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The first research question was identified as important to understanding domestic violence. We will
provide you with a review written with fresh opinions on sources and significant academic worth.
The study findings reveal that a wide range of elements must be considered when assessing and
resolving the problem. The paper also brings in to light various strategies to prevent domestic
violence. Though findings are similar for pet-owning urban victims, women in RRN areas are more
likely to have larger farm animals and are less likely to have access to shelters and other services.
Retrieved from Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria:
(January%202013%20online%20edition).pdf. Although each population can have distinct
vulnerabilities for domestic homicide, these populations also share common risk factors for
experiencing domestic violence and homicide. I was initially skeptical and doubtful that the work
could be done as requested. Despite his claims to a “dispassionate” analysis, Dutton’s strident
language demonstrates the overtly political nature of his perspective and undermines the book’s
scholarly credibility. They succeeded to make the domestic violence hidden and away from detailed
socio-psyhological researches and practical interventions for so long. This is termed “implicit
intersectional analyses” (Lykke, 2010, p. 76). Violence Against Women, 10 (8), 860-879.
doi:10.1077801204266310. This section highlights the current gaps in the RRN domestic violence
literature and recommendations for future research. Regardless of whether they work in mainstream
or multicultural agencies, service providers need to recognize the culturally- specific barriers that
impede help-seeking for survivors (Sokoloff, 2005). Moreover, risk management should ideally
involve cooperation “among a number of different professionals working in different agencies, each
with a different skill set and mandate” (Kropp, 2008, p. 214). High-risk management teams are one
such approach. Victim safety planning may be conducted by victim service providers, shelter
workers, police, family services, and family justice officials (Department of Justice Canada, 2013).
Then, content is checked with advanced plagiarism detection tools to ensure a 100% Turnitin pass.
This may be particularly important in the areas of risk assessment, risk management, and safety
planning. This is an updated photo of Carolyn Thomas before her face was destroyed in a shooting.
Approximately 25% of children investigated for direct exposure to domestic violence are between
one and three years of age, and a further 10% of exposed children are under the age of one year
(Trocme et al., 2010). They proclaim that the most popular explanation for the conveyance of
domestic violence must be awarded to the social learning theory. Failing to properly share
information among the family, criminal, or child protection systems hinders the ability to complete a
comprehensive risk assessment. Actuarial approaches fit within the Risk Need Responsivity (RNR)
framework. Furthermore, immigrant and refugee women’s social location and immigration status are
important elements of safety planning because they have implications for their rights and access to
services (Ending Violence Association of BC et al., 2011). This report can offer evidence with
respect to the first question and will engage with the second. For example, our review suggests that
inconsistent and ambiguous definitions are used across research studies and that there are continued
discussions around the best way of defining rurality. For example, through an analysis of the factors
that increase risk for severe domestic violence in Korean immigrant populations, Lee (2007)
emphasizes that identifying key ethno-cultural and sociocultural aspects of risk, along with
standardized, validated risk assessment tools (or instruments), is fundamental to effective
interventions with diverse ethno-cultural communities. Child is defined as a person who is under the
age of 18. However, at the same time there is a need for additional human and monetary resources
within Indigenous communities to enhance such safety-planning measures (Dickson-Gilmore, 2014;
NWAC, 2011). Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 85-002-X. Ottawa, ON. Retrieved from.
In India, the actual prevalence of domestic violence against women is scant. These same participants
said that they had never witnessed any form of sexual violence or domestic violence within their
family of origin. In Canada, children comprise 39% of those physically injured by the perpetrator in
domestic violence cases before the court (Beaupre, 2015). This review provides a current and
comprehensive assessment of the state of research and best practices as well as providing a
foundation for future research by the CDHPIVP. Rather, the CDHPIVP aims to address a related
part of the larger problem of violence against Indigenous people seen both in Canada and around the
world. This does not make committing crimes by any means acceptable, however it does give law
enforcement something to consider when dealing with cases involving domestic violence. For
instance, while very specific definitions help to clearly classify rural and non-rural locations, they
can be overly exclusionary in some cases. For example, Ma Mawi Wi Chi Itata Centre has a number
of facilities outside of the city of Winnipeg which offer programs for Aboriginal men, women, and
children and that include ceremonies, sweat lodges, and medicine gathering opportunities. These
factors increase Indigenous women’s risk of exposure to domestic violence. A destructive stereotype
of violence and Indigenous women is the narrative of Indigenous women living high-risk lifestyles.
Instead, residential stability might indicate social relationships marked by lack of privacy, anonymity,
and feeling trapped. Ironically, interventions with families experiencing DV are often withdrawn
when there is an acknowledgment that the couple has separated with the assumption that the
problems have become legal rather than clinical or social service issues (Stanley, 2010). Although few
researchers discuss the specifics of community needs, it remains clear that needs differ between
communities and that risk management strategies need to reflect these differences. While some
studies have focused on the effectiveness of intervention programs with children (Ernst et al., 2008;
Fotheringham et al., 2013; Miller et al., 2012), there is a clear need for research that evaluates the
effectiveness of parenting interventions for victims and perpetrators. This is an optional, highly
customizable off canvas area. Quality control service experts additionally assure that your writing
requirements are followed. According to that, nobody is allowed to share your information with
those from outside. Download Free PDF View PDF Ga. St. L. Rev. Tough on Crime (on the State's
Dime): Why Crime Doesn't Explain California Counties' Usage of Prison--and Why It Should David
Ball Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview
is currently unavailable. Safety planning for mothers and their children is critical to the prevention of
domestic homicide. Rural perpetrators were significantly less likely to exhibit obsessive behaviour
and sexual jealousy (based on the Domestic Violence Death Review Committee database and
individual case reports), perhaps because of lower levels of separation which might lead men to
attempt to regain control (Banman, 2015). Retrieved from Ending Violence Association of BC
website. The study was conducted in the state of Tripura as it ranks 4 th in National Crime Record
Bureau, 2015 regarding Violence against Women. A factor that is unique to Indigenous populations
concerning domestic violence is the idea of “community dimension” (Bopp et al., 2003). According
to Bopp et al. (2003), mainstream responses to domestic violence often emphasize the individual or a
specific family rather than the whole community. Vulnerabilities and risks such as these are further
intensified by culture clash, lack of cultural competency among service providers, racism at the
systems’ level (for example, see Edelstein, 2013), and fear of stigma or exclusion at the community
level (for example, see Trijbetz, 2011). The study is limited to view perception pertaining to domestic
violence through schedule survey by purposive random sampling. Thus, the social ecological model
can help to move past a focus on individual-level risk factors to understand how communities,
families, and societies at-large feature in risk assessment, risk management, and safety planning. The
absence of information sharing among the systems responding to DV cases lessens the likelihood of
consistent identification or awareness of the potential risks. Despite this important work, individual
experiences of risk for domestic homicide are impacted by diverse factors such as racialization,
experiences of colonial violence, immigration status, age, and geographical location. The effects of
domestic violence resources on intimate-partner homicide. Each summary sheet was coded once, and
researchers conferred regularly to address questions as they arose.
This is an optional, highly customizable off canvas area. Actual or pending separation between DV
victims and perpetrators increases the likelihood of a domestic homicide to occur (Kropp, 2008;
Ontario DVDRC, 2015). While VAW workers may include children as part of their risk assessment,
the primary focus is on the adult victim. The primary purpose of these institutions was to assimilate
Indigenous peoples within the mainstream population. Writing service experts are ready to make it,
considering the peculiarities of your educational stage. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and
Theses Global. (UMI No. 1583921). We are doing our project on domestic violence and we are here
to tell you what it is and how it affects you. You'll get your paper on time, even if it is due in 3
hours. As demonstrated above, intersectionality can provide a more nuanced understanding of the
needs and experiences of diverse populations, which can, in turn, assist in the creation of more
relevant, effective, and culturally-sensitive services and policies. Between 1969 and 2011 there are
16 known Indigenous murder victims and potentially 40 missing women who are likely victims on
this deadly stretch of highway. Despite RRN women’s heavy reliance on and perceived helpfulness
of family, friends, and community members (Nixon et al., 2015; Riddell et al., 2009), such informal
supports may not always be effective at keeping women safe from abuse. Retrieved from Ending
Violence Association of BC website. This literature review has focused on four populations: (1)
Indigenous populations, (2) immigrant and refugee populations, (3) rural, remote, and northern
populations, and (4) children exposed to domestic violence. This study focuses on literature relevant
to the impact of domestic violence on children, in which children who experience domestic violence
do not experience a sense of security, warmth, and love. Domestic violence within previous
relationships was also prevalent; around 60 percent reported being victimized by a previous partner.
Spiwak (2004) recommends that risk assessment should focus on females’ circumstances as well.
This may be particularly important in the areas of risk assessment, risk management, and safety
planning. This Canada-wide initiative seeks to further our understanding of domestic homicide risk
among the four vulnerable populations noted above in order to inform risk assessment, risk
management, and safety planning. In Canada, domestic violence death review committees
(DVDRCs) expand upon the understanding of domestic homicide as the most extreme form of
domestic violence to include victims beyond intimate partners. However, in situations where there is
an imminent risk of harm or lethality, the overall safety of the victim and children may take
precedence over ensuring the victim has choices and autonomy when developing a safety plan.
Retrieved from Alberta Council of Women’s Shelters website. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 4
(1), 123-145. Although there are multiple groups or populations that are considered vulnerable in the
context of domestic violence, this review focused on four specific populations based on the current
literature: (1) Indigenous populations, (2) immigrant and refugee populations, (3) rural, remote, and
northern populations, and (4) children exposed to domestic violence. Analyzing how economic
factors interact with cultural factors, Chin argues that, in a patriarchal cultural setting, increasing
financial resources for women without effective exposure reduction (e.g., actual labour force
participation) might result in male backlash and negatively impact violence against women. In
addition to the general scarcity of domestic violence research among RRN populations noted above,
there are also several gaps in research that has examined RRN populations. More research is also
needed to develop and test culturally- informed and specific risk assessment tools to predict severe
and escalating domestic violence, as well as the risk of homicide, within immigrant and refugee
populations. The discrimination against women can be seen in all spheres. Historically, Indigenous
peoples have been subject to colonization, Indian Residential Schools, and massive child
apprehensions known as the sixties scoop. This approach reflects Hamby’s (2008) holistic risk
assessment approach that accounts for financial, social, and legal risk factors in addition to
assessments of risk to self and others (as cited in Amanor-Boadu, 2009; see also Amanor-Boadu, et
al., 2012). As well, there is a need for the evaluation of the effectiveness of safety planning and risk
management interventions currently utilized with victims, perpetrators, and their children.
Ladies have deficient comprehension of the law and absence of access to the courts. For example,
are they living in an isolated community. More empirical research is needed to examine the complex
intersection between custody, access, domestic violence, and the risk for lethality (Saunders, 2007).
However, even within the urban context, few culturally-appropriate services exist. For instance, in
communities that have adopted a Christian way of life, models which reflect the power of prayer
and the church may be preferred. As such, this section largely examines key findings that emerged
when reviewing the literature on risk management strategies for DV and childhood exposure to DV.
Furthermore, the literature emphasizes the need for collaborative, cross-sectoral responses (e.g., anti-
violence, settlement, child protection, justice, or health) and initiatives to address risk and safety
within immigrant and refugee populations generally—including risk management and safety
planning strategies. Since it is committed by family members, the women feel hesitant to inform
legal agencies. Knowledge about lethality risk factors for both adult and child victims can provide
professionals with the necessary information to develop safety plans with adult victims as well as
guide risk management interventions with those individuals perpetrating the violence; this then helps
to keep both adult and child victims safe. Safety planning for mothers and their children is critical to
the prevention of domestic homicide. In the first approach, professionals in the DV field assess risk
more informally, without guidelines, using their own judgment and experience in the field (Campbell
et al., 2016; Kropp, 2008; Nicholls et al., 2013). This approach is beneficial in that it can be tailored
to each individual case. We will provide you with a review written with fresh opinions on sources
and significant academic worth. The book is a lost opportunity for making a meaningful contribution
to a thoughtful and nuanced scholarly conversation about how best to deepen our understanding of
the problem of violence in intimate relationships, as part of the urgent project of ending this violence.
American Journal of Public Health, 93 (7), 1089-1097. They also must have been abusive six or more
times to be included in the study. As it can often be seen that activities involving women are victims
of this incident, but in fact, domestic violence affects all family members, especially children.
London, ON: Canadian Domestic Homicide Prevention Initiative. The males had to be seriously
violent ranging from shoving to weapons. Similarly, comprehensive “wrap around” services for
women that include shelter services, support accessing housing and transportation, economic
assistance, childcare support, access to mental health services and therapists, and education funding
to provide long-term, self-sustaining employment possibilities may be useful (Barton et al., 2015).
You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Early intervention is crucial in any risk
management strategy. One consequence of this history of repeated trauma to Indigenous families and
communities is the overrepresentation of Indigenous people as victims of violent crime. This chapter
refers to literature in the field to provide a brief overview of risk assessment, risk management, and
safety planning; however, this chapter is meant to provide information and context and was not part
of the literature review. The importance of using risk assessment instruments that are culturally-
informed (designed with Indigenous populations and communities in mind) is found throughout the
risk assessment literature. Given the complex nature of domestic violence, professionals must seek
adaptive and dynamic models for intervention that considers victim’s history and current self-report
(Horton et al., 2014; Jenney, 2011). A total of 981 documents were generated: 168 in the Indigenous
group; 254 in the rural, remote, and northern group; 168 in the immigrant and refugee group; 67 in
the children exposed group; and 324 in the general population group. One of the most accurate
theories as to why people choose to be violent in their adult years is due to their exposure to violence
as a child (Hines, Saudino 2002). According to Boyce (2016), their rate of violent victimization (220
per 1,000 people) has been double that of Indigenous men (110 per 1,000), almost triple that of non-
Indigenous women (81 per 1,000), and more than triple that of non-Indigenous males (66 per 1,000),
(Boyce, 2016). Furthermore, some communities silence discussion of domestic violence to preserve
family and community cohesion (Brassard et al., 2015). Thus, considering what is best for the victim,
perpetrator, children, and the wider community is a complex issue requiring further research.
Assessing and managing these factors is crucial for preventing domestic violence and homicide, yet
there is a paucity of research identifying these specific risks among these populations and how they
might be addressed.
Actuarial approaches fit within the Risk Need Responsivity (RNR) framework. In each of the
sections below, we offer a list of key recommendations and priorities identified in the literature for
improving and expanding future domestic violence research and practice. Further, it is important to
consider the differences between and within Indigenous communities in terms of a cultural safety
model. Rural geographies and intersectional studies on intimate partner violence. These
accommodations are identified variously as Circle Sentencing in Canada, Indigenous Sentencing
Courts (ISC) in Australia, and Rangatahi Youth Courts in New Zealand. However, community
dynamics can further complicate the ability to limit such contact. Incarceration is often
recommended for high-risk perpetrators (Juodis et al., 2014; Kropp, 2008). American Indian and
Alaska native mental health research (Online) 11 (3), 49-68. Similarly, comprehensive “wrap around”
services for women that include shelter services, support accessing housing and transportation,
economic assistance, childcare support, access to mental health services and therapists, and
education funding to provide long-term, self-sustaining employment possibilities may be useful
(Barton et al., 2015). I will canvas three such strategies (1) Group-based Autonomy, (2) Group-based
Autonomy with Procedural Conditions, and (3) Substantive Engagement with Membership Norms.
Analyzing judicial decisions in this fashion inspires the search for alternative strategies where the
existing approaches are unsatisfying. Such factors contribute to higher rates of domestic violence in
Indigenous communities and must be addressed. This policy made First Nations women subordinate
to First Nations men. Safety for abused immigrant and refugee women is linked to factors that
impact their risk of violence. I argue that children need to be recognised as direct victims of
domestic violence and of coercive control. Obstacles to child protection workers effectively
detecting DV in families may include parents’ denial, lack of evidence, heavy workloads of workers,
lack of cooperation by parents, short duration of interventions, and parental substance abuse
(Bourassa et al., 2006; Kohl et al., 2005). The barriers to accurately identifying DV has implications
for assessing the risk for lethality that children may face. Indigenous people are more than twice as
likely (9%) to report being victims of domestic violence than non-Indigenous people (4%). In recent
years, there is recognition that living in a home where intimate partner violence is occurring can
place children at-risk of harm. Retrieved from New Brunswick Department of Public Safety website.
In Ontario alone, 29 child deaths occurred in the context of domestic violence between 2002 and
2010 (Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario, 2015). For example, safety planning and risk
management strategies that focus on reducing exposure between victims and perpetrators by
encouraging women to leave an abusive partner may be inappropriate in some populations. We will
provide you with a review written with fresh opinions on sources and significant academic worth.
We adopted a rigorous approach to identifying and assessing the relevance of literature that is
discussed in more detail below. They found that a greater proportion of women in rural jurisdictions
accessed the tool from a home computer compared to women residing in urban jurisdictions. As
such, this section largely examines key findings that emerged when reviewing the literature on risk
management strategies for DV and childhood exposure to DV. However, the subjective nature of this
approach means it may miss important sources of information and risk factors identified in the
literature that could otherwise be used to inform appropriate and effective interventions (Campbell et
al., 2016; Kropp, 2004, 2008). Several key priorities have been reiterated in the literature across all
the four vulnerable populations. This education would increase staff’s ability to recognize domestic
violence, particularly among Indigenous children and youth. In Dawson M. (Eds.) Domestic
Homicides and Death Reviews: An International Perspective (pp.201-228). London, UK: Palgrave
Macmillan. Child is defined as a person who is under the age of 18. In fact, one study evaluated the
outcomes for 58 children and youth involved in an intervention program for witnessing domestic
violence (The Child Witness to Violence Program).
Residents in these communities face geographic and transportation barriers to accessing necessary
services for a wide range of needs including medical care, police response, addictions, and mental
health services. Grey literature retrieved primarily included conference papers, theses and
dissertations, government and non-government reports, and handbooks. This is shown in the table
where it says that there are 50.3% of females being abused before, and the post test has a higher
percentage being 52.7%. Also, it shows to not be statistically significant because it is.666 instead of
being below.05. Sustainability. However, I am thoroughly satisfied with the work of expert. Physical
abuse especially corporal punishment, in the name of disciplining, continues unabated. The
researchers acquired secondary data for data collection. The raw data was taken from the Law
Enforcement Assistance Program (LEAP). See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download
PDF Related Papers DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: A BIG CHALLENGE TO
THE GENDER EQUALITY IN INDIA. Retrieved from Ending Violence Association of BC
website. The violence which is complicated issue, has been continued to be an irrepressible and
secret dangerous that effects most of our lives and physical and emotional health negatively. Given
the complex nature of domestic violence, professionals must seek adaptive and dynamic models for
intervention that considers victim’s history and current self-report (Horton et al., 2014; Jenney,
2011). On the other hand, the writing professional will present original conclusions based on the
already conducted research. Brownridge (2008) found that colonization plays a large role in
Indigenous women’s elevated risk of experiencing violence. There are numerous questions about
domestic violence to which this paper tried to provide answers. In India, Women have been
exploited since the time immemorial -Socially, economically, Physically, Psychologically and
Sexually too, by tradition-bound society. Overwhelmingly, literature on domestic violence program
development and delivery recommends that community professionals use a restorative approach that
is both culturally-located and -informed. The study findings reveal that a wide range of elements
must be considered when assessing and resolving the problem. Retrieved from Ontario Native
Women’s Association website. Safety plans should recognize the impact of systemic discrimination,
normalization of violence at home and in the community, and the impact of intergenerational trauma
as a result of Indian Residential Schools. The type of family violence is the most seen violence type.
This tool, developed specifically for women living on-reserve, is an alternative to standard safety
planning available on-reserve. Both men and women in the intervention counties reported believing
that residents of the community would talk to a victim, consult with friends, or talk to a doctor if
they knew a neighbour next door was abusing his partner. Then, content is checked with advanced
plagiarism detection tools to ensure a 100% Turnitin pass. Furthermore, immigrant and refugee
women’s social location and immigration status are important elements of safety planning because
they have implications for their rights and access to services (Ending Violence Association of BC et
al., 2011). In Ontario alone, 29 child deaths occurred in the context of domestic violence between
2002 and 2010 (Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario, 2015). These cases raise multi-layered
constitutional questions, as issues of religious and associative freedom must sometimes be
considered alongside issues of discrimination. University of Technology Sydney Law Research
Series. Retrieved from Ending Violence Association of BC website. Since we are aware of it, writing
specialists complete every review from scratch. If no abstract was available, the document was
scanned for relevance.