‭MIS COURSE REVIEW QUESTIONS‬

‭(CORE‬ ‭TEXTBOOK:‬ ‭Management‬ ‭Information‬ ‭Systems‬ ‭–‬ ‭Managing‬ ‭the‬ ‭digital‬

‭firm)‬

‭Chapter 1‬

‭1.‬‭Describe‬‭how‬‭information‬‭systems‬‭have‬‭changed‬‭the‬‭way‬‭businesses‬‭operate‬‭and‬‭their‬ ‭products‬
‭and services.‬

‭ hanges‬ ‭in‬ ‭technology‬ ‭and‬ ‭new,‬ ‭innovative‬ ‭business‬ ‭models‬ ‭have‬ ‭transformed‬ ‭social‬ ‭life‬ ‭and‬ ‭business‬
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‭practices. (chép cx đc mà k chép cx đc)‬

‭-‬ ‭ ocial‬ ‭networking,‬ ‭texting,‬ ‭e-mailing,‬ ‭and‬ ‭webinars‬ ‭have‬ ‭all‬ ‭become‬‭essential‬‭tools‬‭of‬‭business‬
S
‭because that’s where your customers, suppliers, and colleagues can be found‬
‭-‬ ‭Information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭are‬ ‭the‬ ‭foundation‬ ‭of‬ ‭fast-paced‬ ‭supply‬ ‭chains:‬ ‭the‬ ‭Internet‬ ‭allows‬ ‭many‬
‭businesses to buy, sell, advertise, and solicit customer feedback online.‬
‭-‬ ‭Organizations‬‭are‬‭trying‬‭to‬‭become‬‭more‬‭competitive‬‭and‬‭efficient‬‭by‬‭digitally‬‭enabling‬‭their‬‭core‬
‭business processes and evolving into digital firms.‬
‭-‬ ‭The‬‭Internet‬‭has‬‭stimulated‬‭globalization‬‭by‬‭dramatically‬‭reducing‬‭the‬‭costs‬‭of‬‭producing,‬‭buying,‬
‭and selling goods on a global scale.‬

‭2.‬ ‭Identify‬ ‭three‬ ‭major‬ ‭new‬ ‭information‬ ‭system‬ ‭trends‬ ‭that‬ ‭are‬ ‭influencing‬ ‭the‬ ‭way‬ ‭businesses‬
i‭nteract with employees, customers, suppliers, and business partners.‬

‭-‬ ‭IT Innovations‬

‭ ‬‭continuing‬‭stream‬‭of‬‭information‬‭technology‬‭innovations‬‭is‬‭transforming‬‭the‬‭traditional‬‭business‬‭world.‬
A
‭Examples‬ ‭include‬ ‭the‬ ‭emergence‬ ‭of‬ ‭cloud‬ ‭computing,‬ ‭the‬ ‭growth‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭mobile‬‭digital‬‭business‬‭platform‬
‭based‬‭on‬‭smartphones‬‭and‬‭tablet‬‭computers,‬‭big‬‭data,‬‭business‬‭analytics,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭use‬‭of‬‭social‬‭networks‬‭by‬
‭managers‬ ‭to‬ ‭achieve‬ ‭business‬ ‭objectives.‬ ‭These‬ ‭innovations‬ ‭are‬ ‭enabling‬ ‭entrepreneurs‬ ‭and‬ ‭innovative‬
‭traditional‬ ‭firms‬ ‭to‬ ‭create‬ ‭new‬ ‭products‬ ‭and‬ ‭services,‬ ‭develop‬ ‭new‬ ‭business‬ ‭models,‬ ‭and‬ ‭transform‬ ‭the‬
‭day-to-day‬‭conduct‬‭of‬‭business.‬‭In‬‭the‬‭process,‬‭some‬‭old‬‭businesses,‬‭even‬‭industries,‬‭are‬‭being‬‭destroyed‬
‭while new businesses are springing up.‬

