is the lowest level of the OSI

model and in other related architectural models,
and is the layer responsible for moving bits of
data from one location to another
 The most commonly used media for
the Physical layers are:
 Copper cabling or wires, which include different
categories of Ethernet cable
 Fiber lines where light travels through doped
glass strands.
 Radio communications using the different Wi-Fi
802.11 standards, microwave, and other parts of
the electromagnetic spectrum in the radio range.
The Data Link Layer
 The Data Link layer connects the data in
bits flowing through the media of the
Physical layer with the connection that is
the network path either to the receiving
system or from the sending system.
 It provides the control mechanism that
determines which path the data takes
The Network Layer
 The Network layer provides a routing and control
function that determines which path data packets
use to travel from one network to another, and
provides the flow control needed to ensure that a
subnet isn’t flooded with too many packets at any
one time.
 The concept used to define Network layer
communication is called the session, and the logic
used to manage sessions relies on specific routes
determined by the routing function
The Transport Layer
 The Transport layer connects the Network layer
above it and the Session layer below.
 The purpose of the Transport layer is to segment the
data from a session and pass appropriately sized and
formatted data to the Network layer.
 When data is received from the Network layer, the
Transport layer is responsible for ensuring that all the
packets have arrived correctly, reforming the session
data, and acknowledging (an ACK command) the
receipt of the transmission
The Session Layer
 The Session layer provides the means for
creating and managing sessions, as well as
providing the services needed to initiate
those sessions.
 Security mechanisms, such as logons and
other forms of dialog control, are a
fundamental part of the Session layer
The Presentation Layer
 The Presentation layer formats
Application layer data and can compress
and encrypt data before handing the data
off to the Session layer.
 When data from the Session layer
appears at the Presentation layer, it is
decrypted and decompressed if
necessary, so that the data can be sent to
the Application layer in a form that the
Application layer can accept.
The Application Layer
 The Application layer contains the
software that a user interacts with.
 Application layer programs include Web
browsers, e-mail clients, command shells
(the Command Line Interface), and office
applications to name but a few.
 The network operating system also
contains a number of Application layer
programs
2.4 Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP
network models
Summary
 The OSI Reference model was presented as an
architectural framework that can be used to describe
computer networks and devices.
 This seven-layer protocol conceptualizes a network
stack, beginning with applications and software at the
top, formatting and data-handling layers in the middle,
and hardware layers at the bottom.
 To communicate, data must travel from the sending
system’s network stack to the receiving system’s
network stack
Source :
 Barrie Sosinsky, (2009), Networking
Bible, 1. Wiley Publishing, Inc,
Indianapolis, Indiana.
 Hindi Hebrew

Simplified
Chinese

Gracias
Thank You
Russian

Spanish
English

Arabic

Terima Kasih Obrigado

Brazilian
Portuguese

Grazie
Italian

Da n k e
M erci Korean
German

French

Japanese

Tamil Thai
Traditional Chinese

21