1

1 The structures of seven compounds or elements, A, B, C, D, E, F and G, are shown.

A B C D
H H H H H H
O C O P
H C C C H H C C C H H H
H
H H H H

E F G
H O

H C O H S
O O
H

State which structure, A, B, C, D, E, F or G, represents an element.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 The structures of seven compounds or elements, A, B, C, D, E, F and G, are shown.

A B C D
H H H H H H
O C O P
H C C C H H C C C H H H
H
H H H H

E F G
H O

H C O H S
O O
H

State which structure, A, B, C, D, E, F or G, represents a substance that is used for cutting tools.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

3 Steel is an alloy of iron.

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(a) Choose two substances from the list that are used in the conversion of iron from the blast
furnace into steel.

calcium oxide

carbon dioxide

hydrogen

nitrogen

oxygen

silicon(IV) oxide

sulfur dioxide

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) State the meaning of the term alloy.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

4 The structures of seven compounds or elements, A, B, C, D, E, F and G, are shown.

A B C D
H H
P
H C C H N N Cl Cl
Cl
H H

E F G
H H H H H H
O
H C C O H H H C C C C H

H H H H H

State which structure, A, B, C, D, E, F or G, represents an element that conducts electricity.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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5 Steel is an alloy.

Choose the diagram, J, K, L or M, which best represents an alloy.

J K L M

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

6 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances,
D, E, F, G, H and I.

melting point boiling point conducts electricity conducts electricity

substance
/ °C / °C when solid when liquid

D 1083 2567 yes yes

E −117 79 no no

F 3550 4827 no no

G 119 445 no no

H −210 −196 no no

I 801 1413 no yes

Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which has a macromolecular structure.

Give two reasons for your choice.

substance .................................................................................................................................

reason 1 ...................................................................................................................................

reason 2 ................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]
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7 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances,
D, E, F, G H and I.

melting point boiling point conducts electricity conducts electricity

substance
/ °C / °C when solid when solid

D 1083 2567 yes yes

E −117 79 no no

F 3550 4827 no no

G 119 445 no no

H −210 −196 no no

I 801 1413 no yes

Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is a metal. Give a reason for your choice.

substance .................................................................................................................................

reason ...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

8 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances,
D,E, Fb, G, H and I.

melting point boiling point conducts electricity conducts electricity

substance
/ °C / °C when solid when liquid

D 1083 2567 yes yes

E −117 79 no no

F 3550 4827 no no

G 119 445 no no

H −210 −196 no no

I 801 1413 no yes

Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is an ionic solid. Give a reason for your choice.

substance .................................................................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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9 Ester Y has the structure shown.

O H

H C O C H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of

ester Y.

O
H

H C O C H

[3]

[Total: 3]

10 Potassium is a Group I element.

Potassium combines with sulfur to form an ionic compound, potassium sulfide, K2S.

Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]
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11 A carboxylic acid Y has the structure shown.

H C O H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of carboxylic
acid Y.

H C O H

.
[3]

[Total: 3]

12 Diamond and graphite are different solid forms of carbon. The carbon atoms in diamond and graphite
are arranged in different ways.

(a) State the number of covalent bonds each carbon atom has in diamond.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State the term used to describe the structure of diamond.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Name an oxide that has a similar structure to diamond.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Describe the arrangement of atoms in graphite.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(e) Explain how graphite conducts electricity.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
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13 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the ions in
sodium oxide.

....... .......

Na O

.......

Na

[3]

[Total: 3]

14 Potassium is a Group I element.

Potassium combines with sulfur to form an ionic compound, potassium sulfide, K2S.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the ions in
potassium sulfide.

....... .......

K S

.......

[3]

[Total: 3]
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15 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3. Show outer shell electrons only.

Cl P Cl

Cl

[2]

[Total: 2]

16 Potassium is a Group I element.

Name and describe the bonding in potassium.

name ........................................................................................................................................

description ................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

17 Diamond is a form of carbon.

The structure of diamond is shown.
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(a) Choose the word which best describes the structure of diamond.

Draw a circle around your chosen answer.

giant ionic metallic simple

[1]

(b) Name the type of bonding in diamond.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Give one use of diamond.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]
3
18 The table shows the masses of some ions in a 1000 cm sample of toothpaste.

3
mass of ion in 1000 cm
name of ion formula of ion
of toothpaste / g
+
NH4 0.2
2+
calcium Ca 0.8
2-
CO3 0.7
-
chloride Cl 0.9
-
fluoride F 2.2
2+
magnesium Mg 2.0
3-
phosphate PO4 24.4
+
sodium Na 34.2
2-
sulfate SO4 10.1
2+
tin(II) Sn 0.4
2+
zinc Zn 0.1

Answer these questions using only the information in the table.

3
(a) State which negative ion has the highest mass in 1000 cm of toothpaste.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
+ 2-
(b) Name the compound that contains NH4 and CO3 ions.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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3
(c) Calculate the mass of fluoride ions in 250 cm of toothpaste.

mass = ....................g [1]

[Total: 3]

19 Choose the two correct statements about nitrogen and hydrogen in a mixture.

Tick (✓) two boxes.

The nitrogen and hydrogen mixture can be separated by physical means.

The nitrogen and hydrogen mixture is liquid at room temperature.

The atoms of nitrogen and hydrogen in the mixture are chemically combined.

Air is mainly a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen.

The bonding in both nitrogen and hydrogen molecules is covalent.

[2]

[Total: 2]

20 Sodium reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride.

(a) State the colour of chlorine gas.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Chlorine is a diatomic molecule.

State the meaning of the term diatomic.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of sodium with chlorine.

2 Na + ...............→ ...............NaCl [2]

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(d) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.

Describe two physical properties of ionic compounds.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 6]

21 A list of symbols and formulae is shown.

−
Br

CH4

CO2
2+
Cu

H2
+
K
+
Na

N2

O2

Answer the question using a symbol or formula from the list.

State which symbol or formula represents an ion formed when an atom gains an electron.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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22 A list of symbols and formulae is shown.

Al2O3
C2H5OH
CO2
Fe2O3
H2
He
+
K
+
Li
N2
+
Na
O

State which symbol or formula represents an ion that is formed when an atom gains electrons.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

23 This question is about nitrogen.

Nitrogen molecules have the formula N2.

Some properties of nitrogen are shown:

• melting point of −210 °C

• boiling point of −196 °C
• non-conductor of electricity when solid
• insoluble in water.

(a) Name the type of bonding between the atoms in an N2 molecule.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why nitrogen has a low melting point.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain why nitrogen does not conduct electricity.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]
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24 Describe the bonding in a metallic element such as copper.

You may include a diagram as part of your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

25 Hydrazine, N2H4, is a compound that contains nitrogen and hydrogen.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrazine.

Show outer electrons only.

H H

N N

H H

[2]

[Total: 2]
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26 A list of substances is shown.

aluminium oxide carbon dioxide chlorine diamond ethanol

glucose iron(III) oxide limestone nitrogen oxygen

Answer the question using the list of substances.

State which substance is a form of carbon.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]