‭-‬ ‭Management Changes‬

‭ he‬ ‭management‬ ‭of‬ ‭business‬ ‭firms‬ ‭has‬ ‭changed:‬ ‭With‬ ‭new‬ ‭mobile‬ ‭smartphones,‬ ‭high-speed‬ ‭wireless‬
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‭Wi-Fi‬‭networks,‬‭and‬‭tablets,‬‭remote‬‭salespeople‬‭on‬‭the‬‭road‬‭are‬‭only‬‭seconds‬‭away‬‭from‬‭their‬‭managers’‬
‭questions‬ ‭and‬ ‭oversight.‬ ‭Business‬ ‭is‬‭going‬‭mobile,‬‭along‬‭with‬‭consumers.‬‭Managers‬‭on‬‭the‬‭move‬‭are‬‭in‬
‭direct,‬‭continuous‬‭contact‬‭with‬‭their‬‭employees.‬‭The‬‭growth‬‭of‬‭enterprise-wide‬‭information‬‭systems‬‭with‬
‭extraordinarily‬ ‭rich‬ ‭data‬ ‭means‬ ‭that‬ ‭managers‬ ‭no‬ ‭longer‬ ‭operate‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭fog‬‭of‬‭confusion‬‭but‬‭instead‬‭have‬
‭online,‬ ‭nearly‬ ‭instant‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭really‬ ‭important‬ ‭information‬ ‭they‬ ‭need‬ ‭for‬ ‭accurate‬ ‭and‬ ‭timely‬
 ‭ ecisions.‬‭In‬‭addition‬‭to‬‭their‬‭public‬‭uses‬‭on‬‭the‬‭web,‬‭wikis‬‭and‬‭blogs‬‭are‬‭becoming‬‭important‬‭corporate‬
d
‭tools for communication, collaboration, and information sharing.‬

‭-‬ ‭Changes in Firms and Organizations‬

‭ ompared‬ ‭to‬ ‭industrial‬ ‭organizations‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭previous‬ ‭century,‬ ‭new‬ ‭fast-growing‬ ‭twenty-first-century‬
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‭business firms put less emphasis on hierarchy and structure and more emphasis on employees‬

‭3. What are management components of information systems?‬

‭ xecutives:‬
E
‭Executives are the people who utilize MIS. These people are computer professionals who operate‬
‭MIS for data processing to achieve organizational goals like planning and decision-making.‬
‭4. What are the organization components of information systems?‬

‭ enior‬‭management‬‭makes‬‭long-range‬‭strategic‬‭decisions‬‭about‬‭products‬‭and‬‭services‬‭as‬‭well‬‭as‬‭ensures‬
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‭financial‬ ‭performance‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭firm.‬ ‭Middle‬ ‭management‬ ‭carries‬ ‭out‬ ‭the‬ ‭programs‬ ‭and‬ ‭plans‬ ‭of‬ ‭senior‬
‭management,‬ ‭and‬ ‭operational‬ ‭management‬ ‭is‬ ‭responsible‬ ‭for‬ ‭monitoring‬ ‭the‬ ‭daily‬ ‭activities‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬
‭business.‬‭Knowledge‬‭workers‬‭,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭engineers,‬‭scientists,‬‭or‬‭architects,‬‭design‬‭products‬‭or‬‭services‬‭and‬
‭create‬ ‭new‬ ‭knowledge‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭firm,‬ ‭whereas‬ ‭data‬ ‭workers‬‭,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭secretaries‬ ‭or‬ ‭clerks,‬ ‭assist‬ ‭with‬
‭scheduling‬‭and‬‭communications‬‭at‬‭all‬‭levels‬‭of‬‭the‬‭firm.‬‭Production‬‭or‬‭service‬‭workers‬‭actually‬‭produce‬
‭the product and deliver the service.‬

‭5. What are technology components of information systems?‬

‭ ardware:‬
H
‭The hardware components of MIS include various input and output devices that helps in‬
‭feeding data as well as displaying the information when required. The input devices‬
‭include the keyboard, scanners and mouse. The output devices may be the monitor,‬
‭printer, network devices, and so on.‬
‭Software:‬
‭Computer programs which are designed to do a specific task for example, MS Office,‬
‭Banking Software’s, Railway’s applications etc, different kinds of software available to‬
 p‭ rocess the data/information in an organization such as ERP (enterprise resource‬
‭planning) and CRM (customer relationship management).‬

