Solution Manual for Geometry 1st Edition by Martin Gay

ISBN 0134173651 9780134173658

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Chapter 2
Section 2.1 Practice Find the length of each segment in the
quadrilateral using the Distance Formula or
1. a. Use the perimeter formula P = 2l + 2w. the Ruler Postulate.
P = 2 ( 7 ) + 2 (5) JK = −3 −1 = 4
= 14 +10 KL = −3 − 4 = 7
= 24 2 2

The perimeter of the picture is 24 inches. LM = ⎡⎣1− ( −3 )⎤⎦ + ( 4 −1)

b. Find the length and width of the frame. 2 2

Length = 1+ 7 +1 = ( 4) + ( 3)

=9 = 16 + 9
Width = 1+ 5 +1
= 25
=7
=5
Find the perimeter of the outside edge of
the frame. MJ = 1 − ( −3 ) = 4
P = 2 (9) + 2 ( 7) Then add the side lengths to find the
= 18 +14 perimeter.
JK + KL + LM + MJ = 4 + 7 + 5 + 4
= 32
The perimeter of the outside edge of the = 20
frame is 32 inches. The perimeter of quadrilateral JKLM is
20 units.
2. a. Use the formula C = 2πr.
C = 2πr 4. First, convert 3 yd into feet.

3 ft
= 2π ( 24 ) 3 yd ⋅ = 9 ft
1yd

= 48π 3.
The exact circumference is 48π meters.
b. Use the formula C = πd.
C = πd
= π (3)
= 3π
≈ 9.4
The circumference is about 9.4 meters.

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 Then find the area of the poster. 5. a. First, find the radius of the circle.
A = lw d 14
r= = =7
= 9 ⋅8 2 2
The radius of the circle is 7 feet.
= 72
The area of the poster is 72 square feet. You
would need 72 ft2 of paper.

Find the area using the formula A = πr 2 .

A = πr 2
= π (7)
2

= 49π

The exact area in terms of π is 49π

square feet.
b. Use 3.14 for π.
49π = 49 ( 3.14 )
= 153.86
The area using 3.14 for π is 153.86
square feet.

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Chapter
ISM: Geometry
2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

Vocabulary & Readiness Check 2.1 16. C = 2πr

= 2π ( 2.5 )
1. The perimeter of a geometric figure is the
distance around the figure. = 5π in.
≈ 15.7 in.
2. The distance around a circle is called the
circumference. 18. A = lw
3. The exact ratio of circumference to diameter = 7 ⋅1.2
is π. = 8.4 ft 2

4. The diameter of a circle is double its radius. 1

20. A = bh
2
22 1⎛ 1⎞
5. Both and 3.14 are approximations
= 4 (5)
7 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎠⎟
for π. 1
= 11 ft 2
6. The area of a geometric figure is the number 4
of square units it encloses.
1
22. A = bh
Exercise Set 2.1 2
1
= 5 7
2. P = 2 (14 ) + 2 ( 5 )
( )( )
= 28 +10 2
= 38 m 1 2
= 17 ft
2
4. P = 5 +11+10 24.
= 26 units A = πr 2
= π ( 5)
2

6. P = 4 ( 9 )
= 25π cm2 ≈ 78.5 cm2
= 36 cm 26.
A = s2
= 12 2
8. P = 4 ( 50 )

= 200 m = 144 yd 2

d 20
10. P = 6 (15 ) 28. r = = = 10
2 2
= 90 yd A = πr 2
= π (10 )
2
12. C = πd
= π ( 26 ) = 100π m2 ≈ 314 m2
= 26π m
≈ 81.64 m

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Chapter
ISM: Geometry
2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

14. C = 2πr
= 2π (10 )
= 20π yd
≈ 62.8 yd

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Chapter
ISM: Geometry
2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

30. 32.

