Ch. 1 Solutions

CHAPTER 1 SOLUTIONS
Answers reported to 2-3 significant digits.
1.1
lbm  ft  s 2  lb f 
a) 10 2    0.31lb f
s  32.174lbm  ft 
lbm  ft  1kg   12in   2.54cm   1000 g  5 g  cm

10       1.4 10  1.4 105 dyne
s  2.20462lbm   1 ft   1in   kg 
2
s2
 1000 Pa  1atm 
b) 20kPa     0.20atm
 1kPa  1.01325 10 Pa 
5
 lb f 
 14.696 2 
20kPa  in   2.9 lb f
 101.325kPa  in 2
 
 
c) T (F )  1.8T (C )  32
70F  1.8T  C   32
T  C   21C
T (F )  1.8T ( K )  459.67
70F  1.8T ( K )  459.67
T ( K )  294 K
in 2  lbm    2.54cm   1m  kg  m 2
2 2
1kg
d) 100       0.029
s 2  2.20462lbm   in   100cm  s2
kg  m2
 N m  J
s2
kg  m2
0.029  0.029 J
s2
 0.23901cal 
0.029 J    0.0070cal
 1J 
e) m  150lbm
 ft   s 2  lb f 
W  mg  150lbm  32.174 2     150lb f
 s   32.174lbm  ft 

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m  70kg
m kg  m
W  mg  70kg  9.81 2
 688 2  690 N
s s
1.2
g  cm
a) 10000dynes  10000
s2
g  cm  1in   kg   1 ft   2.20462lbm  lbm  ft

10000       0.72
s 2  2.54cm   1000 g   12in   1kg  s2
lbm  ft  s 2  lb f 
0.72    0.022lb f
s  32.174lbm  ft 
2
 1.01325 105 Pa   1kPa 

b) 0.2atm      20.3kPa  20kPa
 1atm   1000 Pa 
 lb f 
 14.696 2 
20.3kPa  in   2.94 lb f  2.9 lb f
 101.325kPa  in 2 in 2
 
 
c) T (F )  1.8T (C )  32
T (F )  1.8(37)  32  98.6 F  99 F
T ( K )  T (C )  273.15
T ( K )  37  273.15  310 K
in2  lbm    2.54cm   1m 

2 2
kg kg  m2
d) 50        0.0146
s2  2.20462lbm   1in   100cm  s2
kg  m2
 N m  J
s2
kg  m2
0.0146  0.0146 J
s2
 0.23901cal 
0.0146 J    0.0035cal
 1J 
1.3
 ft  lb f 
 0.7376  ft  lb f
6W  s   4.43
a)
 1W  s
 
 
 1.341 103 hp 
6W    0.008hp
 1W 
 1atm 
b) 220mmHg    0.29atm
 760 mmHg 
 lb f 
 14.696 2 
220mmHg  in   4.3 lb f
 760mmHg  in 2
 
 
c) 310K  T  C   273.15K
T  C   36.85C  37C
T (F )  1.8T (C )  32
T (F )  1.8  36.85C   32  98.3F
 g  cm 
 1 s2  4 g  cm
d) 4.87  10 dynes 
4
  4.87  10
 1dyne  s2
 
 0.22481lb f 
4.87 104 dynes    1.110 lb f
4
 1dyne 
 9.486  104 Btu 

e) 2.2  103 J    2.1Btu
 1J 
1.4
 16oz 
a) 2.2kg    35.2oz
 1kg 
 2.20462lbm 
2.2kg    4.9lbm
 1kg 
 
lb f  101.325kPa 
b) 12 2    82.7kPa
in  lb f 
 14.696 2 
 in 
 
lb f  760mmHg 
12 2    621mmHg
in  lb f 
 14.696 2 
 in 
 cal 
 0.23901 s  4 cal
c) 160hp  3   2.9  10
 1.341  10 hp  s
 
 4 Btu 
 9.486  10 s  Btu
160hp  3   113
 1.341 10 hp  s
 
 1056.68qt 
d) 82 gal    328qt
 264.17 gal 
 1106 mL 
  3.110 mL
5
82 gal 
 264.17 gal 
 0.3048m 
e) 34in    0.86m
 12in 
 30.48cm 
34in    86cm
 12in 
1.5 F  ma
gc  32.174lbm  ft
ft  s 2  lb f 
F  11lbm  3.4 2    1.16lb f
s  32.174lbm  ft 
1.6 F  ma
 1kg 
m   0.4 metric ton     400kg
 0.001 metric ton 
2
cm  1m   1min  m
a  800     0.0022 2
min 2  100 cm  60 s  s
 m
F   400kg   0.0022 2   0.89 N
 s 
1.7 To solve this problem, model the body as 3 cylinders with diameters D = 8” (torso) and D = 4” (two legs).
Total force at feet: F  ma
ft  s 2  lb f 
F  150lbm  32.174 2    150lb f
s  32.174lbm  ft 
1
Since there are two feet, the force on each foot: F  75lb f .
2
To estimate the weight at the hips, first estimate the mass above and below the hips. Assume the person is 6
feet tall (3ft above the hips, 3ft below the hips).
Volume above the hips:  D 2 h   (8in) 2  3 ft   1 ft   1.05 ft 3