‭Một cách trả lời khác cho câu 3,4,5‬

‭--‬

1‭ . Computer Hardware:‬
‭Physical‬‭equipment‬‭used‬‭for‬‭input,‬‭output‬‭and‬‭processing.‬‭The‬‭hardware‬‭structure‬‭depends‬‭upon‬
‭the‬ ‭type‬ ‭and‬ ‭size‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭organization.‬ ‭It‬ ‭consists‬ ‭of‬ ‭an‬ ‭input‬ ‭and‬ ‭an‬ ‭output‬ ‭device,‬ ‭operating‬
‭system, processor, and media devices. This also includes computer peripheral devices.‬
‭2. Computer Software:‬
‭The‬‭programs/‬‭application‬‭program‬‭used‬‭to‬‭control‬‭and‬‭coordinate‬‭the‬‭hardware‬‭components.‬‭It‬‭is‬
‭used‬‭for‬‭analysing‬‭and‬‭processing‬‭of‬‭the‬‭data.‬‭These‬‭programs‬‭include‬‭a‬‭set‬‭of‬‭instructions‬‭used‬
‭for processing information.‬
‭Software is further classified into 3 types:‬
‭1.‬ ‭System Software‬
‭2.‬ ‭Application Software‬
‭3.‬ ‭Procedures‬
3‭ . Databases:‬
‭Data‬ ‭are‬ ‭the‬ ‭raw‬ ‭facts‬ ‭and‬ ‭figures‬ ‭that‬ ‭are‬‭unorganized‬‭that‬‭are‬‭and‬‭later‬‭processed‬‭to‬‭generate‬
‭information.‬ ‭Softwares‬ ‭are‬ ‭used‬ ‭for‬ ‭organizing‬ ‭and‬ ‭serving‬‭data‬‭to‬‭the‬‭user,‬‭managing‬‭physical‬
 s‭ torage‬‭of‬‭media‬‭and‬‭virtual‬‭resources.‬‭As‬‭the‬‭hardware‬‭can’t‬‭work‬‭without‬‭software‬‭the‬‭same‬‭as‬
‭software needs data for processing. Data is managed using a Database management system.‬
‭Database software is used for efficient access for required data, and to manage knowledge bases.‬
‭4. Network:‬
‭●‬ ‭Networks resources refer to the telecommunication networks like the intranet, extranet‬
‭and the internet.‬
‭●‬ ‭These resources facilitate the flow of information in the organization.‬
‭●‬ ‭Networks consist of both the physical devices such as networks cards, routers, hubs‬
‭and cables and software such as operating systems, web servers, data servers and‬
‭application servers.‬
‭●‬ ‭Telecommunications networks consist of computers, communications processors, and‬
‭other devices interconnected by communications media and controlled by software.‬
‭●‬ ‭Networks include communication media, and Network Support.‬
5‭ . Human Resources:‬
‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭associated‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭manpower‬ ‭required‬ ‭to‬ ‭run‬ ‭and‬ ‭manage‬ ‭the‬‭system.‬‭People‬‭are‬‭the‬‭end‬
‭user‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭information‬ ‭system,‬ ‭end-users‬ ‭use‬ ‭information‬ ‭produced‬ ‭for‬ ‭their‬‭own‬‭purpose,‬‭the‬
‭main‬ ‭purpose‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭information‬ ‭system‬ ‭is‬ ‭to‬ ‭benefit‬ ‭the‬ ‭end‬ ‭user.‬ ‭The‬ ‭end‬ ‭user‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬
‭accountants,‬ ‭engineers,‬ ‭salespersons,‬ ‭customers,‬ ‭clerks,‬ ‭or‬ ‭managers‬ ‭etc.‬ ‭People‬ ‭are‬ ‭also‬
‭responsible‬ ‭to‬ ‭develop‬ ‭and‬ ‭operate‬ ‭information‬ ‭systems.‬ ‭They‬ ‭include‬ ‭systems‬ ‭analysts,‬
‭computer operators, programmers, and other clerical IS personnel, and managerial techniques.‬

‭6. Describe the characteristics of a digital firm.‬

‭●‬ A ‭ ‬ ‭digital‬ ‭firm‬ ‭is‬ ‭one‬ ‭in‬ ‭which‬ ‭nearly‬ ‭all‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭organization’s‬‭significant‬‭business‬‭relationships‬
‭with‬ ‭customers,‬ ‭suppliers,‬ ‭and‬ ‭employees‬ ‭are‬ ‭digitally‬ ‭enabled‬ ‭and‬ ‭mediated.‬ ‭Core‬ ‭business‬
‭processes‬ ‭are‬ ‭accomplished‬ ‭through‬ ‭digital‬‭networks‬‭spanning‬‭the‬‭entire‬‭organization‬‭or‬‭linking‬
‭multiple organizations.‬
‭●‬ ‭Key‬ ‭corporate‬ ‭assets—intellectual‬ ‭property,‬ ‭core‬ ‭competencies,‬ ‭and‬ ‭financial‬ ‭and‬ ‭human‬
‭assets—are‬‭managed‬‭through‬‭digital‬‭means.‬‭In‬‭a‬‭digital‬‭firm,‬‭any‬‭piece‬‭of‬‭information‬‭required‬‭to‬
‭support key business decisions is available at any time and anywhere in the firm.‬
‭●‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭firms‬ ‭sense‬ ‭and‬ ‭respond‬ ‭to‬ ‭their‬ ‭environments‬ ‭far‬ ‭more‬ ‭rapidly‬ ‭than‬ ‭traditional‬ ‭firms,‬
‭giving‬ ‭them‬ ‭more‬ ‭flexibility‬ ‭to‬ ‭survive‬ ‭in‬ ‭turbulent‬ ‭times.‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭firms‬ ‭offer‬ ‭extraordinary‬
‭opportunities‬ ‭for‬ ‭more‬ ‭flexible‬ ‭global‬ ‭organization‬ ‭and‬ ‭management.‬‭In‬‭digital‬‭firms,‬‭both‬‭time‬
‭shifting‬ ‭and‬ ‭space‬ ‭shifting‬ ‭are‬ ‭the‬ ‭norm.‬ ‭Time‬ ‭shifting‬ ‭refers‬ ‭to‬ ‭business‬ ‭being‬ ‭conducted‬
‭continuously,‬‭24/7,‬‭rather‬‭than‬‭in‬‭narrow‬‭“work‬‭day”‬‭time‬‭bands‬‭of‬‭9‬‭a.m.‬‭to‬‭5‬‭p.m.‬‭Space‬‭shifting‬
 ‭ eans‬‭that‬‭work‬‭takes‬‭place‬‭in‬‭a‬‭global‬‭workshop‬‭as‬‭well‬‭as‬‭within‬‭national‬‭boundaries.‬‭Work‬‭is‬
m
‭accomplished physically wherever in the world it is best accomplished.‬