Find the length of each segment in the

triangle using the Distance Formula or the
Ruler Postulate. Find the length of each segment in the
2 2 quadrilateral using the Distance Formula or

⎣ − ( −4 )
AB = ⎡4 + ⎡⎣5 − ( −1) the Ruler Postulate.
2 2

ST = ⎡⎣7 − ( −5 ) + ( −2 − 3 )
= ( 8 )2 + ( 6 )2

= 64 + 36 = (12 )2 + ( −5 )2
= 100 = 144 + 25
= 10 = 169
BC = −2 − 5 = 7
= 13
2 2

AC = ⎡⎣ 4 − ( −4 ) ⎤⎦ + ⎡−2 TU = −6 − ( −2 ) = 4
⎣ − ( −1)
UV = −5 − 7 = 12
= ( 8)2 + ( −1)2
SV = −6 − 3 = 9
= 64 +1 Then add the side lengths to find the
= 65 perimeter.

Then add the side lengths to find the ST + TU + UV + SV = 13 + 4 +12 + 9

perimeter. = 38

AB + BC + AC = 10 + 7 + 65 The perimeter of quadrilateral STUV is 38

units.
= 17 + 65
The perimeter of triangle ABC is 17 + 65 34. Find the area of one panel.
units, or approximately 25.1 units. A = lw
= 6⋅7
= 42 ft 2
Now find the area of four panels.
4 ⋅ 42 ft 2 = 168 ft 2

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2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

36. A = lw
= 197 ⋅ 66
= 13, 002 ft 2

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Chapter
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2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

38. Find the length and width of the matting. Find the lengths of two perpendicular
Length = 3 + 6 + 3 segments in the rectangle using the Distance
= 12 Formula or the Ruler Postulate.
Width = 3 + 4 + 3 AB = −3 − ( −6 ) = 3
= 10 BC = 3 − ( −2 ) = 5
Find the perimeter of the outside of the
matting. Find the perimeter.
P = 2 (12 ) + 2 (10 ) P = 2 ( 3) + 2 ( 5 )
= 24 + 20 = 6 +10
= 44 = 16
The perimeter of the outside of the matting is The perimeter is 16 units.
44 inches. Find the area.
A = lw
40. C = πd = 5⋅3
= π (150 ) = 15
The area is 15 square units.
= 150π ft
≈ 471.2 ft 54.

42. The gutters go along the sides of the roof, so

we are concerned with perimeter.

44. The baseboards go around the edges of the

room, so we are concerned with perimeter.

46. Fertilizer needs to cover the entire yard, so

we are concerned with area.

48. The grass seed needs to cover the entire yard,

so we are concerned with area.
Find the length of each of the segments using
50. Find the area of the picture and the frame the Distance Formula or the Ruler Postulate.
together. AB = 10 −1 = 9
A = lw BC = 8 −1 = 7
= 7 ⋅5
2 2

CD = (10 − 7 ) + (8 − 5)
= 35 cm2

Find the area of the picture. = ( 3 )2 + ( 3 )2

A = lw
= 9+9
= 2⋅4
2 = 18
= 8 cm
DE = 4 − 7 = 3
Subtract the area of the picture to find the
area of the frame. EF = 5 − 8 = 3
35 cm2 − 8 cm2 = 27 cm 2 FG = 4 −1 = 3
AG = 1− 8 = 7
52.

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Chapter
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2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

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Chapter
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2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

Add the lengths of the sides to find the 56. Find the areas of the six surfaces of the
perimeter. figure. Notice that each surface has the same
P = AB + BC + CD + DE + EF + FG + AG area as its opposing surface, so the areas of

only three surfaces need to be calculated.