2
4 4  12in 
 
2
 4in   3 ft  
1 ft 
Volume below the hips: 2  D2h  2 
2
  0.52 ft
3
4 4  12in 
m
Assume a constant density throughout the body:  
V
Vabove 1.05 ft 3 1 2
 3
 
Vbelow 0.52 ft 0.5 1
mtotal  150lbm  100lb f above the hips and 50lb f below the hips.
ft  s 2  lb f 
Force at hips: F  ma  100lbm  32.174 2    100lb f
s  32.174lbm  ft 
F
Pressure: P 
A
F 75lb f lb f lb f
Foot: P    5.97 2  6.0 2

A
 4in  in in
2
F 100lb f lb f
Hips: P    2.0 2
A  8in 2
  in
4
1.8 20-kg mass
F  ma
 m
F  200kg  9.81 2   196 N
 s 
 0.22481lb f 
F  196 N    44.1lb f
 1N 
20-lbm mass
F  ma
 s 2  lb f 
F  20.0lbm  32.174lbm   20.0lb f
 32.174lb  ft 
 m 
 4.4482 N 
F  20.0lb f    89.0 N
 1lb
 f 
1
1.9 gM  gE
6
1  1  m
FM  m  g E    40.0kg   9.8 2 
6  6  s 
FM  65.3N
 0.22481lb f 
FM  65.3N    14.7lb f
 1N 
1.10 Data:
- mbody  mass of the swimmer’s body = 150lbm
lbm
- water  density of water  0.036
in3
- mdf  mass of the displaced fluid
- body  density of the swimmer’s body
- Vdf  volume of displaced fluid
- 95% body volume below water; 5% body volume above water
mbody  mdf
mdf
mbody   waterVdf  water 
body
Since 95% of the body volume is below water, mdf  0.95  mbody .
lbm  0.95 150lbm 

150lbm  0.036  
in3  body 
lbm
body  0.0342
in3
The answer makes sense because the human body consists primarily of water. It is reasonable that the
densities of the swimmer’s body and water are similar.
1.11 Data:
- F force exerted by swimmer
- B buoyant force
- mg  force of swimmer on water
- water  density of water
- Vdb  volume of displaced body
lbm
- b  density of body (can either use body  0.0342 from Problem 1.10 or assume
in3
lbm
b ~  water  0.036 )
in3
- Vb  volume of body
- Assume that 80% of the torso is underwater.
Volume in water: Vdb  2  700in3  0.8  2000in3  3000in3
Total volume: Vb  400in3  2000in3  2  350in3  2  700in3  4500in3
Force balance:
B  F  mg  0
 g  water Vdb   F   g  b Vb   0
F   g  b Vb    g  water  Vdb 
ft  lbm   s 2  lb f  ft  lbm   s 2  lb f 
3   3  
F  32.174 2 
0.0342 4500in 3
   32.174 2 
0.036 3000in 3
 
s  in   32.174lbm  ft  s  in   32.174lbm  ft 
lbm
F  45.9lb f (using body  0.0342 from Problem 1.10)
in 3
lbm
F  54lb f (using b ~  water  0.036 )
in3
Model the liposome as a sphere with surface area A  4 r  4  0.5 m  3.14 m .

2 2 2
1.12
The surface of the spherical liposome is packed with phospholipid heads. In order to estimate the charge on
the liposome, we must estimate the charge on the number of phospholipid molecules. We can simplify the
problem by picturing the surface area of the spherical liposome as a flat lipid monolayer with phospholipid
heads packed together as tightly as possible. (note that liposomes are actually bilayers, but awe are only
interested in the charge on the outside surface, so a monolayer model will suffice.) We represent the
phospholipid heads as circles of the same diameter. The two most common circle packing arrangements are
square packing and hexagonal packing.
When circles pack against one another, there is inevitably void space. Hexagonal packing is the more
efficient because it minimizes this vacant space; we assume that phospholipid heads pack into a liposome
with this configuration. To calculate the percentage of the total space occupied by phospholipid heads,
draw a hexagon around each circle such that the circle touches the hexagon at the midpoints of its sides.
The distance between the midpoints of opposite sides of the hexagon is 2r , and the lengths of the sides of
the hexagon are 2r / 3 . The area of the hexagon can be found by splitting in into six equilateral triangles
with base 2r / 3 and height r , so the total area of one hexagon is
1   1   2r 
A  6   bh   6       r   2 3r
2
2   2  3 
Now the proportion of the place occupied by circles, or the “packing efficiency,” is the area of one circle
divided by the area of one hexagon:
Acir  r2 
   0.907  90.7%
Ahex 2 3r 2 2 3
Since the total surface area of one liposome is 3.14  m 2 , the area occupied by phospholipid heads is
Alipid  0.907 3.14 m2   2.85 m2
Since the diameter of one phospholipid head is 1nm or 10 3  m , the cross-sectional area of one head,
which
represents one circle in the place, is
Ahead   r 2    5  104  m   7.85  107  m