‭7. List six reasons why information systems are so important for business today.‬

I‭ .‬ ‭Operational‬ ‭excellence‬‭.‬ ‭Businesses‬ ‭improve‬ ‭the‬ ‭efficiency‬ ‭of‬ ‭their‬ ‭operations‬ ‭in‬ ‭order‬ ‭to‬ ‭achieve‬
‭higher‬ ‭profitability.‬ ‭Information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭are‬ ‭important‬ ‭tools‬ ‭available‬ ‭to‬‭managers‬‭for‬‭achieving‬‭higher‬
‭levels‬ ‭of‬ ‭efficiency‬ ‭and‬ ‭productivity‬ ‭in‬ ‭business‬ ‭operations.‬ ‭A‬ ‭good‬ ‭example‬ ‭is‬ ‭Wal-Mart‬ ‭that‬ ‭uses‬ ‭a‬
‭RetailLink‬ ‭system‬ ‭,‬ ‭which‬ ‭digitally‬ ‭links‬ ‭its‬‭suppliers‬‭to‬‭every‬‭one‬‭of‬‭Wal-Mart's‬‭stores.‬‭As‬‭soon‬‭as‬‭a‬‭a‬
‭customer purchases an item , the supplier is monitoring the item , knows to ship a replacement to the shelf.‬

I‭ I.‬‭New‬‭products,‬‭services,‬‭and‬‭business‬‭models.‬‭Information‬‭systems‬‭is‬‭a‬‭major‬‭tool‬‭for‬‭firms‬‭to‬‭create‬
‭new‬ ‭products‬ ‭and‬ ‭services,‬‭and‬‭also‬‭an‬‭entirely‬‭new‬‭business‬‭model.‬‭A‬‭business‬‭model‬‭describes‬‭how‬‭a‬
‭company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth.‬

I‭ II.‬ ‭Customer/supplier‬ ‭intimacy‬‭.‬ ‭When‬ ‭a‬ ‭business‬ ‭serves‬ ‭its‬ ‭customers‬ ‭well,‬ ‭the‬ ‭customers‬ ‭generally‬
‭respond‬‭by‬‭returning‬‭and‬‭purchasing‬‭more.‬‭This‬‭raises‬‭revenue‬‭and‬‭profits.‬‭The‬‭more‬‭a‬‭business‬‭engages‬
‭its suppliers, the better the suppliers can provide vital inputs. This lower costs.‬

I‭ V.‬ ‭Improved‬‭decision‬‭making‬‭.‬‭Many‬‭managers‬‭operate‬‭in‬‭an‬‭information‬‭bank,‬‭never‬‭having‬‭the‬‭right‬
‭information‬ ‭at‬ ‭the‬ ‭right‬ ‭time‬ ‭to‬ ‭make‬ ‭an‬ ‭informed‬ ‭decision.‬ ‭These‬ ‭poor‬ ‭outcomes‬ ‭raise‬ ‭costs‬ ‭and‬ ‭lose‬
‭customers.‬ ‭Information‬ ‭system‬ ‭made‬ ‭it‬ ‭possible‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭managers‬ ‭to‬ ‭use‬ ‭real‬ ‭time‬ ‭data‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬
‭marketplace when making decisions.‬

