1.

How to move a ship in the direction you want

Whenever I studied ship handling, I always asked this question to myself.

Can I move a ship in any direction while keeping the same heading ? If I can, what else do I need to
know about ship handling ?

After all Ship handling means making the ship move in the direction we want and when we want.

So do you want to know how we can move the ship in any of these direction.

Before we proceed, I assume you know how the resultant of two or more forces acting in different
direction works.

In short you should know about parallelogram of forces. It states that

“If two forces whose lines of action meet at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by
the sides of a parallelogram drawn from one of its angular points, their resultant is represented in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal drawn from that angular point.”
So what all forces a ship can experience while she is at sea ?

Current and Wind are two of the most common forces. We should take these to our advantage.
But there is one force that we can use to our advantage. That is the force of resistance from the
water itself.

Say the ship is moving at dead slow ahead. And I turn the rudder on the port side. Will the ship
start turning right away ? No it won’t. Because depending upon the under water area of the hull,
there is huge resistance offered from the water.

The water acts as something like a wall to the underwater hull.

The hull need to over power this resistance for it to start turning. This is also the reason why
loaded ship start turning late when we give rudder order.

But how can we use this resistance to our advantage ? Using this water resistance, we can actually
move the vessel in any direction we want.

Let us see it with an example.

Let us say we want to move the ship towards the berth while keeping the heading of the vessel
parallel to the berth.
For berthing in this situation, one school of thought teaches us to berth in this way.

For berthing to port side alongside, head to the berth with an angle of around 20 deg with the
berth. Few meters from the berth, go astern. For right hand, fixed pitch propeller, this will turn the
ship slightly to starboard because of transverse thrust. This will make the ship parallel to the berth.
This method have some dangers associated with it. For example transverse thrust may not be as
much as you expected.
What if We use the forward headway vector and resistance force of water to have a resultant
vector that will take the ship towards the berth. This is how it is done.

Maintain a low forward speed (say around 3 knots). Now put the rudder on 10 Deg port. While the
rudder is on 10 Deg port, vessel would experience the resistance on the underwater hull area.
This resistance will try to push the vessel on the other side. Keep an eye on the rate of turn
indicator as we will not allow the ship to turn.

Before vessel starts to turn, put the rudder to midship. The resultant of vessel’s headway and the
resistance we created will make the ship move towards the berth.

We can adjust these two vectors to move the ship in a direction we want. For example we can
reduce the speed if we want to have the resultant more toward abeam. Or we can increase the
speed a bit to have the resultant vector more forward of beam.

Or we can also increase or decrease the resistance force by varying the rudder order (say between
5 deg-15 Deg).
Still do not believe that the we can use the water resistance to our advantage ? Then see this
image taken during actual berthing of the vessel.

By varying the strength of these two forces, we can move the ship in any direction we want.

Apart from this, there are number of ways we can use this resistance in our favour.

For example, let us say we are waiting for the pilot to board in a busy traffic area with engine
stopped. If the vessel is drifting towards fishing vessels or other anchored vessels, what can we do
to reduce this drift.
Again we can use the engine to dead slow ahead and put the rudder on hard to starboard. Before
the vessel start to turn, stop the engine and rudder amidship. The Direction of vessel’s drift will
change towards the vessel’s heading.

We can use this resistance in many ways, only limitation being your imagination.

2. Using anchor to stop the ship in emergency

Do you think we should keep anchor party standby forward when the vessel is moving at full
manoeuvring ahead in a river ?
 I mean, what if they are stand by in the accommodation area with walkie talkie ? In emergency, by
the time we reduce the speed to the level where we can drop anchor, the crew would definitely
reach forward.

This thought is based upon the assumption that even in emergency we cannot drop anchor when
the ship moving at full ahead. Do you agree ?

If you agree, you would be wrong. We can drop the anchor in emergency even when ship is moving
at full ahead. Only thing is we need to follow the right steps in doing so.

Want to know how we can achieve that ?

Imagine that vessel is moving at 12 knots in a river with engine full ahead. For some reason we
need to stop the vessel immediately.

Here is how we can do it.

 Put the rudder hard over to the side you can turn the ship.

 Drop the anchor to the side of the turn. So if you are turning to starboard, drop starboard anchor.
Before we drop anchor we must ensure that we are dropping the anchor in an area of
suitable anchoring depths.

