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COVERAGE/TOPICS:
- TELECOMMUNICATION (pages 1-8) 4. Half-Duplex Systems — where only one party can send
- GREEN BUILDING (pages 8-15) a message at a time, and recipient needs to wait for the
- RENEWABLE ENERGY (pages 16-20) message before sending out a new one
Example: radio communication

TELECOMMUNICATION

Telecommunication Telecommunication Installation System for High Rise

Buildings
- or telecom, is derived from the Greek word tele meaning
at a distance
- it describes the long distance of transmit information
without any changes of the content
- Exchange of information through electronic and electrical
means over a significant distance
- Consists of transmitter and receiver devices
• All telecommunications systems consist of sender, channel,
and receiver.
• The data are transmitted in the form of carrier waves, which
are analog or digital signals for transferring the information.
• Examples: telegraph, telephones, radio, fiber optics, satellites
and the internet
• Distribution cables of suitable sizes are taken from a Main
Distribution Frame (MDF) in the basement to the
various floors.
• Provide one or more vertical ducts which rise from the
basement to the top of the building.
• Each vertical duct should be located centrally with respect
to the distribution area.
• A limit to the number of cables which can be taken from
any one horizontal duct from a riser to the telephone
instruments.
• Number of risers and their siting should be such that no
telephone outlet needs more than 328m of cable to
connect it to a riser.

Types of telecommunication system:

1. Optical Telecommunications — is the simplest type of

telecommunication, and may be carried over fiber optic
cables

2. Radio Telecommunication — allows for wireless

communication over a large distance
Size Of Shafts

Nowadays, radio remains one of the • The minimum internal dimensions of the vertical ducts or
communications in the world today. While television also risers should be 150mm.
is a form of radio communication. • For large buildings, the dimensions will have to be
3. Full-Duplex Systems — allows us to communicate with increased to 600 mm x 225 mm, because of the larger
each other at the same time cables.
Example: today’s most telephones, cell phones
and internet access

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• An aperture of 150mm x 75mm is required to take the 1. one with 24 multimode and 6 single-mode fibers.
cables through a horizontal duct in the structural floor. 2. The other with 12 multimode and 6 single-mode
fibers.
Sharing of risers with other services
• 17,000 workstations in the towers.
• The telephone cables may be installed in a riser used for
• Installers had to keep the demanding installation schedule
other services
while avoiding confusion that could arise with so many
• The cables are segregated from the electrical mains.
cables going to each desk.
• Partitions giving full separation are preferred to separating
• The solution was a custom-designed hybrid cable of three
by distance only.
four-pair UTP cables and two corning fiber simplex cables
• Access to each riser will be necessary on each floor and
within a PVC jacket.
should be available from a corridor or other common
space.

Two types of Internal Telephones

1. The push-button type

• Running a rather large cable to all telephones but
does not require an exchange.
• Communication between telephone instruments is
affected by lifting the receiver and pushing a button.
• Does not give secrecy as conversations may be
overheard from other telephones.

2. The dial type

• Dial telephones employ a Private Automatic
Exchange (PAX) system, separate from the post
office system.

Private Circuit

• When a business has two or more locations, there will be a

lot of conversation, fax, and data transmitted between
them.
• British Telecom can install a private network to transmit
this information to save time and costs.
• Fixed annual rent is charged for this service.
• Hybrid cables eliminate the need to run two or three
separate cables to each individual workstation.
- Avoids confusion.
- Reduces installation time.

Telecommunication installation system of Petronas Twin

Towers Advantages of using hybrid and composite cables:

1. Reduces the number of drops required.

• The network infrastructure was being incorporated into the
building by the time they were being constructed.
• Built up by four main control networks:
1. A building security system.
2. Fire alarm system.
3. A building control for air conditioning, lights, and
Application:
elevators.
4. A building information system that will monitor the
other three main control networks.
• Demands optical fiber as fiber is protocol independent and
accommodates high transmission rates over long distance.
• With nearly 2,000 miles of fiber cable were installed and
with fiber running to each of the workstation in the
buildings.
• A series of composite and hybrid cables were designed for
the horizontal and backbone wiring.
• The backbone segment of the network consists of two
types of composite fiber cables:
2. Saving on labor costs.
3. Improves cable administration and maintenance.
4. The small size of the fiber allowed for tight construction of
the cables saves significant riser and conduit space.
• Application of a telecommunication services in a high-rise
building must be very well planned.
• Cabling system that was used for telephone
communications have many other applications which
include:
- Fire alarms
- Security/intruder alarms
- Computer networking
- Teleprinters
• The voltage and current are very low and are not directly
connected to the main electricity in a building.
• Telecommunications and mains cabling should be
separated in independent conduits and trunking:

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- For safety purposes
- To prevent interference
General specifications
Telecom rooms must be kept away from any sources of the
following:
• Heat
• Moisture
• High voltages
• Corrosive atmospheric or environmental conditions
• Radio frequency interference (RFI)
• Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
• Wet areas (showers, washroom, garbage area)
Safety Purposes
All telecom rooms must comply with municipality and national
authority standards and regulations, such as:
• All telecom spaces should be fitted with smoke detectors
and emergency lighting
• All containment openings to telecom spaces must be
sealed with a regulation fire retardant material.
• All doors to the telecom rooms must be made of materials
with fire resistance.
• All doors to telecom rooms must be outward opening with
an automatic door closer system fitted on the hinged
edge.
• All doors to telecom rooms must be labelled.
• The room must be free from contaminants and pollutants.
• All telecom rooms should have basic firefighting provision
of handheld CO2 cylinder type extinguishers.
Other Considerations:
• Prevent rodents such as rats from entering telecom spaces
and pathways as they often gnaw the cables which may
cause damage to those cables or disruption of the
telecommunication services.
• Paint and treat the walls, floor, and ceiling with anti-dust
coating and antistatic coating to avoid spreading of dust
and to minimize static electricity.
A good telecommunication system has the following
characteristics:
- be able to reduce toll charges
- enhance the productivity and efficiency
- able to move and remote the phone connections and
locations
- able to mobile employees
- provides a greater and faster exchange of data between
individuals within the building
- flexible, scalable, and customizable
Considerations for Telecommunication System:
• Determine the building’s workload or sustainability
• Accessibility of telecommunication system
• Cost
How the Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) system
works?
• a telephone system within an enterprise that switches calls
between enterprise users on local lines
• allowing all users to share a certain number of external
phone lines.
PABX system includes:
• telephone trunk lines
• a computer with memory
• the network of lines within the PABX
Purpose of PABX system:
• saves the cost of requiring a line for each user to the
telephone company’s central office
Component for Telecommunication System:
1. Telecommunication Spaces and Pathways
• spaces keep telecommunications equipment and
terminations of telecommunications cables
• telecommunications pathways transport the cables
• use to link the telecommunication system
2. Telecommunication Equipment Room (TER) &
Telecommunication Room (TR)
• one telecommunication equipment room on the
first floor is required for multi-story buildings
• at least one smaller telecommunication room is
required on each floor above
• TRs are smaller than TERS
• TR is around 1000 square meters
• dedicated to the telecommunications function
• telecommunication rooms should be vertically
aligned or stacked, and they must be accessible
• the pathway carries telecommunication cables from
the TR to the vicinity of the area served.
• horizontal pathways usually support a zone-
distribution system
• equipment room is the central point for
telecommunications within the building
• the only electrical equipment in the equipment the
telecommunications equipment
• the equipment rooms are usually located in the
basement
But in the other file, the components of telecommunication system
include:
1. Telecommunication Spaces and Pathways
2. Telecommunication Cable System
• Horizontal cabling of the telecommunication
cabling system consists of two or more cables that
are connect to each work area from a TR.
• Each cable is terminated at the cross-connection
field in the TR.
• It can transmit both voice and data applications.
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Fiber Optics
- a bundle of optics using the transmission of light
technique through glass or plastic fiber
- a cable consisting of glass threads which use light to
transfer information
- is finding use in almost every application involving the
transmission of information
- in the medical industry, it is being used to monitor and
perform complex surgical operations
• Computers can now be linked together with fiber-optic cables
capable of transferring data several orders of magnitude
faster than copper circuits.
• Throughout the world, telephone companies are laying
thousands of miles of fiber underground, below oceanic
floors, and rivers, through manholes and existing conduit
facilities.
• Thousands of simultaneous voice conversations are now
being transmitted over these tiny strands of fiber.
Advantages of fiber-optic systems:
1. Large bandwidth
Bandwidth — the amount of information that can be
transmitted per unit time
2. Noise immunity and safety. It is not affected by
electromagnetic interference (EMI) or electrostatic
interference. Likewise, since fiber-optic cables transmit
light instead of current, and they do not produce electrical
noise
3. Less weight and volume
• Fiber-optic cables are substantially lighter in weight
and occupy much less volume than copper cables
with the same information capacity.
• A standard telephone cable consisting of 900 twisted
pairs can be replaced with a single fiber strand 0.005
in. in diameter and retain the same information
crying capacity.
4. Security. Fiber-optic cables cannot be detected by metal
detectors unless they are manufactured with steel
reinforcement for strength.
5. Flexibility. The surface of glass fiber is much more
refined than ordinary glass and coupled with its small
diameter which allows it to be flexible enough to wrap
around a pencil.
6. Economics
• Transmission losses are considerably less than for
coaxial cable and expensive repeaters can be spaced
farther apart.
• Fewer repeaters mean a reduction in overall system
costs and enhanced reliability.
7. Cheaper than copper
8. Long-distance signal transmission
Disadvantages of fiber-optic systems:
1. Interfacing costs
• Fiber-optic transmitters, receivers, couplers, and
connectors, for example, must be employed as part of
the communication system.
• Test and repair equipment is costly. If the fiber-optic
cable breaks, splicing can be a costly and tedious
task.
2. Strength. Fiber has a tensile strength of approximately 1
tb as compared to coaxial cable at 180 lb. Installations
requiring greater tensile strengths can be achieved with
steel reinforcement.
3. Special test equipment is often required
• Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is
required for testing the incorruption of fiber-optic
cables.
• Costly specialized optical test equipment is essential
at most fiber endpoints and connection nexuses to
thoroughly certify the performance of new fiber optics
links.
CASE STUDY: Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur City
Centre (KLCC), Malaysia
Telecommunication Services
• The connectivity of KLCC is provided from main subscriber
distribution frame to the end-user workstations,
minimizing re-cabling and cable-removal.
• Via optical fiber loop
• Cable plant infrastructure (vertical and horizontal):
using patch panels for both optical fiber and unshielded
twisted pair (category-5) wiring
• Telecommunications infrastructure — local loop
communication system within the boundaries of the KLCC
site.
• Central Telecommunications Office (CTO) — control
the connection of the building to the outside world within
the building
Power Distribution
• Vertical distribution is made in fire-rated cable risers with
the 11AV cables enclosed in fire-proof trunking
• 30MVA 3V XLP cables are laid in different routes into the
building reduce simultaneous cabin failures
• Emergency power supply requirement:
a. SCADA (Schematic Control and Data
Acquisition) — a system operating with coded
signals over communication channels to provide
control of remote equipment
b. Two 2*1500KW 11KV life-safety generators have
been provided for each tower separately
Fire Alarm System
• Management of the fire detection system is centralized at
the Central Fire Command Centre (CFCC)
• Uses the latest technology located at street level
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• Directly linked to BOMBA (Fire and Rescue Department,
Malaysia)
• The risers serving the building sprinkler will be separated
from those serving the wet rising main system.
Building Security System
Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) system
- a telephone switching that serves an office.
- used by calling centers and large organizations.
- allows an office to have a single access number to offer
multiple lines to the outside callers.
- saves costs and time.