2
Thus the total number of phospholipid molecules contained in one liposome is given by the total occupied
surface area of the liposome divided by the area of one phospholipid head:
Alipid 2.85 m 2
  3, 630, 000 phospholipid molecules per liposome
Ahead 7.85  107  m 2
The total charge on the outside surface of one liposome is simply the number of phospholipid molecules
multiplied by the charge on one phospholipid head:
q  ne  (# heads)(charge / head)
 1.6021 1019 C 
q   3,630,000 phospholipids   13
  5.82  10 C
 phospholipid 
This amount of charge is enough to attach a liposome to a negatively-charged strand of DNA for
penetration through cell membrane.
1.13 Assume a surface tension of 20 dynes / cm .
2
a) P
r
 dynes   
2  20 
 cm   10000 m  4000dynes  1mmHg 
P      3mmHg
100 m  1cm  cm 2  1333.2 dynes 
 cm 2 
2
b) P
r
 dynes   
2  50 
 cm   10000  m  10000dynes  1mmHg 
P      7.5mmHg
100 m  1cm  cm2  1333.2 dynes 
 cm 2 
2
c) P
r
 dynes   
2  50 
 cm   10000 m  40000dynes  1mmHg 
P      30mmHg
25 m  1cm  cm 2  1333.2 dynes 
 cm 2 
1.14 mapple  m  102 g
a) W  mg
 m   1kg  kg  m
W  102 g  9.8 2     1.0 2  1.0 N
 s   1000 g  s
 0.22481lb f 
W  1.0 N    0.225lb f
 1N 
b) Estimate the cross-sectional area of the toothpick as A  1mm2 .
W
P
A
2
1.0 N  103 mm  6 N
P 2    1.0 10 2  1.0 10 Pa
6
1mm  1m  m
 lb f 
 14.696 2  lb
P  1.0 106 Pa  in   145 2f  145 psi
 1.01325 10 Pa 
5
in
 
 
 1atm 
P  1.0 106 Pa    9.87atm
 1.01325 10 Pa 
5
c) Estimate the palm as a square with 10cm sides. ( A  100cm2 )
W
P
A
2
1.0 N  100cm  N
P    100 2  1.0  10 Pa
2
100cm 2  1m  m
 lb f 
 14.696 2  lb
P  1.0  102 Pa  in   0.0145 2f  0.0145 psi
 1.01325 10 Pa 
5
in
 
 
 1atm  4
P  1.0 102 Pa     9.87 10 atm
 1.01325 10 Pa 
5
d) Estimate the area of the table as A  1m2 .
W
P
A
1.0 N N
P  1 2  1.0 Pa
1m 2 m
 lb f 
 14.696 2  lb
P  1.0 Pa  in   1.45 104 f  1.45  104 psi
 1.01325  10 Pa 
5
in2
 
 
 1atm  .6
P  1.0Pa    9.87 10 atm
 1.01325 10 Pa 
5
1.15 Data:
3
g  1lbm  100cm  lbm
-  H 2O 1 3     62.4 3
cm  453.593 g  3.2808 ft  ft
- SGH2 SO4  1.834
 H SO
SGH 2 SO4  2 4
H O 2
 lb  lb
H 2 SO4
 SGH 2 SO4   H 2 O  1.834  62.4 m3   114.5 m3
 ft  ft
a)
I. PA  PH2O  0
PA  PH2O  H2O gh
lbm  ft   s 2  lb f   1 ft 2
PA  62.4 3  32.174 2  10 ft  
ft  s   32.174lb  ft   12in 
 m 
lb f
PA  4.34
in 2
II. PB  PH2O  0
PB  PH2O  H2O gh
 
lb  ft   lb f   1 ft  2
PB  62.4 m3  32.174 10 ft   
ft  s2   32.174 lbm  ft   12in 
 s 2

