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    1. The document describes several tests to identify common gases, cations, and anions through observation of color changes or chemical reactions. 2. Gases like NH3, H2, CO2, and SO2 can be identified by how they change the color of damp indicator paper or react with chemicals like limewater. 3. Metal cations like Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ give distinctive flame or precipitate colors in reactions. 4. Anions like Cl-, Br-, I-, SO42-, SO32-, CO32-, NO3- can be identified through reactions that form precipitates with barium nitrate, dilute acids, or sodium hydro

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    1. The document describes several tests to identify common gases, cations, and anions through observation of color changes or chemical reactions. 2. Gases like NH3, H2, CO2, and SO2 can be identified by how they change the color of damp indicator paper or react with chemicals like limewater. 3. Metal cations like Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ give distinctive flame or precipitate colors in reactions. 4. Anions like Cl-, Br-, I-, SO42-, SO32-, CO32-, NO3- can be identified through reactions that form precipitates with barium nitrate, dilute acids, or sodium hydro

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    4 views1 page

    Practicals

    Uploaded by

    dawsontangxy
    1. The document describes several tests to identify common gases, cations, and anions through observation of color changes or chemical reactions. 2. Gases like NH3, H2, CO2, and SO2 can be identified by how they change the color of damp indicator paper or react with chemicals like limewater. 3. Metal cations like Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ give distinctive flame or precipitate colors in reactions. 4. Anions like Cl-, Br-, I-, SO42-, SO32-, CO32-, NO3- can be identified through reactions that form precipitates with barium nitrate, dilute acids, or sodium hydro

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    of 1

    NH3 Damp red litmus paper in fume cupboard Turns blue

    CO2 Lime water Cloudy or mil

    Cl2 Damp indicator paper in a fume cupboard Turns White

    H2 Lighted splint Burns with a squeaky pop

    O2 Glowing splint Burns into flame

    Gaseous
    Filter paper in in acidified aqueous
    SO2 purple to colourless
    potassium manganate(VII)

    thistle funne
    preparation apparatus
    dropping funne

    Heavier than air


    upward displacement of air
    CO2, SO2, HCl

    Lighter than air


    Downward displacement of air
    NH3,H2
    collecting the gas
    Sparingly soluble in water
    Over water
    CO2, H2, O2

    Measure the volume


    Gas syringe
    Any gas

    Li⁺ Red

    Na⁺ Yellow

    K⁺ Lilac

    Flame tests Ca²⁺ Red

    Ba2+ Red

    Cu²⁺ Blue-Green

    Cations

    NH₄⁺ NaOH(aq) NH₃

    Fe²⁺ Pale green ppt

    Both solutions the same phenomenon Fe³⁺ Red-brown ppt


    Test-tube

    White ppt
    Zn²⁺
    Then dissolves

    White ppt
    NaOH
    Practicals Then dissolve
    Al³⁺
    Metal Cations
    White ppt
    Ammonia solution
    Not dissolve

    White ppt
    NaOH
    Not dissolve
    Ca²⁺
    Ammonia solution No ppt

    Ions Different phenomenon Pale blue ppt


    NaOH
    Not dissolve
    Cu²⁺
    Pale blue ppt
    ammonia
    Then deep blue solution

    Grey-green ppt
    NaOH
    Green solution
    Cr³⁺
    Grey-green ppt
    ammonia
    Violet solution

    Cl⁻ White

    Halide ion aqueous silver nitrate Br⁻ Cream

    I⁻ Yellow

    Sulfate ion SO₄²⁻ Acidified barium nitrate White ppt

    Anions Sulfite ion SO₃²⁻ Dilute hydrochloric acid Testing SO₂

    If the mixture bubbles and gives off a gas


    Carbonate ion CO₃²⁻ add a little dilute hydrochloric acid that turns limewater milky, the substance
    contained carbonate ions

    If ammonia gas is given off, the unknown


    add a little dilute aqueous sodium substance contained nitrate ions
    hydroxide, and then some small pieces of
    Nitrate ion NO₃⁻
    aluminium foil.
    Heat gently. 8Al (s) + 3NO₃⁻ (aq) + 5OH⁻ (aq) + 2H₂O (l) →
    3NH₃(g) + 8AlO₂⁻ (aq)

    Anhydrous CuSO₄ White to blue


    water
    Anhydrous CoCl₂ Blue to pink

    Experiment conduct

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