‭ .‬ ‭Competitive‬ ‭advantage.‬ ‭When‬ ‭firms‬ ‭achieve‬ ‭one‬ ‭or‬ ‭more‬ ‭of‬ ‭these‬ ‭business‬ ‭objectives(‬‭operational‬
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‭excellence,‬ ‭new‬ ‭products,‬ ‭services,‬ ‭and‬ ‭business‬ ‭models,‬ ‭customer/supplier‬ ‭intimacy,‬ ‭and‬ ‭improved‬
‭decision‬ ‭making)‬ ‭chances‬ ‭are‬ ‭they‬ ‭have‬ ‭already‬ ‭achieved‬ ‭a‬ ‭competitive‬ ‭advantage.‬ ‭Doing‬‭things‬‭better‬
‭than‬ ‭your‬‭competitors,‬‭charging‬‭less‬‭for‬‭superior‬‭products,‬‭and‬‭responding‬‭to‬‭customers‬‭and‬‭suppliers‬‭in‬
‭real time all add up to higher sales, and higher profits.‬

‭ I.‬ ‭Day‬‭to‬‭day‬‭survival.‬‭Business‬‭firms‬‭invest‬‭in‬‭information‬‭systems‬‭and‬‭technology‬‭because‬‭they‬‭are‬
V
‭necessities of doing business. This necessities are driven by industry level changes.‬

‭ .‬ ‭Describe‬ ‭the‬ ‭complementary‬ ‭social‬ ‭assets‬ ‭required‬ ‭to‬ ‭optimize‬ ‭returns‬ ‭from‬ ‭information‬
8
‭technology investments.‬

‭‬
● ‭ he internet and telecommunications infrastructure‬
T
‭●‬ ‭IT-enriched educational programs raising labour force computer literacy‬
‭●‬ ‭Standards(both government and private sector)‬
‭●‬ ‭Technology and service firms in adjacent market to assist implementation‬
 ‭ .‬ ‭Describe‬ ‭the‬ ‭complementary‬ ‭managerial‬ ‭assets‬ ‭required‬ ‭to‬ ‭optimize‬ ‭returns‬‭from‬ ‭information‬
9
‭technology investments. (trang 56)‬

‭‬
● ‭ trong senior management support for technology investment and change‬
S
‭●‬ ‭Incentives for management innovation‬
‭●‬ ‭Teamwork and collaborative work environments‬
‭●‬ ‭Training programs to enhance management decision skills‬
‭●‬ ‭Management culture that values flexibility and knowledge-based decision making‬

‭ 0.‬ ‭Describe‬ ‭the‬ ‭complementary‬ ‭organizational‬ ‭assets‬ ‭required‬ ‭to‬ ‭optimize‬ ‭returns‬ ‭from‬
1
‭information technology investments.‬

‭‬
● ‭ upportive organizational culture that values efficiency and effectiveness‬
S
‭●‬ ‭Appropriate business model‬
‭●‬ ‭Efficient business processes‬
‭●‬ ‭Decentralized authority‬
‭●‬ ‭Distributed decision-making rights‬
‭●‬ ‭Strong IS development team‬

‭Chapter 3‬

‭11.‬ ‭Identify‬ ‭the‬ ‭features‬ ‭of‬ ‭organizations‬ ‭that‬ ‭help‬ ‭explain‬ ‭differences‬ ‭in‬‭organizations’‬ ‭use‬‭of‬
‭information systems. (trang 113,114)‬

‭ ow‬ ‭information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭are‬ ‭implemented‬ ‭are‬ ‭contingent‬ ‭upon‬ ‭the‬ ‭specific‬ ‭needs‬ ‭and‬ ‭processes‬ ‭of‬‭an‬
H
‭organization.‬‭Organizations‬‭can‬‭be‬‭inherently‬‭different‬‭from‬‭one‬‭another‬‭due‬‭to‬‭these‬‭features‬‭(e.g.‬‭Hilton‬
‭has‬ ‭different‬ ‭organizational‬ ‭goals‬ ‭than‬ ‭Amazon).‬ ‭Nevertheless,‬ ‭there‬ ‭are‬ ‭features‬ ‭that‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬‭identified‬
‭across organizations that can explain the differences in an organization's use of information systems.‬

‭Any organization has common features and they are:‬

‭ outines‬‭and‬‭Business‬‭Processes:‬‭every‬‭organization‬‭develops‬‭routines‬‭or‬‭standard‬‭operating‬‭procedures‬
R
‭over time that allow that particular organization to operate most efficiently.‬

‭ rganizational‬ ‭Politics:‬‭Because‬‭people‬‭make‬‭up‬‭organizations,‬‭and‬‭people‬‭have‬‭vastly‬‭different‬‭views‬
O
‭of the world and political beliefs, so too will the organizations they are a part of.‬

‭ rganizational‬ ‭Culture:‬ ‭All‬ ‭organizations‬ ‭have‬ ‭bedrock,‬ ‭unassailable,‬ ‭unquestioned‬ ‭assumptions‬ ‭that‬
O
‭define their goals and products.‬

