Terms in Raw Water Supply schemes.

 Double orifice air valve is an innovative combination of small and large orifice air
valve within one compact cylindrical housing. The function of the large orifice is to
admit bulk air during the pipeline draining phase and expel bulk air during system
filling.

 Tamper Proof Air Valves function to release air pockets which collect at each high
point of a full pressured pipeline. Tamper Proof Air Valves can open against
internal pressure, because the internal lever mechanism multiplies the float force
to be larger than the internal pressure.

 Kinetic Air Valve allows large volume air intake in case of the pipe drainage
network. The kinetic air valve provides excellent protection against vacuum
formation with its advanced aerodynamics design and kinetic orifice. The air valve
provides improved sealing under low-pressure conditions.

 Single air valve contains a small orifice air valve which allows automatic release of
a small amount of accumulated air during normal operation of the pressurized
pipeline. Double air valves contain a small orifice air valve and a large orifice air
valve.

 The orifice diameter is the internal opening of the valve and is used to calculate
the flow capacity of the valve. Metric or English makes no difference. It's the inside
hole. The inlet size is the interface or the size/type of the threads where you
attach the valve.

 A gate valve is a type of isolation valve used to control the flow of fluids in an
industrial system. A sluice refers to an artificial channel aided by a gate to control
the flow of water. Sluice valves or industrial gate valves are mainly used for
industrial purposes.

 The gate that controls a sluice is a valve known as a “sluice gate.” These valves are
designed to seal in one direction and commonly are used to control water levels
and flow rates in rivers and canals.

 The two most common isolation valves on the market today are ball valves and
gate valves. Choosing between the two generally means knowing your applications
to a T. For some processes, gate valves may be the better option. However, a
metal seated ball valve is generally better for heavy-duty industrial applications.

 Maximum Working Pressure: (PN 1.6) = 16 Bar ie Nominal pressure 16 bar;

maximum internal allowable pressure (in bar) of a mechanical component,
considering a temperature of 20 °C.

 Sluice valve shall be designated by nominal pressure(PN) defined as the maximum

permissible gauge working pressure in MPa for the sizes indicated as follows:
 Nominal Pressure (PN) Nominal Sizes
(MPa) ( mm)
PN1.0 50 to 1200
PN 1.6 50 to 600

 Test Pressure for Sluice Valves:

PN Rating Test Pressure (MPa)

PN1.0 Body - 1.5
Seat - 1.0
PN1.6 Body - 2.4
Seat - 1.6

Test duration for Sluice valves.

Valve size ( mm) Test for body/seat Test duration ( min)

50 to 1200 Body 5
Seat 2

 A rising valve will have a stem that lifts out of the mud valve's body, which, when
used in conjunction with a floor stand, provides a visual, gross indication of the
valve's position in lieu of an indicator. A non-rising stem, however, does not
provide visual indication of valve movement.

 Spiral-welded pipe is primarily used for water distribution service. Spiral-welded

pipe is available in sizes from 60 cm to 365 cm.

 Reflux valves are generally used on rising mains as they permit water to flow in one
direction only and check all the return flows. These are operated by pressure
alone, having no external means of control. In large diameter pipes, the door, in
single-door pattern would close slowly and reflux flow would cause water hammer
due to surge. Therefore, multi-door pattern is resorted to, in such cases, so as to
reduce the time required for closure. The flow may be controlled by means of
flaps’swinging up and down with pressures on to seats ( swing check ).

 The nominal size of sluice value shall refer to the nominal bore of the waterway.
The actual bore at any point shall not be less than the nominal size. Sluice valve
size should be equivalent to pipe diameter up to 300 mm of pipe. Beyond 300 mm
diameter sluice valve size shall be 2/3 of pipe diameter. Scour valve size in
millimetres should be (d/2 + 25) where‘d’ is Nominal diameter of pipe in
millimetre.

 Requirements for coating have been modified incorporating the optional

requirement for cement mortar lining. Requirements for coating have been
modified incorporating the optional requirement for cement mortar lining. The
weight of castings depends mainly on the weight of socket which again depend on
the type of joints. Hence as per current international practice all weights are being
withdrawn from the standard.

 For flanged fittings the effective length is equal to the overall length and is noted L
(H for branches). For socketted fittings, the effective length is equal to the overall
 length minus the spigot insertion depth. For high pressure mains, requiring working
pressure greater than 2.4 MPa, suitable flexible joint may be preferred where the
joint is restrained against axial movement.

 Two types of sheet rubber jointings and rubber insertion jointings depending upon
the hardness of rubber, namely: Type A - 50 to 65 Hardness in IRHD, Type B - 66 to
80 Hardness in IRHD. The reinforcing fabric used for rubber insertion jointing shall
have a minimum breaking load of 120 N/cm ( approx 12 kgf/cm ) width for both
warp and weft direction when tested.

 Flexible Joint-Joint which provides significant angular deflection and movement

parallel and/or perpendicular to the fittings axis. Push-on Flexible Joint - A
flexible joint in which an elastomeric gasket is located in the socket and the joint
assembly is effected by entering the spigot through the gasket into the socket.
Mechanical Flexible Joint - Flexible joint in which sealing is obtained by applying
pressure to the gasket by mechanical means, for example, a gland. Restrained
Joint - Joint wherein a device is provided to prevent separation of the assembled
joint. Flanged Joint - Joint between two flanged ends.

 SUBMERGED Arc welded pipes manufactured from plates, sheets or strips with
either an single or double longitudinal seam or a spiral seam or welded across the
abutting edges by an automatic submerged welding process using atleast two runs
one of which shall be inside the pipe.

 Applicability of Air Valve.

Diameter of pipe Type of Air Valve Size of Air Valve

80 mm Single Orifice Air valve 20 mm
100 mm 40 mm
125-200 mm Double Orifice Air Valve 50 mm
250-300 mm Double Orifice type 80 mm
Kinetic Air Valve
400-500 mm Double Orifice type 100 mm
Kinetic Air Valve
600-900 mm Double Orifice type 150 mm
Kinetic Air Valve

 The ultrasonic flow meter works on the principle that it uses sound waves to
resolve the velocity of the liquid in the pipe. There are two cases of no flow and
flow in the pipe. In the first case, the frequency of the ultrasonic waves is
transmitted into the pipe and the indication from the fluid is similar. The
frequency shift increases linearly whenever the fluid flows rapidly through the
pipe. The transmitter processes the signal from the wave, whose reflection
determines the flow rate. The transmitter timer sends and receives ultrasonic
waves in both directions in the pipe. Under no-flow conditions, the flow time is the
same between the flow sensor upstream and downstream.

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