Turning would reduce the vessel’s speed. As the speed of the ship reduces, keep on going down on
the engine movement too.

For example, let us say half ahead speed is 10 Knots and slow ahead speed is 7 knots.
 When we have dropped the anchor and start turning, bring the engine to half ahead.

 When the speed is just over 10 knots (say 11 knots), bring the engine to slow ahead.

 When the speed is just over 7 knots (say 8 knots), bring the engine to dead slow ahead.

 Whenever you can, stop the engine.

We need to be careful with stopping the engine as when we stop the engine, vessel’s rate of turn
would reduce and anchor chain might get stressed.

While we have initiated this procedure, the instructions to the anchor party would be to keep pay
out the cable as the weight comes. Their goal would be to not to stress the cable too much and
hold the anchor until weight comes on the cable.

This procedure allows the vessel to stop with the help of three things

 Turning reduces the speed

 Gradual reduction of Engine movement from full ahead to stopping the engine reduces the speed

 Controlled weight on the anchor reduces the vessel’s speed

But the question is, won’t the anchor damage in this case ? The answer would be No.

When the vessel starts to turn, it will cover distance equal to head reach in forward direction and
side reach in athwartship direction.
In fact because of controlled load on the anchor, its maximum head reach and side reach will
reduce.

The length of the anchor chain would be sufficient to stretch to this distance. In fact you may not
need to pay the entire length of the anchor chain.

If you get a chance, try this exercise on the simulator to believe it.

3. Rudder Cycling to reduce the ship speed

Imagine we are moving at some speed to approach a port and suddenly we are asked to wait for
the pilot. This is a common situation Masters are subjected to at many ports.
 We wish we had some kind of brakes on the ship, which we could just press to stop the ship or
reduce the speed. But we do not have brakes on ship, right ?

But wait, who said ship does not have brakes to stop the ship ? Rudder cycling is most effective
way to stop a ship without changing the heading.

It uses the resistance of water on underwater hull area to reduce the speed of the ship.

Want to know how it is done ? Considering port side is safer than starboard side

 Put the rudder on hard to port side

 When the ship has turned to 20 deg from the original course, put the telegraph to half ahead

 When the ship’s heading is 40 degrees from the original course, put the rudder on hard to
starboard

 When the ship’s heading just starts to turn to starboard side, make the engines on slow ahead

 When the ship’s heading has returned to original course, put the rudder to hard to port

 When the ship just starts to turn to port, put the engine to dead slow ahead

 When the ship’s heading returned to original course, put the rudder on hard to starboard to check
some of the port swing.
 When the ship still has some rate of turn to port, put the rudder midship and go full astern on the
engines to stop the ship
 This will stop the ship at considerable lesser distance. But we do not need to use rudder cycling
only to stop the ship. We can also use the rudder cycling when we need to reduce the speed of the
ship.

4. Turning the ship at its position

Can you think of a situation when we need to turn the ship at its position ?

We may need to turn the ship near to the berth when we arrive at the berth from down river
direction and we need to berth facing upriver direction.

But turning in this situation may not be that tricky as we can use the tugs to turn the vessel.

Now consider a situation where you have anchored in a very congested anchorage and you need to
pick up the anchor and turn the vessel.

In this situation if you have bow thruster fitted, it is easier to turn the vessel. But how to turn the
vessel at its position if you do not have bow thruster.

For right hand fixed pitch propellers, it is always easier to turn the ship on starboard side.

So to turn the ship

 Wheel hard to starboard and give a quick burst ahead on the engines. Ship will start to turn to
starboard. Do not gather too much ahead speed. Just about when speed is around 0.5 Knots, stop
the engine.
 Wheel amidship, give a quick burst astern on the engine. As the engine goes to stern, the bow will
start to move to starboard. This will help the starboard turn as well as reduce the forward speed of
the ship.

 As the ship gains some sternway (around 0.5 knots), stop the engine.

 Repeat the above steps and keep the vessel turning to starboard.

Conclusion

Ship handling cannot be learned in few days or few months. Apart from learning the theory of Ship
handling, we also need to practice it on board to be master of it.
Ship handling need to be learned right from the time on junior ranks. We need to observe how
Masters and pilots handles the ship.

If they ordered the rudder to port 10 deg, why did they do so ? If they used the engine in astern
direction, why did they do it now ?

Asking these question and then finding the answers right from the junior ranks can make us a
better ship handler.