= 9 + 7 + 18 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 7
A = lw
= 32 + 18 = 6⋅4
≈ 36.2
= 24
The perimeter is 32 + 18 units, or A = lw

approximately 36.2 units. = 8⋅6

Find the area. Split the figure into smaller
figures and find the area of each figure. There = 48
are many methods to do this, but one is to A = lw
split the figure on a line through points D and = 8⋅4
E. This breaks the figure into a square, a = 32
rectangle, and a triangle. Add the areas of the six surfaces.
SA = 2 ( 24 ) + 2 ( 48 ) + 2 ( 32 )
= 48 + 96 + 64
= 208 in.2

58. a. No, because every rectangle does not

have four equal sides.
b. Solve the perimeter formula for s and
then substitute it into the area formula.
P = 4s
P
The square has side lengths of 3 units. s=
4
A = s2
A = s2
= ( 3)
2
2
⎛P⎞
=9 =⎜ ⎟
⎝4⎠
The rectangle has side lengths 9 units and 4
units. P2
=
A = lw 16
= 9⋅4
60. Answers will vary. Possible answer: Building
= 36 a fence around a yard would need the
The triangle has a base of 3 units and a height perimeter. Planting grass seed in the yard
of 3 units. would need the area.
1
A = bh
2
62. 7 2 = 49
1
= ( 3)( 3 )
2
64. 20 2 = 400
= 4.5
Add the areas to find the area of the whole
figure. 66. 52 + 32 = 25 + 9 = 34
A = 9 + 36 + 4.5
2 2

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2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

= 49.5 68. 1 + 6 = 1+ 36 = 37
The area is 49.5 square units.

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Chapter
ISM: Geometry
2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

Section 2.2 Practice d. The 30th circle is green. The 30th circle
has 230 , or 1,073,741,824, regions
1. a. The pattern rotates between multiplying formed by the diameters.
the previous number by 2, 3, and 4. If the
pattern continues the next number will be
2 ⋅1728, or 3456.
b. The pattern rotates between adding 8,
adding 8, then subtracting 14. If the
pattern continues the next number will be
21−14, or 7.

2. a. Each new number is the sum of the two

previous numbers. If the pattern continues
the next number will be 29 + 47, or 76.
b. Each new number is the sum of the
previous number and an increasing
multiple of 2, starting with 1 for the first
number and 2 for the second. If the
pattern continues the next number
will be 257.

3. There are two separate patterns occurring

here. The first pattern is alternating between
a square and a triangle. The next shape is a
rectangle. The second pattern is the legs on
the bottom rotating between 1 leg, 2 legs, and
3 legs. The next figure will have 2 legs. If the
pattern continues, the next figure is shown.

4. a. The colors of the shapes are rotating

between purple, red and green. Since
there are 3 different colors, every multiple
of 3 will be in green. If the number is
higher than a multiple of 3 by 1, or lower
by 2, then the shape will be purple. If the
number is higher than a multiple of 3 by
2, or lower by 1, then the shape will be
red. Since 11 is 1 lower than the closest
multiple of 3, which is 12, the 11th figure
will be red.
b. Each circle has twice as many regions as
the circle before it, so if n represents the
number of the circle then each circle will
have 2 n regions. Thus, the 11th circle
will have 211 , or 2048, regions.
c. The appearance of the 11th circle is red
with 2048 regions formed by the
diameters.

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Chapter
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2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

5. Since we predict that the dealership will sell

66 cars in October, use that to help predict
the number of cars that will be sold in
November, and then December. Using
inductive reasoning, and the estimated
increase of 4 cars per year, we predict that
the dealership sells 70 hybrid cars in
November, since 66 + 4 = 70. Now using
inductive reasoning, we predict that the
dealership sells 74 hybrid cars in December.

6. a. Answers may vary.

1
Counterexample: 4 ⋅ = 2. Notice that
2
2 >/ 4. Thus, the conjecture is false
because it is not always true.
b. Answers may vary.
Counterexample: Let the length and
width of a square be 3. The area would
then be equal to 3⋅ 3 or 9. Notice that 9 is
not an even number. Thus, the conjecture
is false.

Vocabulary & Readiness Check 2.2

1. Another word for an educated guess is a

conjecture.