‭ rganizational‬ ‭Environments:‬ ‭Organizations‬ ‭reside‬ ‭in‬ ‭environments‬ ‭from‬ ‭which‬ ‭they‬ ‭draw‬‭resources‬
O
‭and to which they supply goods and services.‬

‭Organizational Structure:‬‭Every organization has its‬‭own structure or shape.‬

‭Other Organizational Features:‬‭Organizations have‬‭goals and use different means to achieve them.‬
‭12.‬ ‭Describe‬ ‭how‬ ‭information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭can‬ ‭support‬ ‭the‬ ‭Low-cost‬ ‭leadership‬ ‭strategy‬ ‭and‬ ‭give‬
‭examples. (trang 126)‬

‭ ow-cost‬ ‭leadership-‬ ‭information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭can‬ ‭help‬ ‭achieve‬ ‭the‬ ‭lowest‬ ‭operational‬ ‭costs‬‭and‬‭the‬‭lowest‬
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‭prices‬ ‭by‬ ‭using‬ ‭information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭to‬ ‭improve‬ ‭inventory‬ ‭management,‬‭supply‬‭management‬‭and‬‭create‬
‭efficient customer response systems.‬

‭ or‬‭example,‬‭by‬‭keeping‬‭prices‬‭low‬‭and‬‭shelves‬‭well‬‭stocked‬‭using‬‭a‬‭legendary‬‭inventory‬‭replenishment‬
F
‭system,‬ ‭Walmart‬ ‭became‬ ‭the‬ ‭leading‬ ‭retail‬ ‭business‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭United‬ ‭States.‬ ‭Walmart’s‬ ‭continuous‬
‭replenishment‬‭system‬‭sends‬‭orders‬‭for‬‭new‬‭merchandise‬‭directly‬‭to‬‭suppliers‬‭as‬‭soon‬‭as‬‭consumers‬‭pay‬‭for‬
‭their‬ ‭purchases‬ ‭at‬ ‭the‬ ‭cash‬ ‭register.‬ ‭Point-of-sale‬‭terminals‬‭record‬‭the‬‭bar‬‭code‬‭of‬‭each‬‭item‬‭passing‬‭the‬
‭checkout‬‭counter‬‭and‬‭send‬‭a‬‭purchase‬‭transaction‬‭directly‬‭to‬‭a‬‭central‬‭computer‬‭at‬‭Walmart‬‭headquarters.‬
‭The‬ ‭computer‬ ‭collects‬ ‭the‬‭orders‬‭from‬‭all‬‭Walmart‬‭stores‬‭and‬‭transmits‬‭them‬‭to‬‭suppliers.‬‭Suppliers‬‭can‬
‭also access Walmart’s sales and inventory data using web technology.‬

‭ ecause‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭replenishes‬ ‭inventory‬ ‭with‬ ‭lightning‬ ‭speed,‬ ‭Walmart‬ ‭does‬ ‭not‬ ‭need‬ ‭to‬ ‭spend‬ ‭much‬
B
‭money‬‭on‬‭maintaining‬‭large‬‭inventories‬‭of‬‭goods‬‭in‬‭its‬‭own‬‭warehouses.‬‭The‬‭system‬‭also‬‭enables‬‭Walmart‬
‭to‬ ‭adjust‬ ‭purchases‬ ‭of‬ ‭store‬ ‭items‬ ‭to‬ ‭meet‬ ‭customer‬ ‭demands.‬ ‭Competitors,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭Sears,‬ ‭have‬ ‭been‬
‭spending‬ ‭24.9‬ ‭percent‬ ‭of‬ ‭sales‬‭on‬‭overhead.‬‭But‬‭by‬‭using‬‭systems‬‭to‬‭keep‬‭operating‬‭costs‬‭low,‬‭Walmart‬
‭pays‬‭only‬‭16.6‬‭percent‬‭of‬‭sales‬‭revenue‬‭for‬‭overhead.‬‭(Operating‬‭costs‬‭average‬‭20.7‬‭percent‬‭of‬‭sales‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭retail industry.)‬

‭ almart’s‬‭continuous‬‭replenishment‬‭system‬‭is‬‭also‬‭an‬‭example‬‭of‬‭an‬ ‭efficient‬‭customer‬‭response‬‭system‬‭.‬
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‭An‬‭efficient‬‭customer‬‭response‬‭system‬‭directly‬‭links‬‭consumer‬‭behavior‬‭to‬‭distribution‬‭and‬‭production‬‭and‬
‭supply chains. Walmart’s continuous replenishment system provides such an efficient customer response.‬

‭13.‬‭Describe‬‭how‬‭information‬‭systems‬‭can‬‭support‬‭the‬‭Product‬‭differentiation‬‭strategy‬ ‭and‬‭give‬
‭examples.‬