• Designed to operate via local area network (LAN) which is

the engineering building monitoring and controls system in Advantages of PABX system:
local area.
• The high-level software running on the integrated security 1. Administrative control
network captures all data to ensure fully automated 2. Feature rich
coordination among BSS sub-system. 3. One-time cost
4. Upgradeable

Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC)

Disadvantages of PABX system:
- a program that fully is supported by the Malaysia
government 1. Companies are ill-equipped for disasters related to
- it was announced by 4 th Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir communication
Mohamad on 1 August 1996 2. Costly upgrade
- aims to transform Malaysia into a modern state and 3. Requires additional employees to maintain and manage
achieve Vision 2020 the system
4. Unrelated business activity is difficult to manage

MSC program — a special economy zone in Malaysia especially in

Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, and Putrajaya. Key telephone system (KTS)

- has capacity for multiple lines and multiple telephone

Benefit of MSC
• In pioneer status: no ITA (investment Tax Allowance) or
income tax for up to 10 years.
• The importation of multimedia equipment: no duty.
• Mostly will be eligible for R&D grants.
• No internet censorship censored by the government.
• Can be ensured freedom of ownership from local
ownership requirements.
• Have the freedom to source capital and borrow funds
globally.
• Physical and IT information infrastructure support will be
given by Malaysian government
• The companies using MSC as their regional hub that are
led by tender key Malaysia infrastructure contracts.
• Local and foreign knowledge workers can be allowed
unrestricted employment
• Can become a regional leader in intellectual property
protection and cyberlaws come the other companies.
• Competitive telecommunications tariffs will be provided
- is small, cheap, less flexible
- is equipped with several buttons that allow a caller to
directly select outgoing lines or incoming calls, and use
intercom and conference facilities
- is user-installable and allow handling of multiple lines
without paying a surcharge to the telephone company.
Difference between KTS and PBX system
Chameleon behavior
With Allworx VoIP phones, you can change phone
behavior to suit your needs: emulate PBX or Key system
behavior, mix, and match, or change it on the fly.
Key System Behavior:
• Push a button for a specific outside lines; incoming calls
illuminate that line’s button
• One incoming call can go to many people

Qualification criteria

• A heavy user or provider of IT, multimedia products and PBX System Behavior:
services.
• Calls are routed to an extension by a phone system (e.g.,
• Many knowledge workers need to be employed achieve
10x or 6x) in your office
the environmental guidelines
• One person can handle many incoming calls
• Achieve the environmental guidelines
• The building or companies are needed in an MSC Malaysia-
designated Cybercities
• Separate legal entity should be created for MSC Malaysia
qualifying business and activities.
• Provide the strong value and technology transfer MSC for
developing MSC Malaysia

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CONCLUSION TELECOMMUNICATION FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING

• Telecommunication is not only about telephone systems, but its INSTALLATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION:
cable systems can also be used in security alarms, fire alarm,
computer networking and fax machine as well as lift control.
• It is vital for a high rise building to provide a high quality of
telecommunication systems to become a highly grade and MAIN TELECOM ROOM (MTR)
intelligent building especially for business cooperation
companies.
• Telecommunication room (TR) should be kept in the range
18°C to 24°C to prevent overheat that will cause fire.

FLOOR TELECOM CLOSET (FTC)

Applications of Telecommunication to high-rise buildings:

- Needs to be very well planned

- Certified & qualified professionals needed
- M&E must collaborate
- Process and design issues resolved, avoiding amendments
after completion

Telecommunication Rooms (TR) include:

- Main Telecom room (MTR)

- Mobile Service room
- Rooftop Service room
- Floor Telecom closet (FTC)