2. A counterexample is an example that shows

that a conjecture is false.

3. The process of arriving at a general

conclusion based on observing patterns or
specific examples is called inductive
reasoning.

Exercise Set 2.2

2. Each number is 4 times the previous number.

If the pattern continues, then the next number
will be 320 ⋅ 4, or 1280.

4. Each number is 2 less than the previous

number. If the pattern continues, then the
next number will be 14 − 2, or 12.

6. Every third number from the first number is

decreasing by one, starting at 5. Every third
number from the second number is increasing
by 1, starting at −5. Every third number from
the third number is 0. If the pattern continues,
then the next number will be −4 +1, or −3.

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Chapter
ISM: Geometry
2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs
8. Each number is the sum of the previous
number and an even number, which increases
with every sum. If the pattern continues, then
the next number will be 21 +10, or 31.
10. The pattern rotates between multiplying the
previous number by 3 and 2. If the pattern
continues, then the next number will be
72 ⋅3, or 216.
12. In the tens place, each number is rotating
between 7 and 6. In the ones place, each
number is decreasing by 1. If the pattern
continues, then the next number will be 75.
14. The pattern rotates between multiplying the
previous number by 2 and 3. If the pattern
continues, then the next number will be
72 ⋅ 2, or 144.
16. A 1 is added to the end of each previous
number. If the pattern continues, then the
next number will be 0.1111.
18. The numerator is a sum of the numerator and
denominator of the previous number and the
denominator is the previous denominator
multiplied by 3. If the pattern continues, then
40 +81 121
the next number will be , or .
81⋅ 3 243
20. There are two things occurring in this pattern.
The first pattern is that both the smaller
shaded box and the lines are rotating
clockwise around to each corner. The second
pattern is that there is 1 line being added each
time. If the pattern continues, the next figure
is shown.
22. In this pattern, the previous figure is the
beginning of the new figure in the pattern and
a box is added on with odd ones having a dot
in them with the line in the corner and the
even ones just having the line. The line in the
corner is rotating clockwise around to the
next corner each time. If the pattern
continues, the next figure is shown.
42 Copyright
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Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs
24. The colors of the shapes are rotating between
purple, red and green. Since there are 3
different colors, every multiple of 3 will be in
green. If the number is higher than a multiple
of 3 by 1, or lower by 2, then the shape will
be purple. If the number is higher than a
multiple of 3 by 2, or lower by 1, then the
shape will be red. Since 40 is 1 higher than
the closest multiple of 3, which is 39, the
40th figure will be purple.
26. The shapes are rotating between a circle,
triangle, square and star. Since there are 4
different shapes, every multiple of 4 will be
in a star. If the number is higher than a
multiple of 4 by 1, or lower by 3, then the
shape will be a circle. If the number is higher
than a multiple of 4 by 2, or lower by 2, then
the shape will be triangle. If the number is
higher than a multiple of 4 by 3, or lower by
1, then the shape will be a square. Since 50 is
2 higher than the closest multiple of 4, which
is 48, the 50th figure will be a triangle.
28. a. The colors of the shapes are rotating
between purple, red and green. Since
there are 3 different colors, every multiple
of 3 will be in green. If the number is
higher than a multiple of 3 by 1, or lower
by 2, then the shape will be purple. If the
number is higher than a multiple of 3 by
2, or lower by 1, then the shape will be
red. Since 20 is 1 lower than the closest
multiple of 3, which is 21, the 20th figure
will be red.
b. The shapes are rotating between a circle,
triangle, square and star. Since there are 4
different shapes, every multiple of 4 will
be in a star. If the number is higher than a
multiple of 4 by 1, or lower by 3, then the
shape will be a circle. If the number is
higher than a multiple of 4 by 2, or lower
by 2, then the shape will be triangle. If the
number is higher than a multiple of 4 by
3, or lower by 1, then the shape will be a
square. Since 20 is a multiple of 4, the
20th figure will be a star.
c. The appearance of the 20th figure will be
a red star.
30. Answers may vary. Sample Answer: The sum
of an even and an odd number is odd.
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 Chapter
ISM: Geometry
2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs

32. Answers may vary. Sample Answer: The

product of two odd numbers is odd.