‭ se‬‭information‬‭systems‬‭to‬‭enable‬‭new‬‭products‬‭and‬‭services‬‭or‬‭greatly‬‭change‬‭the‬‭customer‬‭convenience‬
U
‭in‬ ‭using‬ ‭your‬ ‭existing‬ ‭products‬ ‭and‬ ‭services.‬ ‭For‬ ‭instance,‬ ‭Google‬ ‭continuously‬ ‭introduces‬ ‭new‬ ‭and‬
‭unique‬‭search‬‭services‬‭on‬‭its‬‭website,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭Google‬‭Maps.‬‭By‬‭purchasing‬‭PayPal,‬‭an‬‭electronic‬‭payment‬
‭system,‬ ‭in‬ ‭2003,‬ ‭eBay‬ ‭made‬‭it‬‭much‬‭easier‬‭for‬‭customers‬‭to‬‭pay‬‭sellers‬‭and‬‭expanded‬‭use‬‭of‬‭its‬‭auction‬
‭marketplace.‬‭Apple‬‭created‬‭the‬‭iPod,‬‭a‬‭unique‬‭portable‬‭digital‬‭music‬‭player,‬‭plus‬‭iTunes,‬‭an‬‭online‬‭music‬
‭store‬ ‭where‬ ‭songs‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭purchased‬ ‭for‬ ‭$0.69‬ ‭to‬ ‭$1.29‬ ‭each.‬ ‭Apple‬ ‭has‬ ‭continued‬ ‭to‬ ‭innovate‬ ‭with‬‭its‬
‭multimedia iPhone, iPad tablet computer, and iPod video player.‬

‭ anufacturers‬ ‭and‬ ‭retailers‬ ‭are‬ ‭using‬ ‭information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭to‬ ‭create‬ ‭products‬ ‭and‬ ‭services‬ ‭that‬ ‭are‬
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‭customized‬ ‭and‬ ‭personalized‬‭to‬‭fit‬‭the‬‭precise‬‭specifications‬‭of‬‭individual‬‭customers.‬‭For‬‭example,‬‭Nike‬
‭sells‬ ‭customized‬ ‭sneakers‬ ‭through‬ ‭its‬ ‭NIKEiD‬ ‭program‬ ‭on‬ ‭its‬ ‭website.‬‭Customers‬‭are‬‭able‬‭to‬‭select‬‭the‬
‭type‬‭of‬‭shoe,‬‭colors,‬‭material,‬‭outsoles,‬‭and‬‭even‬‭a‬‭logo‬‭of‬‭up‬‭to‬‭eight‬‭characters.‬‭Nike‬‭transmits‬‭the‬‭orders‬
 ‭ ia‬ ‭computers‬ ‭to‬ ‭specially‬ ‭equipped‬ ‭plants‬ ‭in‬‭China‬‭and‬‭Korea.‬‭The‬‭sneakers‬‭take‬‭about‬‭three‬‭weeks‬‭to‬
v
‭reach‬ ‭the‬ ‭customer.‬ ‭This‬ ‭ability‬ ‭to‬ ‭offer‬ ‭individually‬ ‭tailored‬ ‭products‬ ‭or‬ ‭services‬ ‭using‬ ‭the‬ ‭same‬
‭production resources as mass production is called mass customization .‬

‭14.‬‭Describe‬‭how‬‭information‬‭systems‬‭can‬‭support‬‭the‬‭Focus‬‭on‬‭market‬‭niche‬‭strategy‬ ‭and‬‭give‬
‭examples.‬

‭Use‬ ‭information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭to‬ ‭enable‬‭a‬‭specific‬‭market‬‭focus‬‭and‬‭serve‬‭this‬‭narrow‬‭target‬‭market‬‭better‬

‭than competitors.‬

‭-‬ ‭Information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭support‬ ‭this‬ ‭strategy‬ ‭by‬ ‭producing‬ ‭and‬ ‭analyzing‬ ‭data‬ ‭for‬ ‭finely‬ ‭tuned‬
‭sales and marketing techniques.‬
‭-‬ ‭Information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭enable‬ ‭companies‬ ‭to‬ ‭analyze‬ ‭customer‬ ‭buying‬ ‭patterns,‬ ‭tastes,‬ ‭and‬
‭preferences‬ ‭closely‬ ‭so‬ ‭that‬ ‭they‬ ‭efficiently‬ ‭pitch‬ ‭advertising‬ ‭and‬ ‭marketing‬ ‭campaigns‬ ‭to‬
‭smaller and smaller target markets.‬