lb f
PB  4.34
in2
Therefore, the pressures at the bases of both tanks are equal ( PA  PB ) .
b)
I. PA  PH2 SO4  0
PA  PH2 SO4  H2 SO4 gh
lbm  ft   s 2  lb f   1 ft 2
PA  114.5  32.174   8 ft  
 32.174lb  ft   12in 
ft 3  s2   m 
lb f
PA  6.36
in 2
II. PB  PH 2 SO 4  0
PB  PH2 SO 4  H2 SO 4 gh
lbm  ft   s 2  lb f   1 ft  2
PB  114.5  32.174  10 ft  
 32.174lb  ft   12in 
ft 3  s2   m 
lb f
PB  7.95
in2
Therefore, the pressure on tank B is greater than in Tank A  PB  PA  . This makes sense because a
greater amount of fluid exerts more force per square inch.
1.16 Molecular weights: N2 : 28.01g / mol; O2 : 32.00 g / mol; Ar : 39.95g / mol
Composition (mole percentage): N2 : 78%; O2 : 21%; Ar :1%
To simplify this problem, set the molar basis as 100 moles.
 g 
mN2  0.78 100mol   28.01   2185 g
 mol 
 g 
mO2  0.21(100mol )  32.00   672 g
 mol 
 g 
mAr  0.01100mol   39.95   40 g
 mol 
mtotal  2185 g  672 g  40 g  2897 g
mi
Mass percents: wt %  100
mtotal
2185 g
N2   0.754  75.4wt %
2897 g
672 g
O2   0.232  23.2wt %
2897 g
40 g
Ar   0.014  1.4 wt %
2897 g
Mass percents differ slightly from mole percents.
1.17 Calculate the molar mass of acetaminophen (noted as A):
 12.01g   1.008 g   14.01g   16.0 g  g

M A  8   9   1   2   151.16
 mol C   mol H   mol N   mol O  mol
Calculate the number of moles of acetaminophen in one Tylenol© tablet:
 1g   mol 
nA   325mg      0.00215mol
 1000 mg   151.16 g 
Determine the number of moles of the individual elements:
 8mol C 
nC   0.00215mol A     0.0172mol C
 1mol A 
 9mol H 
nH   0.00215mol A     0.01935mol H
 1mol A 
 1mol N 
nN   0.00215mol A     0.00215mol N
 1mol A 
 2mol O 
nO   0.00215mol A     0.0043mol O
 1mol A 
Calculate the mole fraction of the individual elements:
0.0172mol C
xC   0.4
0.0172mol C  0.01935mol H  0.00215mol N  0.0043mol O
0.01935mol H
xH   0.45
0.00215mol N
xN   0.05
0.0043mol O
xO   0.1
Calculate the mass of each element in the tablet:
 12.01g 
mC  0.0172mol C    0.207 g C
 mol C 
 1.008g 
mH  0.01935mol H    0.0195g H
 mol H 
 14.01g 
mN  0.00215mol N    0.0301g N
 mol N 
 16.0 g 
mO  0.0043mol O    0.0688 g O
 mol O 
Calculate the mass fractions of the individual elements:
0.207 g C
wC   0.64
0.207 g C  0.0195 g H  0.0301g N  0.0688g O
0.0195 g H
wH   0.06
0.207 g C  0.0195 g H  0.0301g N  0.0688 g O
0.0301g N
wN   0.09
0.207 g C  0.0195g H  0.0301g N  0.0688g O
0.0688 g O
wO   0.21
0.207 g C  0.0195 g H  0.0301g N  0.0688 g O
1.18 mNi  mCr  mo  mtotal
17 g  23g  40g  80g
Calculate mass fractions:
mi
wi 
mtotal
17 g
wNi   0.213
80 g
23g
wCr   0.288
80 g
40 g
wO   0.5
80 g
Calculate number of moles:
mi
ni 
Mi
17 g
nNi   0.290mol
g
58.69
mol
23g
nCr   0.442mol
g
52
mol
40 g
nO   2.5mol
g
16
mol
ntotal  nNi  nCr  nO
ntotal  0.290mol  0.442mol  2.5mol  3.232mol
Calculate mole fractions:
ni
xi 
ntotal
0.290mol
xNi   0.0896
3.23mol
0.442mol
xCr   0.137
3.23mol
2.5mol
xO   0.774
3.23mol
Calculate average molecular weight:
M av   xi M i
i
 g   g   g 
M av  0.0896  58.69   0.137  52   0.774 16 
 mol   mol   mol 
g
M av  24.7
mol
1.19 Ti-6Al-4V alloy: 90wt % Ti, 6wt % Al, 4wt % V
Mass fractions:
wTi  90wt %  0.90
wAl  6wt %  0.06
wV  4wt %  0.04
Molecular weights:
g
M Ti  47.88
mol
g
M Al  29.982
mol
g
M V  50.942
mol
Set the hypothetical mass as 100g to simplify the problem.
mi  wi 100 g
mTi  0.9 100 g  90 g
mAl  0.06 100 g  6 g
mV  0.04 100 g  4 g
Calculate the number of moles:
mi
ni 
Mi
90 g
nTi   1.88mol
g
47.88
mol
6g
nAl   0.22mol
g
26.982
mol
4g
nV   0.079mol
g
50.942
mol
ntotal  nTi  nAl  nV
ntotal  1.88mol  0.22mol  0.079mol  2.18mol
Calculate the mole fractions:
ni
xi 
ntotal
1.88mol
xTi   0.86
2.18mol
0.22mol
x Al   0.10
2.18mol
0.079mol
xV   0.036
2.18mol
 
