SISTEM JARINGAN

Chapter 8 :
The Internet Protocols
Outline
8.1 Internet Protocol Overview
8.2 Internet Protocol Version 4
8.3 Subnetting
8.4 Internet Protocol Version 6
 8.1 Internet Protocol Overview
 The Internet Protocol is the Network Layer protocol responsible
for maintaining the endpoints of an Internet connection.
 IP defines the addressing scheme used by TCP packets and the
encapsulation of the data into the datagram format that is
transported over an internetwork.
 IP is a stateful, but connectionless, protocol.
 That is, while the endpoints are known and can be either real or
virtual, the path between the endpoints is left undefined
8.2 Internet Protocol Version 4

 IPv4 traffic can be unicast, broadcast, or

multicast, depending upon the destination
address chosen
 They have the following purposes
 Unicast. A unicast packet is one that carries a single destination address such as 4.2.2.1,
which might be a DNS request to the Verizon.net DNS server that my network uses.
 Multicast. Multicast packets are duplicated at the router and sent to multiple destinations.
The IPv4 address range that is reserved for multicasts is 224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255. The
range 224.0.0.0–224.0.0.255 is reserved for multicast link-local addresses — that is,
addresses that are connected by the Data Link layer protocols but are not routable.
Typically, link-local addresses are those that are autoconfigurable and on the same subnet.
 Broadcast. Sometimes you want to broadcast a packet to every host on a network (the
local subnet, actually); to do this, you would send the message to the address
255.255.255.255. Broadcasts are used for polling, requests for service, and other
operations.
 Directed Broadcast. If you want to broadcast to a specific subnet that is different from the
sending host, you would send the message to an address, ###.###.###.255.
The four types of IPv4 routing
 Addressing
 IPv4’s octet addressing scheme defines a 32-bit
address space.
 Each of the four numbers can range from 0 to 255
(28), which defines a limit of 4,294,967,296 unique
addresses in the address space.
IPv4’s original network class
assignments
Network Class Types
CIDR Block Sizes
Aggregating IP names using the
CIDR scheme
The current set of Regional Internet Registries
The acronyms in Figure 18.4 stand
for:
 ARIN. American Registry for Internet Numbers (North
America)
 LA CNIC. Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address
Registry (Latin America and the Caribbean)
 AFRINIC. African Network Information Centre (Africa)
 RIPE NCC. Ripe Network Coordination Centre (Europe, the
Middle East, and Central Asia)
 APNIC. Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (Asia-Pacific)
IANA Reserved Addresses
IP header structure
 8.3 Subnetting
 When our favorite company XYZ gets a block of IPv4 network
addresses, those network addresses are logical entities, essentially
pointers to the hosts that are assigned to them.
 The problem with this approach is that many networks are
composed of different parts that are on different physical
networks, separated by geography, separated by a low-bandwidth
(for example, WAN) connection, belong to more than one domain
and thus have different security settings, or have some other
reason why you might want to address each group separately
Subnetting a /24 network into two
identical subnets
Subnetting a /24 Network
The subnet
numbering
scheme for
an 8-
subnet
partitions
C-class
network
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol
 The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a
network broadcast service that assigns and manages
dynamic IP addresses on DHCP clients.
 DHCP servers can be found in network switches,
routers, network appliances, and on all network
operating systems whether run on a server or
workstation
DHCP’s ROSA process
The DHCP configuration Web page for a
Netgear FVS318 router/firewall
8.4 Internet Protocol Version 6
 The second version of the Internet Protocol,
version 6 (IPv6), is the successor to IPv4.
 IPv6 was designed to provide a significantly
larger address space, better granularity (self-
autoconfiguration and improved routing), and
improved security.
 For the most part, all of the Internet Protocols
that work with IPv4 work with IPv6.
 Addressing
 IPv6 defines a 128-bit address space, which is an almost
inconceivably large number.
 The host portion of the address is either assigned as a
sequential number or derived from the network
interface
 MAC address.
 The network identification and the host identification
portions of the address
 are both 64 bits wide and are always kept separate
from one another
IPv6 header structure
The different functional components of the
Network Discovery (ND) Protocol in IPv6
 Summary
 IPv4 uses a 32-bit addressing scheme. You learned how addresses
specify networks and interfaces, and how addresses can be
manipulated to define networks and subnets. The different
methods for automatic assignment of IPv4 addresses were
described.
 IPv6 is the more recent version of IP. It has a 128-bit address
space, a simplified header, and improved routing functions. The
methods used to address devices on IPv6 networks, create and
work with networks, and interoperate in mixed IPv4/IPv6 dual-
stack networks were described.
Source :
 Barrie Sosinsky, (2009), Networking
Bible, 1. Wiley Publishing, Inc,
Indianapolis, Indiana.
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