SISTEM JARINGAN

Chapter 4 :
Routing, Switching, and Bridging
Outline
4.1 Circuit versus Packet Switching
4.2 Switches
4.3 Bridges
4.4 Routers
4.1Circuit versus Packet Switching
 There are two types of switched networks in
use: circuit switched and packet switched.
 A circuit switched network is defined by a
physical or virtual circuit (or connection) that
connects two endpoints and has a certain circuit
bandwidth
 A packet switched network is based on a
different concept, that of the best available route.
Different types
of network
switching
devices
Repeaters
 Repeaters, or active hubs, are Physical layer
(Level 1) devices that extend the run length of
the physical media by amplifying and retiming the
signal before forwarding it.
 Signals can be degraded over the length of a
connection losing their modulation
 A repeater recreates the signal and retransmits it
in the correct phase and frequency.
 4.2 Switch
 A switch is an active device that connects two
network segments together at one or more levels
of the OSI network model.
 The term switch is applied to a broad variety of
devices, and unlike the function of a bridge, which
is defined by the IEEE 802.1D standard, no such
definition exists for a switch
 When considering switches
 Ports. The port count, ability to prioritize ports, and port mirroring.
 Speeds and feeds. The port speed and duplexing capabilities affect
the throughput of the
 switch.
 Link aggregation. The ability to send data over multiple connections
to the same endpoint.
 SNMP. The ability to participate in network discovery and
management.
 Filtering. The ability to segment traffic based on the physical
identification of devices (for example, MAC filtering).
 Network Access Control.
 VLAN
 4.3 Bridges
 A network bridge is a device that spans two
network segments (one subnet) together at the
Data Link layer (Level 2).
 Bridges are also used when you want to
connect to different types of physical media,
such as 100Base-T and Wi-Fi, or 100Base-T
and100Base-TX.
A network bridge and its constituents shown
inside Vista’s Network Connections dialog box
4.4 Routers
 A network router is a device that connects two
different networks together.
 Routers separate collision domains, filter and
block broadcasts, and determine the optimum
path to use to route packets.
 Because routers operate at the Network layer
(Level 3), you may hear routers referred to as
Layer 3 switches in just the same way that
bridges were referred to as Layer 2 switches
 Routing topologies:
 Unicast. A message is sent from one node to another node.
 Broadcast. A message is sent from one node to all other nodes.
 Multicast. A message is sent from one node to several nodes,
typically nodes that have requested the message be sent.
 Anycast. A message is sent from one node to a group of nodes,
and any member of that group can accept the message and act on
it. Once the anycast is delivered at a node, the communication is
complete.
The four
different
broadcast
topologies
An OSPF routing network with several areas
and a backbone
Routing
failures,
infinite
loops, and
failure
cascades
STP Network Segment Costs
The Onion Router system for
maintaining data anonymity
Hidden services on the Tor network
 Gateways
 A network gateway is a device or program that
allows different types of networks to
communicate with one another.
 Gateways translate addresses, network
protocols, and data. Sometimes you purchase a
gateway as an appliance, while in other instances
you might install gateway software on a computer
and have that computer serve the linking
function.
 Summary
 Switching devices can be separated by the highest-level
protocol that they operate with.
 Hubs and repeaters are physical connections. Bridges
span two different network segments at the Network
layer, but do not provide protocol translation.
 A router can connect two different types of networks
because it can operate at the Transport layer.
 Switches and gateways are general terms that
 describe a variety of different systems
Source :
 Barrie Sosinsky, (2009), Networking
Bible, 1. Wiley Publishing, Inc,
Indianapolis, Indiana.
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