 Check:

x
i
i  0.86  0.10  0.036  1 

Calculate the average molecular weight:
M av   xi MWi
i
 g   g   g 
M av  0.86  47.88   0.10  26.982   0.036  50.942 
 mol   mol   mol 
g
M av  45.9
mol
g g g
1.20 Co20 Cr10 Mo : M Co  58.933 ; M Cr  51.996 ; M Mo  95.94
mol mol mol
Calculate total mass:
 g   g  g
mtotal  20  58.933   10  51.996   95.94
 mol   mol  mol
g
mtotal  1794.56
mol
Calculate mass fractions:
mi
wi 
mtotal
 g 
20  58.933 
wCo  
mol 
 0.657
g
1794.56
mol
 g 
10  51.996 
wCr     0.290
mol
g
1794.56
mol
g
95.94
wMo  mol  0.053
g
1794.56
mol
Calculate mole fractions:
mtotal  20  10  1  31mol
20
xCo   0.645
31
10
xCr   0.323
31
1
xMo   0.032
31
Calculate average molecular weight:
 g   g   g 
M av   xi M i  0.645  58.933   0.323 57.996   0.032  95.94 
i  mol   mol   mol 
g
M av  59.82
mol
1.21 Data:
- trachea: DT  18mm, vT  80cm / s
- bronchi: DB  1.3mm, vB  15cm / s
g g
- air  1.84  104 ;  air  0.0012 3
cm  s cm
Calculate volumetric flow rate:
 2
V  Av  Dv
4

2
 cm   1cm 
VT  18mm 
2
 80  
4  s   10mm 
cm3 cm3 L
VT  203.5  204  0.204
s s s

2
 cm   1cm 
VB  1.3mm 
2
 15  
4  s   10mm 
cm3 mL
VB  0.199  0.199
s s
Calculate mass flow rate:
m V
cm3  g  g
mT  V air  204  0.0012 3   0.244
s  cm  s
cm3  g  mg
mB  V  air  0.199  0.0012 3   0.239
s  cm  s
Calculate molar flow rate:
It is necessary to calculate Mair in order to calculate the molar flow rate.
Air is approximately 79% N2 (M = 28 g/mol) and 21% O2 (M = 32 g/mol).
 g   g  g
M air  0.79  28   0.21 32   28.8
 mol   mol  mol
m
n
M
g
0.244
nT  s  0.00847 mol  8.47 mmol
g s s
28.8
mol
g
0.000239
nB  s  8.30 106 mol  8.30  mol
g s s
28.8
mol
Calculate Reynolds number:
Dv  Dv  air
Re  
 air
18mm   80
cm  g  1cm 
 0.0012 3  
ReT   s  cm  10mm 
g
1.84  104
cm  s
ReT  939
1.3mm  15
cm  g  1cm 
 0.0012 3  
Re B   s  cm  10mm 
g
1.84 104
cm  s
Re  12.7
Final answers:
1.22
 2
a) Volumetric flow rate: V  Av  Dv
4
  cm  cm 3
Vaorta   2.0cm    198
2
 63
4  s  s
Mass flow rate: m  V 
 cm3   g  1mL  g
maorta  198  1.056  3 
 209
 s  mL  1cm  s
See chart below for answers for the other blood vessel structures.
b) Molar flow rate:
It does not make much sense to calculate a molar flow rate since the molecular weight of blood is hard
to determine. If only the plasma is considered (i.e. the cellular component is removed), it might be
possible to estimate an average molecular weight based on the soluble constituents and water.
Dv 
c) Reynolds number: Re 