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Telecommunication Rooms (TR) must be:
- Must be vertically aligned and linked by a shared
containment system
- Easily accessible for maintenance
- Secure from unauthorized entry
Cable trays must be:
- Cable tray covers installed
- Cables free from sharp edges & earth bonded
- Cable trays must be easily accessible
- Cable trays in accessible public areas must be covered
Other requirements:
• Provisions made for connections to:
- Public phones
- ATM machines
- Retail kiosks
• Fiber optics connections are installed from MTR to
Business consolidation cabinet
System – is a set of interacting or interdependent components
forming an integrated whole.
• Some system has structure
• Some system has behavior
• Some system has interconnectivity
• Almost EVERYTHING on earth has its own system.
COMPUTER SYSTEM
CASE STUDY: Santander Tower, Miami
Santander Bank Group
• The Santander banco group is the client of the project.
• Founded in 1857 in Latin America
• Santander bank has several headquarters across the world
which includes the United Kingdom, Latin America, and
Europe.
• The client wanted to demolish the already existing 14 story
building to replace with the 860ft tower for their new branch
in Miami Florida.
Santander Tower
• The building is a proposed 860ft building and yet to be
constructed.
• The building was designed by kohn Pedersen fox associates
• The design was made upon winning a competition to design
the building.
• Kohn Pedersen fox is a well renowned award-winning
architectural firm and very reputable for incorporate
sustainability within their designs.
• The awards include:
1. City Heritage Award for Building Conservation-Sixty
London
2. AIA New York Design AwardGa Mashie
The Telecommunication infrastructure design:
• In a high rise multi store building there should be:
- Uniformity the continuous dominant signal
- Of good quality.
• To achieve and ensure good wireless coverage and traffic
load management of the occupant’s usage, several features
and technologies were proposed to be incorporated within
the design of the building.
Riser Cable
• Multi conductor copper backbone riser cable was used as well
as an OM4 type glass fiber optic cable for better
transmission.
• These cables and single mode fiber stretched from the data
center to each IDF rooms respectively along the length of
the high-rise building.
• The internet-based security system is a system that will
enable each tenant to manage their own independent office
space with further control by the building management of
the Santander building
Data Center
• The building contains a 1 100-sf data center located on the
ground floor.
• It designed to ANSI/TIA/EIA-942 telecommunication
infrastructure standard for data center in the United States.
• The data center is used to house equipment such as servers,
to manage data and other it related operation of the
building.
Raised Access Floors and IDF Rooms/Closets:
• The horizontal cabling is made of Cat 6+ fiber.
• Category 6+ made up of larger copper conductor.
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• This allows it to transmit a stronger signal as well as a faster
signal to the receiver compared to the lower standard of
cabling.
• The tenant floors include raised access floor to cater for the
horizontal cabling to the IDF closet per floor and to the
additional tenant IDF closets in their lease space.
• The tenant may choose to have their own telecommunication
services and/or lease intrabuilding fiber links between office
levels.
Security system:
• Internet based security system
• It is a system that will enable each tenant to manage their
own independent office space with further control by the
building management of the Santander building
Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)
• Call centers and other large organizations
• Single access number to provide several lines to outside
callers
• External lines to internal callers
• Automated telephone switching system
CONCLUSION:
• Through the various applications, communication can be
achieved as a result.
• Telecommunication systems in a high-rise building differs
from a low rise building by having a much more complex
design and it requires transmission to a longer range
compared to other buildings.
• Effectiveness depends on:
- Applications are up to standards.
- The quality of the materials and cabling
• Good management will allow the system less of maintenance
throughout the life span of the building.
• The rooms are to be kept in a required temperature and
follow fire safety requirement.
CIVIL ENGINEERS, STEWARDS TO THE ENVIRONMENT,
THROUGH GREEN BUILDING AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
Traditional building practices and energy sources we used to
do:
• Guided by short tens economic considerations
• little concern to the environment
• Damage to the environment
Solution:
• Includes but not limited to innovative green building
designs and renewable energy sources that help civil
engineers comply to their duty as steward of the
environment
Green Buildings
Design Considerations:
• Reduce energy consumption through innovative green
designs.
• Better ambient air (indoor and outdoor)
• Lower and wiser usage of materials
• Positive economical impact
• Positive social impact
• Minimize spaces
• Better management of water.
Ways To Implement green buildings:
• Minimize space loss through architectural designs.
• Allow sunlight to enter inside the building to reduce the
use of lighting.
• Recycle the wastewater in a small treatment plant located
in the basement.
• Use energy saving glass panels in high rise building.
• Collect rainwater and use it for irrigation.
• Plant trees and flowers
• Use eco-friendly materials, such paints that do not emit
volatile gases
• Continuous green maintenance along the life of the
building.
Green Certification
There are different rating & certification programs around
the world for Green Buildings, such as:
1. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
certification in USA
2. Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method (BREEAM) (Britian) Arz Certification in
Lebanon
A building must get a certification from a recognized green
certification agency to be formally accepted as a green building.
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Examples of Certified Green Buildings in Lebanon
1. American University of Beirut – IOEC Building, Lebanon
2. Beirut City Centre Mall-Hazmieh, Lebanon
3. Résidences La Brocéllande – Lebanon
4. International College Elementary School – Beirut, Lebanon
Cost of new building
In general, the construction of friendly buildings may be
expensive on the short run, involving new technologies new
appliances tend to be more costly. Depending on the complexity of
works done the price of a Green Building concept may increase from
0 to 20% weighted to a conventional design. But usually, green
buildings yield to times as much over the entire life of the building.
The efficiency in using the utilities results in more savings in money
which leads to a decrease in energy bills.
Policies & Regulations
• Any building to be constructed after a certain date to have
at least 10 % green area in the vicinity of the building.
• Any building that is designed and eventually constructed
on an environmentally friendly basis (be certified by a
certifying agency) will have its taxes for the government
reduced a certain percentage depending on the degree of
sustainability, and this regulation shall be an incentive for
developers to go green.
• The government will Lower Taxes on companies producing
solar energy panels and support the prices of these panels
so that customers will be encouraged to buy such devices
and put them on their roofs.
• Have a public speaking with concerned authorities
(municipalities, stakeholders, people)
• And professionals and discuss the socio-economical
impacts of this project (mandatory).
Renewable Resources
Renewable Resources
- any energy resource that is naturally regenerated over a
short time scale and derived directly from the sun (such as
thermal, photochemical, and photoelectric), indirectly from
the sun (such as wind, hydropower, and photosynthetic
energy stored in biomass), or from other natural
movements and mechanisms of the environment (such as
geothermal and tidal energy)
Renewable energy does not include energy resources derived
from fossil fuels, waste products from fossil sources, or waste
products from inorganic sources.
Some main types of renewable energy are:
• Solar energy
• Geothermal energy
• Wind energy
• Hydroelectrical energy
Solar Energy
- an energy source that involves tapping the radiant light
energy that is emitted by the sun and converting it into
electricity
- is a form of clean energy
The solar panels used to produce electrical or chemical
energy use the energy from the sun radiations to convert it to
electrical or chemical energy. This is a green way to produce
energy.
Example: Beirut River Solar Snake
Geothermal Energy
- refers to the energy that is generated and stored in the
earth, or is derived from the heat that is obtained in the
earth’s core
- is a clean source of energy and its wells releases very
small amount of greenhouse gases compared to the
amount of greenhouse gases that are released by the
burning of fossil fuels.
Windmills
- form of energy conversion in which turbines convert the
kinetic energy of wind into mechanical or electrical energy
that can be used for power
- could be used in the areas where there is high speed of
wind
- could be installed on the top of the buildings or even in
open land where wind reaches its maximum speed
Example: in the Beqaa region in Lebanon where the wind
reaches more than 120 km/h in wintertime; and in
Copenhagen in Denmark, the first green city of the world.
Hydro Electrical Power Plants
Governments could put a strategy to collect the runoff
water to be used in producing power or even in agriculture. This is
done by constructing dams and using hydroelectrical turbines to
convert the energy in the water to electricity
Examples:
1. Qaraoun’s Lake that is an artificial lake or reservoir
located in the southern region of the Beqaa Valley,
Lebanon. It is 61-metre-high (200 ft.) concrete-faced
rockfill dam (the largest dam in Lebanon) in the middle
reaches of the Litani River. The reservoir has been used
for hydropower generation (190 megawatts), domestic
water supply, and for irrigation of 27.500 hectares
(68,000 acres).
2. Nahr Ibrahim Dam. Bared and Nahr Ibrahim have an
installed capacity of respectively 17 and 33MW.
All the hydropower units are between 40 and 70 years old and
are in need of renovation.
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Policies & Regulations
• Governments should have a policy to achieve a percentage
its total energy production as renewable.
Example: by year 2020, 40% of the existing thermal
electric plants should be constituted by renewable sources.
• Loans should be given to municipalities to implement wind
farms, solar panel system, dams, or other renewable
energy sources
• International affiliations between countries to implement a
plan for renewable energy worldwide.
• Renewable energy sources, example wind farms can be
used as a touristic site.
• We can have people invest in renewable energy and
benefit from an interest rate on the money just like in a
bank Individuals will invest with the government and the
government will give them bonds that gain interest and
use their money for renewable energy.
Although on the short run, renewable energy sources can be
seemed costly and ineffective. But on the long run, the return on
investment is much higher, also the benefit on the environment is
major
CONCLUSION
According to the result of our study, we understood what
Green Buildings are and we reached some important findings as
follows:
• By applying Green Building designs, we can improve the
appearance and quality of urban environment while
increasing sense of comfort for people who stay indoors.
• Green Buildings are not just about architectural design.
The Green Building material plays an important role in
the Green Buildings. Architectural design plus the
architectural material based on the concept of Green
Buildings are capable of better saving the earth. This
trend is a great benefit to our environment, and this
situation is what we love to see
• Sustainable infrastructure makes us live friendly with our
environment
• Sustainable energy sources should be our future energy
• We should make green changes in order to get rewarded
by the environment through lesser typhoons, global
warming, and other humans caused natural disaster.
GREEN BUILDINGS
(VIKRANT SANKE – 14AR10027)
Green building
- is a sustainable or a high-performance building which:
• uses less water
• optimizes energy efficiency
• conserves natural resources
• generates less waste
• provides healthier space for occupants as
compared to conventional buildings
- is the practice of creating structures and processes that
are environment friendly and resource efficient throughout
the lifespan of a building right from site selection to
design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation,
and deconstruction.
- a structure that is environmentally responsible and
resource-efficient throughout the building’s life cycle
Why green buildings?
• One of the main goals is to make Earth more
sustainable
• Global climate change has become an increasingly
serious concern for the future
• At the rate we are developing, the earth is simply not
sustainable. In coming years, we will begin to run out of
certain natural resources that are needed for us to survive
• The ideal green building would be a building project that
would allow us to preserve most of the natural
environment around the project site while still being
able to produce a building that is going to serve a
purpose.
Benefits of green buildings
1. Environmental Benefits
- Conserve natural resources
- Reduce wastage of water
- Improve air and water quality
- Protect biodiversity and ecosystem
2. Economic Benefits
- Create market for green product and services
- Reduce operating costs
- Improve occupant productivity
3. Social Benefits
- Minimize strain on local infrastructure
- Improve quality of life
- Improve occupant health and comfort
Issues for investment in green Buildings:
• There is a misconception that going green costs more
money and hence people avoid it.
• It may be a bit costly to get started because green
materials and products can be more costly, but the
savings are more in the long term
• Green building is more of an investment that will be able
to save us money, as well as an investment that will be
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able to help the environment a win-win situation for - rates non-air-conditioned buildings as green and
everyone puts great emphasis on local and traditional
construction knowledge

Changing features of green buildings

2. Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
• It is to be noted that not all green buildings need to be the
same Green projects rated by IGBC fall under one of the following
• Different countries and regions have a variety of levels (in ascending order):
characteristics all of which shape their approach to green
building, such as: 1. Certified
a. Distinctive climatic conditions 2. Silver
b. Unique cultures and traditions 3. Gold
c. diverse building types and ages 4. Platinum
d. wide-ranging environmental, economic, and
social priorities The more the energy efficient building, the higher the
certification level

Fundamental principles for going ‘green’:

1. Structure efficiency Renewable energy utilization

Structure has a great impact on cost and performance 1. BIPV and Solar Panels
2. Energy efficiency Estimated energy P. A = 20 000kWh
Using natural light and trees for shading rather than
2. Windmill + solar panel
conditioning Estimated energy (18 windmills & 243 solar panels) P.A =
3. Water efficiency 2 300 000 kWh
Minimizing water consumption by proper collection and
use, then purify and reuse
Water Usage Practices
4. Material efficiency
Recyclable materials are better to use • 100% wastewater treatment through onsite sewage
5. Waste and toxic reduction treatment plant
• 100% use of recycled water for landscaping, air-
Waste from one thing can be an input for sine other
conditioning, and flushing
thing if used wisely • Landscape with naturalized and adapted plant species
• Innovative rainwater harvesting system-pebble drains to
collect excess water
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) • Use of low flow faucets, touch less urinals with sensors
and dual flush
- is the most widely used green building rating system in • Actual data for the year 2010-11 reveals that 0% water is
the world disposed and around 56% water is recycled
- provides a framework to create healthy, highly efficient
and cost- saving green buildings 60% water savings

LEED certification is a globally recognized symbol of

sustainability achievement.
Waste Management Practices

• Implementation of Zero waste practices

LEED Certification Levels: • Waste segregation at source where biodegradable waste
processed in OWC on site system and non-biodegradable
• 40-49 points – LEED Certified waste processed through approved and certified recycling
• 50-59 points – Silver Certification vendors
• 60-70 points – Gold Certification • Total organic waste generated from the campus during
• 80+ points – Platinum Certification last year was 19,000 kg
• Generated organic manure used for landscaping
• Green housekeeping practices with appropriate systems
Green Building Rating System India and certified products

There are two primary Rating systems in India: 85% recycle waste

1. Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment

(GRIHA)
- aims at ensuring that all kinds of buildings become
green buildings

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Sustainable Material Usage
• Material: Around 80% of regional materials (within a
radius of 800 km) are used in this project
• Recycle Content: Products with high recycle content are
used, which
• Measure to about 13.26% of the total value of the
materials in the project.
• Rapidly Renewable Material: Around 10% of rapidly
renewable material e.g., bamboo flooring and furniture
used
80% Regional Materials
Environmental Quality
• CO, sensors in densely occupied spaces
• CD sensors at parking
• HVAC system designed for 30% higher ventilation rates
than ASHARE Standards
• Use of low volatile emitting adhesives, sealants, paints,
carpet, and composite wood products. The entire campus
is a NO SMOKING zone for overall health benefits and
environmental quality improvement.
90% Occupants use daylight
Practices to Reduce Air Pollution during construction:
• Cover and enclosure
• Awareness Programmes
• NO SMOKING policy on site
• Water spraying
Net Impact
Example Of Green Buildings:
1. Suzlon One Earth, Pune India
• LEED India Platinum with 57 points
• GRIHA Five Certification with 97 points
• It is eco-friendly, self-sufficient headquarters of
the company.
• The campus is spread across 10 acres
• An office building campus with calm and cool
atmosphere
2. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA), India
RGIA’s Passenger Terminal Building is certified for
Leadership in Energy Environmental Design (LEED) silver rating by
the US Green Building Council (US GBC).
RGIA received the best landscape award from the State
Govt. in the years 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013
Green Cover
- an area of 273 hectares, greenbelt developed with various
plants
- 971 hectares of natural greenery undisturbed
- About 124 tonnes of CO2/annum removal from the
environment.
Energy Conservation
• GMR Hyderabad International Airport Limited
(GHIAL) has achieved electricity savings of 3.397 million
kWh (kilowatt hour) on an average in the last three years
• GHIAL has been certified for ISO 50001, which is an
international standard for energy management system
Some of the important energy conservation measures
include:
- Introduction of energy efficient LED (Light Emitting Diode)
lighting
- Implementation of Building Automation System
- Optimization of air conditioning units according to ambient
temperature and weather conditions
Air and Noise Pollution Control
• Use of battery-operated vehicles
• Fixed Electrical Ground Power (FEGP) units for aircraft in
place of Auxiliary Power Unit
• Pollution Control Measures for diesel generator (DG) sets
• Single engine taxing procedure or restriction in the use of
reverse thrust
Wastewater Management
• Wastewater is being treated in Sewage Treatment Plant
(STP) at site and reused for flushing and plantation
• Sludge from STP is being used as manure
Rainwater Harvesting
• The runoff water is collected from the paved areas into
three major drains in the
• Total runoff water collection facility is 185000 KL
• The water is treated through Oil & Water separator
• The recharge basin contains 10 recharge structures. Each
structure contains five recharged wells
• The rainwater net recharge is estimated at 1.729 million
cubic meter per annum
• The water is used for flushing and irrigation
Solid Waste Management
• Food waste generated from the airport is converted as
compost on the site
• Compost generation is about 355 tonnes per annum
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• Compost and STP sludge are being used as manure in
place of chemical
• Paper and plastic waste are being handed over to recyclers
• Used Oil, E-waste, & Bio-medical waste disposed off to
State Pollution Control Board authorized agency
• Used lead acid batteries are handed over to dealers on
buyback bass
Continuous Environmental Quality Monitoring
• CO2 emissions from such buildings add to the
environmental pollution and global warming which
might result in catastrophic consequences such as:
a. Reduction in agricultural output and global food
production
b. Rise in the sea level in coastal plains
c. Alteration in ecosystem and biodiversity pattern
d. Prolonged flooding in regions receiving abundant
rainfall

RGI Airport is the first airport in India to commission an

integrated online continuous environmental monitoring station

Parameters Monitored

• Ambient air quality: PM10 & PM 2.5, Sulphur

dioxide and nitrogen oxide, Sound level
• Weather: Wind speed, wind direction, vertical
wind, barometric pressure, air temperature, solar
radiation, relative humidity, and rainfall

In addition to this, a third-party environmental quality

monitoring is being done at location in and around the
airport

Some green construction practices:

• Constructing green roof systems

• Installing energy efficient windows and doors
• Maximizing natural light
• Using sustainable building materials and renewable
materials
• Using lower volatile organic compounds (VOC) paints
• Using renewable energy to power the building
• Adding water harvesting and purification systems that
both manage and make the most use of rainfall

Green building benefits

• Reduced energy costs and operating costs

• Reduced Government tax incentives
• Reduced maintenance costs
• Additional business opportunities
• Healthier and happier workers
• Fewer headaches, as well as improvements in asthma and
allergy symptoms
• Will sell for more money than a standard building

What if we ignore green building concepts?

• Because of indiscriminate use of concrete and

conventional building materials in urban areas, the
normal atmospheric temperature is relatively higher
than areas with few buildings

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LEED CERTIFIED BUILDINGS IN THE PHILIPPINES
(From propertyasia.ph)
1. Arya Residences
Location: Lot 4-1, McKinley Parkway, BGC, Taguig City
This two-tower condominium complex was awarded a LEED
Gold certification in 2016. Its environment-friendly features include:
- Use of local vegetation that needs less maintenance and
water usage
- Water conscious landscape design
- Energy efficient appliances and systems
- Use of low VOC (Volatile Organic Content) paints and
sealants
- Use of low-flow, low-flush fixtures
- Use of high-quality, eco-friendly sustainable materials
- Bicycle racks for cyclists
- Every unit allows a better air circulation, abundant natural
light, noise proof walls
LEED BD+C: New Construction (v2.2) | Score: 43/69
2. Citi Plaza
Location: 34th Street, Taguig City
This building was awarded LEED Platinum certification in
November 2017, earning high points for the use of green power,
optimized lighting power, and innovation in design, among others
3. Union Bank, Olongapo branch
Location: 87 Magsaysay Drive, East Tapinac, Olongapo
Awarded the LEED Platinum certification in February 2017, the
building received high points for sustainability, water efficiency, and
innovation. Some of its green features are:
- Rainwater catchment used for flushing toilets and roof
deck garden irrigation
- Bicycle racks for employees
- Occupancy sensors for its AC, lighting, and water fixtures
- Solar roof panels
4. Unilever Bayanihan Project
Location: Stop Over Building, 31 Street, Taguig City
Obtaining LEED Platinum certification in March 2017, the
building received top points for energy savings, sustainability, and
water efficiency. Its green features include:
- Quality views for 90% of occupied space
- Daylight for 75% of occupied space
- 90% use of Energy Star equipment
LEED ID+C: Commercial Interior v3 - LEED 2009 | Score: 88/100
5. Zuellig Building
Location: Makati Ave. corner Paseo de Roxas, Makati City
This was one of the first buildings in the Philippines to obtain a
LEED certification: first at Gold level in 2009, then at Platinum level
in 2013. Some of the building's gram features arm
- Pedestrian-friendly location and amenities
- Innovative all-pass facade using low emissivity coating,
which minimizes heat while maximizing sunlight
- Stormwater collection
- Innovative wastewater systems
- Use of regional materials
LEED BD+C: Core and Shell (v2.0) | Score: 45/62
6. Texas Instruments Philippines Clark
Location: West Industrial State, Clark Freeport Zone, Pampanga
This facility's Gold certification in 2010 came on the heels of
the Silver certification obtained by Texas Instruments Philippines'
facility in Baguio in 2009, the first-ever to be awarded to any
Philippine building. Some of Texas Instruments Philippines Clark's
green features are:
- Reflective roof with a section of vegetative roofing to
reduce heat and water runoff
- Automated lighting system with sensors to take advantage
of daylight
- Use of desiccant wheel air cooling system to provide
dehumidified cooled air; this system uses water as a
refrigerant and is regenerated using waste heat
- More than 96% of the construction waste recycled
- Use of reclaimed water for flushing
LEED BD+C: New Construction v2 - LEED 2.2. | Score:36/69
7. Pioneer House CDO
Location: Don Apolinar Velez Street corner Mabini Street, Cagayan
de Oro
LEED Platinum certified since 2015, this seven-story building
features the following:
- Energy-saving elevators
- Fuel-saving generators with noise suppressors
- Shower facilities for employees/tenants who cycle or walk
to work
- 100% LED lighting
LEED BD+C: Core and Shell v3 - 2009 | Score: 83/110
8. Bench Tower
Location: 30th Street corner Rizal Drive, The Fort, Taguig City
LEED Gold certified since 2016, this building's green features
include:
- Low-E double glass wall
- LED and CFL lighting
- Low water flushing systems
- Green pockets
LEED BD+C; Core and Shell v3-LEED 2009 | Score: 61/110
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9. Wells Fargo Center (Buildings A, B, C)

FORMULAS
Location: Taguig City

LEED Platinum certified since October 2014; these three 5-

story buildings have the following noteworthy sustainable features: Wavelength 𝑉 Wave speed or
denoted as lambda
𝜆= velocity measured
- 45% less water using than standard buildings by providing 𝑓
and is measured in in 𝑚⁄𝑠
water efficient plumbing fixtures
- Exterior landscape does not use potable water for
meters (m)
irrigating plants and vegetation Frequency of wave
- Its wide-glass architecture infiltrates natural light into the measured in hertz
building by installing double glazed gas-filled insulated (Hz) or 1⁄𝑠
(Low-E) glass, which reflects the sun's heat away from the
building
- Its construction materials contained more than 30 percent
recycled content; this building also earned bonus point by
using over 30% of locally available materials 𝑐 Speed of light that
- Innovative indoor air quality features, including the 𝜆= is 3𝑥108 𝑚⁄𝑠
provision of CO2 sensors, which ensures fresh air delivery
𝑓
to the building's occupants
- Use of low emitting paints and materials throughout the
interior spaces
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
decibel 𝑑𝐵 = 20 log output voltage
LEED ID+C: Commercial Interiors (v2009) | Score: 84/110 𝑉𝑖𝑛
input voltage

Conversion line:

deka or deca (da)

hector (h)
mega (M)

micro (μ)
giga (G)

centi (c)
tera (T)

milli (m)
deci (d)

pico (p)
kilo (k)

ano (n)
base

109 103 101 10−1 10−3 10−9

1012 106 102 10−2 10−6 10−12

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FROM QUIZ ABOUT TELECOMMUNICATION RENEWABLE ENERGY

By: Said Salim Palayi

Transmitter – collection of electronic components and circuits

designed to convert electrical signal to a suitable for Energy Sources
transmission
1. Fossil fuels – are in limited amounts. Can’t be replaced.
Channel – a medium by which electronic signal is sent from one
place to another Examples: coal, oil, and gas

Receiver – a collection of electric components that accepts the
transmitted message from the channel and to a form
understandable by humans
Transceiver – equipment that both transmit and receive signals
2. Nuclear fuels -limited amounts of uranium for nuclear
fission reactors but reprocessing of fuel possible.
3. Renewable Energy Sources - They are being replaced
or generated at the same rate that they are being utilized.

Attenuation – is also called signal degradation

Simplex – simplest way of electronic communication, such as TV Renewable Energy Sources

broadcasting
1. Hydro power
Analog signal – smooth and continuous voltage or current 2. Wind Energy
3. Solar energy
Digital signal – signal that change in steps or discrete increments 4. Tidal, Waves, and Sea currents
5. Geothermal Energy
20 Hz to 20 kHz – frequency range for human hearing 6. Biomass & Biofuels

Wireless LANs is called as Wi-Fi

Internet optics – it is called the monitoring or control of remote

devices, appliances, and other items accomplished by a Hydro Electricity Generation
combination of wireless and internet connectivity

Hydroelectricity – refers to electricity generated by hydropower,

the production of electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water.

2 Types of Hydro Electricity Generation:

1. Storage type

Working of Storage type Hydro Station

Potential energy in the retained water is transferred into kinetic

energy by water flowing through the pipes with high speed.

The force and high pressure in the water turns a series of

shafts in a generator. Spinning shafts in the generator charges coils
and magnets to create electricity, which is regulated by a
transformer. This is then transported cables to homes and factories

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2. Run-off-river System

Run-off River Scheme

Working of Run-off-River System

In ROR systems, running water is diverted from a river and

guided down a channel, or penstock, which leads to a generating
house. Here, the force of the moving water spins a turbine, which
then drives a generator. Used water is fed back into the main river
further downstream. The difference between run-of-river and large,
conventional storage hydro, is the absence of a dam and reservoir.
Run-of-river relies on coursing rivers to generate electricity, as
opposed to stored water.

Categories Inside a Wind Turbine:

Sizes of Hydroelectric Power Plants Facilities range in size from

large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to
small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy
needs or to sell power to utilities.

• Large (Above 10 MW)

• Small (Below 10 MW)
• Micro (up to 100 kW of power)
• Pico (Under 5 kW)

Wind Electricity

Wind power is converted to Electrical power by use of wind

turbines. A wind farm consists of several individual wind turbines
which are connected to the electric power transmission network.

Offshore generation
Wind Turbine System
Average wind speed is 1.9 times more than onshore.
Wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor electrical shaft
and generator at the top The of tower.

The blades rotate at 10 to 22 revolutions per minute.

Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the Solar Energy Systems
blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an
electrical generator.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed
using a range of ever evolving technologies such as Solar Heating,
Photovoltaics, Solar Thermal Energy.

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2 Types of Solar Energy Systems: Grid Tie Inverter (Grid Interactive Inverter)

1. Solar Thermal Generation (Concentrated Solar

Power System)

Solar Thermal Generation Working

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors

to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

Solar radiation heats up the thermo-oil that flows through the

receiver to a temperature of 400°Celsius so that a downstream
heat exchanger can generate steam. The steam is used inside the
turbine that rotates the generator.

Grid Tie Inverter - Working

2. Solar Photo Voltaic Electricity Generation
- GTIs are often used to convert DC power produced by
renewable energy sources into the AC with phase
matching to the utility supply
Solar Photovoltaic (PV Systems
- During a period of overproduction from the generating
A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar source, power is routed into the power grid, thereby being
panels, an inverter, a battery and sometimes a solar tracker. sold to the local power company.
- During insufficient power production, it allows for power to
be purchased from the power company

Classifications:

1. Off grid system - works as a stand-alone system. It is 1. Phase Matching

not connected to grid.
Step 1: Sense the phase
2. On grid System - Always connected to the grid. Exports
surplus generation to grid and imports when solar Step 2: Produce phase matched AC
generation is not sufficient to meet load.
Step 3: Rinse &Repeat

2. Anti-Islanding
Solar Cell – also called a photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device
that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the A grid Tie inverter disconnects in the event of power failure to
photovoltaic effect. protect the Utility employees.

Solar Panel Future of Solar Energy

- is an assembly of photovoltaic cells. A University of Texas at Arlington physics professor has helped
- can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic create a hybrid nanomaterial that can be used to convert light and
system to generate and supply electricity in commercial
thermal energy into electrical current, surpassing earlier methods
and residential applications. Output ranges from 100 to
that used either light or thermal energy, but not both.
320 watts

Benefits:

1. Residencies that have a grid-tied electrical system can sell Tidal or Wave Energy
surplus energy to the utility grid.

Tidal Barrage
2. Electricity delivered to the grid can be compensated by
Net metering

Net metering – is where the entity that owns the

renewable energy power source receives compensation
from the utility for its net outflow of power.

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Tidal Power

Pelamis Machine

Generation Principle

When the sea level rises and the tide begins to come in, the
temporary increase in tidal power is channeled into a large basin
behind the dam called tidal barrage, holding a large amount of
potential energy.

With the receding tide, this energy is then converted into

mechanical energy as the water is released through large turbines
that create electrical power though the use of generators.

Marine Current Power Generation

Possibilities
- Marine currents are more predictable than wind and
solar power.
- Marine currents are more power full than wind
- Experimental stage, commercial production not started
Hybrid System
It usually consists of two or more renewable energy sources
used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as
greater balance in energy supply.
Hybrid energy systems oftentimes yield greater economic and
environmental returns than wind, solar, geothermal, or stand-alone
systems by themselves.

WAVE ENERGY GENERATION

Advantages of Photovoltaic Wind Hybrid Systems:

Pelamis Machine
This would create more output from the wind turbine during
It consists of a series of semi-submerged cylindrical sections the winter, whereas during the summer, the solar panels would
linked by hinged joints. As waves pass along the length of the
produce their peak output.
machine, the sections move relative to one another.

The wave-induced motion of the sections is resisted by

hydraulic cylinders which pump high pressure oil through hydraulic
motors via smoothing hydraulic accumulators. The hydraulic motors
drive electrical generators to produce electricity.

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Geothermal Energy

Closer to the earth surface, the rocks layers are hot enough to
keep water and air spaces there at a temperature of about 50-60
degrees F (10-16 degrees C). Geothermal technology takes
advantage of the hot close-to-earth-surface temperatures to
generate power.

In places with hotter 'close-to-earth-surface' temperatures,

deep wells can be drilled, and cold water pumped down. The water
runs through fractures in the rocks and is heated up. It returns to
the surface as hot water and steam, where its energy can be used
to drive turbines and electricity generators.

Geothermal System

Renewable Energy: Potential of Kerala, India

Wind Power Potential

Kerala had the potential to generate nearly 2,000 mw of wind

energy at three spots: Ramakkalmedu, Kanjikode, and
Attappadi in Palakkad district.

Kerala was at present generating only 22mW of wind power,

Solar Energy Potential

Kerala has a total wasteland area of 2445.63km2. Electric

energy could be developed in that area is 1093.68 MU/day. Annual
electrical energy generated in the area is about 3,99,195 MU.

By considering the 4% of wastelands (73.36 km2) annual

electricity generated is about 15,967 MU. This shows that the
electricity generated would be at least 1.12 times higher than the
present demand (14226.1 MU).

Hydel Generation potential of Kerala State

- Kerala is abundant with natural waterfalls and streams.

- Kerala has a potential for 4333 MW
- So far only 1835 MW (40%) of the hydro potential of the
State has been tapped.

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