‭Chọn 1 trong 2 ví dụ thôi nhé.‬

‭VD1:‬‭For‬‭example,‬‭Hilton‬‭Hotels’‬‭OnQ‬‭system‬‭analyzes‬‭detailed‬‭data‬‭collected‬‭on‬‭active‬‭guests‬‭in‬‭all‬
‭of‬ ‭its‬ ‭properties‬ ‭to‬ ‭determine‬ ‭the‬‭preferences‬‭of‬‭each‬‭guest‬‭and‬‭each‬‭guest’s‬‭profitability.‬‭Hilton‬‭uses‬
‭this‬ ‭information‬ ‭to‬ ‭give‬ ‭its‬ ‭most‬ ‭profitable‬ ‭customers‬ ‭additional‬ ‭privileges,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭late‬ ‭checkouts.‬
‭Contemporary‬ ‭customer‬ ‭relationship‬ ‭management‬ ‭(CRM)‬ ‭systems‬ ‭feature‬ ‭analytical‬ ‭capabilities‬ ‭for‬
‭this type of intensive data analysis.‬

‭VD2:‬ ‭Credit‬ ‭card‬ ‭companies‬ ‭are‬ ‭able‬‭to‬‭use‬‭this‬‭strategy‬‭to‬‭predict‬‭their‬‭most‬‭profitable‬‭cardholders.‬

‭The‬‭companies‬‭gather‬‭vast‬‭quantities‬‭of‬‭data‬‭about‬‭consumer‬‭purchases‬‭and‬‭other‬‭behaviors‬‭and‬‭mine‬
‭these data to construct detailed profiles that identify cardholders who might be good or bad credit risks.‬

‭15.‬ ‭Describe‬ ‭how‬ ‭information‬ ‭systems‬ ‭can‬ ‭support‬ ‭the‬ ‭Strengthen‬ ‭customer‬ ‭and‬ ‭supplier‬
‭intimacies strategy and give examples.‬

‭ any‬ ‭companies‬ ‭are‬ ‭using‬ ‭information‬‭systems‬‭to‬‭tighten‬‭linkages‬‭with‬‭suppliers‬‭and‬‭develop‬‭intimacy‬

M
‭with customers.‬

‭ here‬‭are‬‭several‬‭examples‬‭that‬‭we‬‭can‬‭see‬‭the‬‭support‬‭of‬‭information‬‭systems‬‭to‬‭the‬‭strengthen‬‭customer‬
T
‭and supplier intimacies strategy:‬

‭1.‬ F ‭ iat‬‭Chrysler‬‭Automobiles‬‭LLC‬‭uses‬‭information‬‭systems‬‭to‬‭facilitate‬‭direct‬‭access‬‭by‬‭suppliers‬‭to‬
‭production‬ ‭schedules‬ ‭and‬ ‭even‬ ‭permits‬ ‭suppliers‬ ‭to‬ ‭decide‬ ‭how‬ ‭and‬ ‭when‬ ‭to‬ ‭ship‬ ‭supplies‬ ‭to‬
‭Chrysler and Fiat factories. This allows suppliers more lead time in producing goods.‬
‭2.‬ ‭On‬ ‭the‬ ‭customer‬ ‭side,‬ ‭Amazon‬ ‭keeps‬ ‭track‬ ‭of‬ ‭user‬‭preferences‬‭for‬‭book‬‭and‬‭CD‬‭purchases‬‭and‬
‭can‬ ‭recommend‬ ‭titles‬ ‭purchased‬ ‭by‬ ‭others‬ ‭to‬ ‭its‬ ‭customers.‬ ‭Strong‬ ‭linkages‬ ‭to‬ ‭customers‬ ‭and‬
 s‭ uppliers‬ ‭increase‬ ‭switching‬ ‭costs‬ ‭(the‬ ‭cost‬ ‭of‬ ‭switching‬ ‭from‬ ‭one‬ ‭product‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭competing‬
‭product) and loyalty to your firm.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Toyota,‬ ‭along‬ ‭with‬ ‭other‬ ‭automobile‬ ‭companies,‬ ‭allows‬ ‭their‬ ‭suppliers‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭production‬
‭schedules.‬ ‭This‬ ‭makes‬ ‭it‬ ‭easier‬ ‭for‬ ‭suppliers‬ ‭to‬ ‭know‬ ‭when‬ ‭to‬ ‭ship‬ ‭parts‬ ‭and‬ ‭supplies‬ ‭without‬
‭having‬‭to‬‭communicate‬‭back‬‭and‬‭forth‬‭about‬‭fulfilling‬‭orders.‬‭This‬‭strategy‬‭makes‬‭the‬‭production‬
‭process‬ ‭run‬ ‭smoother‬ ‭and‬ ‭faster‬ ‭because‬ ‭the‬‭supplier‬‭can‬‭produce‬‭the‬‭goods‬‭they‬‭need‬‭and‬‭ship‬
‭them to Toyota just in time for their production of the vehicles.‬