 2cm   63
cm  g  1mL 
1.056  
Reaorta   s  mL  1cm3 
g
0.0040
cm  s
Reaorta  33,300
See chart below for answers for the other blood vessel structures.
1.23 Any reasonable process is acceptable. For example:
- Use balloon as the system. Blow up the balloon by breathing in through the nose and exhaling through
the mouth to fill up the balloon. Count the number of breaths taken. Measure the diameter/size of the
balloon and estimate the volume. The time for each exhalation should also be measured.
- Recorded values should include: Vballoon , texhalation (several values), # of breaths to fill balloon
Vballoon V V volume
 , with texhalation : ( ) of air
# exhalations breaths texhalation time
Estimate or look up the volume of the trachea, Atr
V 1 1
( ) , which is gas velocity
texhalation Atr time
- Do 3 or more measurements.
- Repeat experiment for forced exhalation. Gas velocity should be higher in this example than in the
previous one.
g
1.24 Assume body   H 2O  1.0
cm3
41.4kg
In this problem, water is  60% of the body's mass , which is reasonable. Volumes in the range of
70kg
60-80 L are okay to use. 40 L is too low.
Calculate mass fraction:
mi mi
wi  
mtotal 70.0kg
41.4kg
wH 2O   0.59
70.0kg
The molecular weight for the content labeled “Other” is unknown. There are several ways to approach this:
- Assume it is water.
- Ignore it entirely. (~1/100 of total mass)
- Assign it a molecular weight.
- Distribute its mass in relative proportion of other components
The following calculations ignore the molecular weight of “Other.”
mi
ni 
Mi
41.4kg  1000 g 
nH2O   2300mol
g  1kg 
18
mol
Calculate the mole fraction:
ni ni
xi  
ntotal 2390mol
2300mol
xH 2 O   0.96
2390mol
Calculate the concentration:
ni
Ci 
V
2300mol mol
CH 2 O   32.9
70 L L
See chart below for answers for the other components.
1.25 Data:
- Vinjectate  2.0mL
mg  drug
- dosage  0.0210
kg  body
- mdrug  294mg
- Vsaline  30.0mL
- mbody  70kg
a) Concentration in bottle
mdrug 294mg mg
C   9.8
Vsaline 30.0mL mL
b) Drug needed for person
mg  drug
mdosage  dosage  mbody  0.0210  70kg  1.47mg drug
kg  body
mdosage 1.47mg drug mg

Cgoal    0.735 (target concentration)
Vinjectate 2.0mL injectate mL
Dilution:
mg mg
Dilute 9.8 to 0.735
mL mL
 mg 
 9.8   x mL 
 mL   0.735
mg
2.0mL mL
x=0.15mL drug
saline  2.0mL  0.15mL  1.85mL
0.15mL drug; 1.85mL saline
g
c) M drug  15000
mol
mg  mol   g   103 mL 
injectate  0.735    
mL  15000 g  103 mg  L 
mol
injectate  4.9 105  49 M
L
1.26
 1000mg 
a) m  5g    5000mg
 1g 
m 5000mg mg
C   20
V 250mL mL
 mg 
b) 40mL  20   800mg
 mL 
5000mg  800mg  4200mg
m  mol 
c) n  5g    0.025mol
M  198 g 
n 0.025mol
Molarity    0.1M
V 0.25L
1.27 Data:
- antibiotic X dose of 5882 mg
- volume of distribution: Vd  10 L
- bioavailability: b  0.85
L
- clearance rate: CL  0.1
min
mD 5882mg  1g   1000mL 
CD     
V  MD  g   1000mg   L 
5mL  372 
 mol 
mol
CD  3.16  3.16M
L
a) To calculate the effective concentration, it is necessary to consider the volume of distribution and
bioavailability.
mD 5882mg mg
Cb  b   0.85  500
Vd 10 L L
b) elimination rate:
 L  mg  mg
m  CL  Cb   0.1  500   50
 min  L  min
c) The liver clears drugs from the body. If the liver is damaged, then clearance will not be normal. A low
drug concentration results in ineffective treatment. A high drug concentration results in potentially
toxic effects.
1.28 O2 :18 vol%; N2 : 80 vol%; CO2 : 2 vol%
a) Partial pressure
Pi  xi P , where Pi is the partial pressure, xi is the mole fraction, and P is the total pressure.
( P  760mmHg ). Mole fractions, which are needed to calculate partial pressures, can be calculated
from the volume percents. All constituents (O2, N2, CO2) are assumed to be at constant total pressure
and temperature.
PVi
For constituent i: PVi  ni RT  ni 
RT
PVtotal
For the total system: PVtotal  ntotal RT  ntotal 
RT
PVi
ni V
xi   RT  i
ntotal PVtotal Vtotal
RT
From this, it is apparent that the mole fraction is proportional to the volume percent.
18
O 2 :18vol %   xO2  0.18
100
80
N 2 : 80vol %   xN2  0.80
100
2
CO 2 : 2vol %   xCO2  0.02
100
O2 : PO2  xO2 P  0.18  760mmHg   136.8mmHg
N 2 : PN2  xN2 P  0.80  760mmHg   608mmHg
CO2 : PCO2  xCO2 P  0.02  760mmHg   15.2mmHg
b) Data:
- T  23C  296K
- V  2L
lb f
- gauge pressure  Pg   1500
in2
Convert gauge pressure to absolute pressure:
lb f
Pabs  Pg  Patm ; 1atm  14.7
in2
lb f lb f lb f
Pabs  1500 2
 14.7 2
 1514.7
in in in2
PV  nRT
 
 lb f   1atm 
1514.7 2   2 L   
 in   14.7 lb f 
 
ntotal   in 2   8.48mol
 cm3  atm   1L 
 82.06  296 K  3 3 
 mol  K   10  cm 
nO2  xO2  ntotal  0.18 8.48mol   1.5mol
nN2  xN2  ntotal  0.80 8.48mol   6.8mol
nCO2  xCO2  ntotal  0.02 8.48mol   0.17mol
c) P  752mmHg; T  22C  295K; V  1.5L
For a given gas:
PV PV
1 1
 2 2
T1 T2
I. volume at STP:
STP : P  760mmHg  1atm; T  0C  273K; V  ?
 752mmHg 1.5L   760mmHg  x L 