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Chapter
ISM: Geometry
2: Introduction to Reasoning and Proofs
34. Answers may vary. Sample Answer: The
product of a number and its reciprocal is one.
36. a. The color of the shapes is rotating
between orange and purple. The odd
numbered half-circles are orange and the
even numbered half-circles are purple.
Since 13 is odd, the 13th figure will be
orange.
b. The number of regions in each pattern is
increasing by 1 each time. Each figure
has the number of regions that it is
numbered in the list. Therefore, the 13th
figure will have 13 regions
c. The 13th figure will have an appearance
of an orange half-circle with 13 regions
d. Following the patterns from parts a and b,
since 29 is an odd number, the 29th figure
will be orange and will have 29 regions.
Therefore, the appearance will be an
orange half-circle with 29 regions
38. a. The colors of the shapes are rotating
between green, green, red, and blue.
Since there are 4 different colors, every
multiple of 4 will be blue. If the number
is higher than a multiple of 4 by 1, or
lower by 3, then the shape will be green.
If the number is higher than a multiple of
4 by 2, or lower by 2, then the shape will
also be green. If the number is higher than
a multiple of 4 by 3, or lower by 1, then
the shape will be red. Since 12 is a
multiple of 4, the 12th figure will be blue.
b. The shapes are rotating between a
triangle, a circle, and a square. Since
there are 3 different shapes, every
multiple of 3 will be a square. If the
number is higher than a multiple of 3 by
1, or lower by 2, then the shape will be a
triangle. If the number is higher than a
multiple of 3 by 2, or lower by 1, then the
shape will be a circle. Since 12 is a
multiple of 3, the 12th figure will be a
square.
c. Since 13 is 1 higher than the closest
multiple of 4, which is 12, the 13th figure
will be green. Since 13 is 1 higher than
the closest multiple of 3, which is 12, the
shape will be a triangle. The 13th figure
will be a green triangle.
44 Copyright
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Chapter 2: Introduction to Reasoning
ISM: Geometry
and Proofs
d. Since 26 is 2 higher than the closest
multiple of 4, which is 24, the 26th figure
will be green. Since 26 is 1 lower than the
closest multiple of 3, which is 27, the
shape will be a circle. The 13th figure
will be a green circle.
40. Each time the number of chirps per
14 seconds increases by 5, the temperature
increases by 10. Thus, if you hear a cricket
chirp 20 times in 14 seconds then the
temperature will be 65 +10, or 75°.
42. Answers may vary. Sample Answer:
∠A = 60°, ∠B = 90°, ∠C = 30°
Thus, the conjecture is false because it is not
always true.
44. Answers may vary. Sample Answer:
−1⋅ −2 = 3. Notice that 3 </ −1 and 3 </ −2.
Thus, the conjecture is false because it is not
always true.
46. Answers may vary. Sample Answer: Let the
length of a rectangle be 4 and the width be
1 1
. A = ⋅ 4 = 2. Notice that 2 >/ 4.
2 2
Thus, the conjecture is false because it is not
always true.
48. The prediction is 555555555. This is because
the pattern is increasing by 111111111
each time.
12345679 ⋅ 45 = 555555555
50. There are sixty-four 1×1 squares, forty-nine
2 × 2 squares, thirty-six 3× 3 squares,
twenty-five 4 × 4 squares, sixteen 5× 5
squares, nine 6× 6 squares, four 7 × 7, and
one 8×8 square. Notice that number of
squares from 1×1 to 8×8 is decreasing to
the next perfect square number, starting from
82 = 64 all the way to 12 = 1.
So the total number of squares is 204.
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