A MICRO PROJECT ON "Prepare Report on Household Water Filtrations Unit"

Water filtrations is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological

contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for
specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption (drinking
water), but water purification may also be carried out for a variety of other purposes,
including medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications. The methods used
include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation; biological
processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as
flocculation and chlorination; and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet
light.

Water purification may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended
particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as reduce the concentration of a
range of dissolved and particulate matter.

The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international
standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of
contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.

Visual inspection cannot determine if water is of appropriate quality. Simple procedures such
as boiling or the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all
possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even natural
spring water – considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th century – must now be
tested before determining what kind of treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical and
microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only way to obtain the information
necessary for deciding on the appropriate method of purification.

A water filter removes impurities by lowering contamination of water using a fine

physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to
different extents, for purposes such as: providing agricultural irrigation,
accessible drinking water, public and private aquariums, and the safe use of ponds
and swimming pools.
Water filters produced in Toledo, Ohio in 1895 out of terracotta

A large-scale flocculation water filter

 Methods of filtration
Filters use sieving, adsorption, ion exchanges, biofilms and other processes to
remove unwanted substances from water. Unlike a sieve or screen, a filter can
potentially remove particles much smaller than the holes through which its water
passes, such as nitrates or germs like Cryptosporidium.[1]

Among the methods of filtration, notable examples are sedimentation, used to

separate hard and suspended solids from water [2] and activated charcoal treatment,
where the boiled water is poured through a piece of cloth to trap undesired
residuals.[3] Additionally, the use of machinery to work on desalinization and
purification of water through the transposal of it into multiple-filtration water tanks.
This technique is aimed at the filtration of water on bigger scales, such as serving
entire cities.[2]

These three methods are particularly relevant, as they trace back to centuries and are
the base for many of the modern methods of filtration utilized today.

Water polishing
The term water polishing can refer to any process that removes small (usually microscopic)
particulate material, or removes very low concentrations of dissolved material from water.
The process and its meaning vary from setting to setting: a manufacturer of aquarium filters
may claim that its filters perform water polishing by capturing "micro particles"
within nylon or polyester pads, just as a chemical engineer can use the term to refer to the
removal of magnetic resins from a solution by passing the solution over a bed of magnetic
particulate.[8] In this sense, water polishing is simply another term for whole house water
filtration systems. Polishing is also done on a large scale in water reclamation plants. [9]
 Filtration

Diagram of simple filtration: oversize particles in the feed cannot pass through the lattice structure of
the filter, while fluid and small particles pass through, becoming filtrate.

Filtration is a physical separation process that separates solid matter and fluid from a
mixture using a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can
pass. Solid particles that cannot pass through the filter medium are described as oversize and
the fluid that passes through is called the filtrate.[1] Oversize particles may form a filter
cake on top of the filter and may also block the filter lattice, preventing the fluid phase from
crossing the filter, known as blinding. The size of the largest particles that can successfully
pass through a filter is called the effective pore size of that filter. The separation of solid and
fluid is imperfect; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine
particles (depending on the pore size, filter thickness and biological activity). Filtration occurs
both in nature and in engineered systems; there are biological, geological,
and industrial forms.[2]

Filtration is also used to describe biological and physical systems that not only separate
solids from a fluid stream but also remove chemical species and biological organisms
by entrainment, phagocytosis, adsorption and absorption. Examples include slow sand
filters and trickling filters. It is also used as a general term for macrophage in which
organisms use a variety of means to filter small food particles from their environment.
Examples range from the microscopic Vorticella up to the basking shark, one of the largest
fishes, and the baleen whales, all of which are described as filter feeders.
 TYPES OF WATER FILTERATION

 Activated Carbon

Carbon removes contaminants by chemically bonding to the water that is poured into the
system. Some are only effective at removing chlorine, which only improves taste and odor,
while others remove more harmful contaminants, such as mercury and lead. It is important to
note that carbon filters do not have the ability to remove inorganic pollutants such as nitrates,
fluoride, and arsenic. Carbon filters are usually sold in block or granulated form to
consumers.
  Carbon Block

Carbon block filters are block-shaped filters that are composed of crushed carbon particles.
These filters tend to be more effective than other types of carbon-based filters since they have
a larger surface area. The rate at which water flows through these filters has a direct impact
on their level of effectiveness. Fibredyne carbon block filters have a greater sediment-holding
capacity than other types of block filters.
  Distillation

Distillation is one of the oldest water purification methods. It vaporizes water by heating it to
exceptionally high temperatures. The vapor is then condensed back into drinkable, liquid
water. Distillation removes minerals, microorganisms, and chemicals that have a high boiling
point. These filters cannot remove chlorine and many other volatile organic chemicals.

ADVANTAGES

1. After the water has been purified it is separated from unwanted substances.

2. It is safe for consumption and also in doing household chores.

3. It does not require a lot of energy to maintain.

4. It is a simple process.
 DISADVANTAGES

1. Not all germs and contaminants are removed from filtered water. When the process is
taking place very, small particles can pass through the membranes used to perform
water filtering.

2. Thorough cleaning and care of the equipment are very vital so that they can carry out
the water softening process without any hitch whatsoever.

3. All the cartridges must be disposed of after the water softening process. These
cartridges contain harmful toxins that were purified from the hard water. If they are
thrown anyhow they might end up being pollutants to the environment.

GOALS OF FILTERATION

The goals of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and to
make it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications. Widely
varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, micro-organisms and
some dissolved inorganic and organic materials, or environmental persistent pharmaceutical
pollutants. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the
cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.

The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most
may not be used depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the raw (source) water.
 RESULT

We successfully created report on household water filtrations unit.

CONCLUSION

Thus, we successfully created a report on household water filtrations unit. We have added
some of basic water filtrations techniques in the report.

REFERENCE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification#Goals

https://learn.allergyandair.com/water-filters/

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-filtration

https://www.process-cooling.com/articles/89530-what-are-your-water-treatment-goals