295K 273K
x  1.37L
At STP, the volume is slightly smaller than the experimental volume.
II. volume at BTP
BTP : P  760mmHg  1atm; T  37C  310K; V  ?
 752mmHg 1.5L   760mmHg  x L 


295K 310K
x  1.56L
At BTP, the volume is slightly higher than the experimental volume.
These answers make sense. STP is lower in temperature than the experiment, therefore, the volume is
lower. BTP is higher in temperature than the experiment, therefore, the volume is higher.
1.29 O2 : 25 vol%; N2 : 73 vol%; CO2 : 2 vol%
a) Pi  xi P , where Pi is the partial pressure, xi is the mole fraction, and P is the total pressure
 P  760mmHg  .
Vi
The mole fraction is proportional to the volume percent. xi 
Vtotal
25
O 2 : 25vol %   xO2  0.25
100
73
N 2 : 73vol %   xN2  0.73
100
2
CO 2 : 2vol %   xCO2  0.02
100
PO2  xO2 P  0.25  4.00 102   1.00 102 kPa
PN2  xN2 P  0.73 4.00 102   2.92 102 kPa
PCO2  xCO2 P  0.02  4.00 102   8.0kPa
lb f
b) Pg  1200 ; T  22C  295K ; V  2 L
in2
Convert gauge pressure to absolute pressure:
lb f
Pabs  Pg  Patm ; 1atm  14.696
in2
lb f lb f lb f
Pabs  1200 2
 14.696 2
 1214.696
in in in2
PV  nRT
 
 lb f   1atm 
1214.696 2   2 L   
 in   14.696 lb f 
 
ntotal   in 2   6.83mol
 cm3  atm   1L 
 82.06   295 K   3 
 mol  K   1000cm 
nO2  xO2  ntotal  0.25  6.83mol   1.71mol
nN2  xN2  ntotal  0.73  6.83mol   4.99mol
nCO2  xCO2  ntotal  0.02  6.83mol   0.14mol
c) P  1atm; T1  25C  298K ; T2  37C  310 K
V1 V2 V T
  2  2
T1 T2 V1 T1
310 K
 1.04 (The ratio of V2 to V1 is 1.04:1.)
298 K
Upon heating, the volume of the system will increase. In this example, the volume of the system
increases by 4%.
1.30 Assume constant temperature.
P
Henry’s Law: H   C  H 1 P
C
C is the molar concentration of the dissolved gas, P is the pressure over the solution, and H is Henry’s Law
 
Constant  H  0.74 mmHg  .
 M 
P 95mmHg
Arterial: C    128.4 M
H 0.74 mmHg
M
P 40mmHg
Venous: C    54.05 M
H 0.74 mmHg
M
This makes sense because Henry’s Law states that the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is
proportional to the pressure of the gas over the liquid.
1.31
a) For sucrose concentration 6 g/L:
x i
x i 1
55.55  57.01  57.95

x  56.84
3
 x  x
2
i
 i 1
n 1
 55.55  56.84    57.01  56.84    57.95  56.84 

2 2 2
  1.21
 3  1
See table below for additional calculations.
b) See plot below.
c) Using a linear fit in Excel, y  10.17 x  8.08
Peak area = 10.17 × (sucrose concentration) – 8.08
d) Peak area = 209.86
209.86  10.17  sucrose   8.08
g
sucrose  21.43
L
1.32
a) See plot below.
The sensor responds linearly from 4-400 mg/dL. At concentrations less than 4 mg/dL, there is no data.
At concentrations greater than 400 mg/dL, the data plateaus, indicating that the changes in the sensor-
detected concentration do not correspond to changes in the chemical concentration.
b) The term “hypoglycemic” indicates low blood sugar. The term “hyperglycemic” indicates excessive
amounts of sugar in the blood. The hypoglycemic range includes sugar concentrations less than 60
mg/dL, and the hyperglycemic range includes sugar concentrations greater than 300 mg/dL.
(“Complete Home Medical Guide.” Tapley et al, editors. www.mayoclinic.com)
c) Patch: h  1mm; SA  4mm2 ; D  5nm
Vpatch  A  h  4mm2 1mm   4mm3
4 4
Vbead   r 3    2.5nm   65.4nm3
3
3 3
Assume the beads are packed end-to-end.
h  1mm, D  5nm
h  D  N spheres
 103 mm 
1mm  5nm  9   N spheres
 10 nm 
N spheres  2 105 spheres that can pack along height
Assume the patch is square. ( SA  4mm  2mm  2mm )
L  D  N spheres
 103 mm 
2mm  5nm  9   N spheres
 10 nm 
N spheres  4 105 spheres that can pack along one side
l  4  105 spheres; w  4  105 spheres; h  2  105 spheres
estimate  l  w  h
estimate   4 105  4 105  2 105   3.2 1016 spheres in patch
Another way to solve this problem is to estimate the number of spheres in the patch using the face-
centered cubic (FCC) approximation. In an FCC approximation, the spheres are stacked and offset.
volume of spheres
0.74 
total volume
volume of spheres
0.74 
4mm3
volume of spheres  2.96mm3
Vsphere  N spheres  volume of spheres
3
 103 mm 
65.4nm3  9   N spheres  2.96mm
3
 10 nm 
N spheres  4.53 1016 spheres in patch
Simply dividing the patch volume by the sphere volume will overestimate the spheres which can be
packed. This incorrect method gives 6.11×1016 spheres per patch.
d) Binding capacity: 1×10-6 moles
Assume 4.53×1016 spheres in patch (as in the FCC approximation).
 23 molecules 
6
 6.023  10 mol  molecules
1 10 mol    13
 16
 
4.53 10 spheres sphere
 
e) The advantages of using this sensor include its ability to take real-time measurements, minimize the
risk of incidences of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and eliminate the need to prick the test
subject’s finger for blood. The disadvantages of using the sensor include the need for the sensor to be
implanted into the body, which creates a concern of disruption due to the invasiveness of the surgical
procedure. There is also a concern of how long the sensor will last in the body without the need for a
replacement.
NOTE: In a more routine sensor system, the glucose measured through the sensor would plateau relative to
the glucose concentration made by chemical measurements.

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CHAPTER 1 SOLUTIONS

Answers reported to 2-3 significant digits.

lbm  ft  1kg   12in   2.54cm   1000 g  5 g  cm

c) T (F )  1.8T (C )  32

T (F )  1.8T ( K )  459.67

70F  1.8T ( K )  459.67

g  cm  1in   kg   1 ft   2.20462lbm  lbm  ft

 1.01325 105 Pa   1kPa 

c) T (F )  1.8T (C )  32

T (F )  1.8(37)  32  98.6 F  99 F

in2  lbm    2.54cm   1m 

T (F )  1.8T (C )  32

T (F )  1.8  36.85C   32  98.3F

 9.486  104 Btu 

Volume above the hips:  D 2 h   (8in) 2  3 ft   1 ft   1.05 ft 3

1.8 20-kg mass

- mbody  mass of the swimmer’s body = 150lbm

- mdf  mass of the displaced fluid

- body  density of the swimmer’s body

- Vdf  volume of displaced fluid

- 95% body volume below water; 5% body volume above water

lbm  0.95 150lbm 

densities of the swimmer’s body and water are similar.

- F force exerted by swimmer

- mg  force of swimmer on water

- water  density of water

- Vdb  volume of displaced body

- Assume that 80% of the torso is underwater.

Total volume: Vb  400in3  2000in3  2  350in3  2  700in3  4500in3

 g  water Vdb   F   g  b Vb   0

F   g  b Vb    g  water  Vdb 

Model the liposome as a sphere with surface area A  4 r  4  0.5 m  3.14 m .

square packing and hexagonal packing.

with base 2r / 3 and height r , so the total area of one hexagon is

divided by the area of one hexagon:

Alipid  0.907 3.14 m2   2.85 m2

represents one circle in the place, is

Ahead   r 2    5  104  m   7.85  107  m

multiplied by the charge on one phospholipid head:

penetration through cell membrane.

1.13 Assume a surface tension of 20 dynes / cm .

1.14 mapple  m  102 g

b) Estimate the cross-sectional area of the toothpick as A  1mm2 .

c) Estimate the palm as a square with 10cm sides. ( A  100cm2 )

d) Estimate the area of the table as A  1m2 .

- SGH2 SO4  1.834

Therefore, the pressures at the bases of both tanks are equal ( PA  PB ) .

PA  PH2 SO4  H2 SO4 gh

greater amount of fluid exerts more force per square inch.

1.16 Molecular weights: N2 : 28.01g / mol; O2 : 32.00 g / mol; Ar : 39.95g / mol

Composition (mole percentage): N2 : 78%; O2 : 21%; Ar :1%

To simplify this problem, set the molar basis as 100 moles.

mtotal  2185 g  672 g  40 g  2897 g

Mass percents differ slightly from mole percents.

1.17 Calculate the molar mass of acetaminophen (noted as A):

 12.01g   1.008 g   14.01g   16.0 g  g

Calculate the number of moles of acetaminophen in one Tylenol© tablet:

Determine the number of moles of the individual elements: