Modelling linear relationships GMP-7 61

Chapter 7 — Modelling linear relationships

Are you ready? 2 a $400

1 a Not linear b $475
b Linear 3
c Linear
d Not linear
6
2 a m= =3
2
1
b m=
3
−6 4
c m= = −3
2
3 a y = 5 − 2x
y=5−2×6
y = 5 − 12 c Let x = 0
y = −7 y=6−2×0
b y = 4x + 7 y=6
y = 4 × −3 + 7 y-intercept is 6
5 a $25.50
y = −12 + 7 Let y = 0
b $67.50
y = −5 0 = 6 − 2x
6
10 − 2 x 2x = 6
c y= x=3
5
x-intercept is 3
10 − 0
y=
5
y=2
4 a Let x = 0
7
y=0+1
y=1
y-intercept is 1
Let y = 0
0=x+1
x = −1
x-intercept is −1
8

5 a 2x − 8 = 0
2x = 8
8
x =
2
x =4
b 12 − 4x = 0 9
−4x = −12
−12
x =
−4
x =3
c 5x − 2 = 0
5x = 2
10
2
x =
5
b Let x = 0
y=2×0−4 Exercise 7A — Graphing linear
y = −4 functions
y-intercept is −4 1
Let y = 0
0 = 2x − 4 Further development
2x = 4
11 a C = 2.5 + 5t
x=2
Where C = total cost and
x-intercept is 2
t = number of hours
GMP-7 62 Modelling linear relationships

b 16 Speed = 10 km/h b
After 1 hour, speed = 8 km/h
After 2 hour, speed = 6 km/h
a

c C = 2.5 + 5 × 3
= 2.5 + 15
C = $17.50 11 − 1
c m=
12 a C = 60 + 8m b She can run for 5 hours before her 3 −1
C is the total cost and m is the speed is 0. 10
number of minutes sung. =
b Exercise 7B — Gradient and 2
intercept =5
10 y-intercept is −4
1 a m= =2
5
Further development
80
b m= = 16 6 a Answers will vary but an example
5 could be:
9
c m= = −3
−3
5 1
d m= =
10 2
c C = 60 + 8 × 5 2 Answer is D.
= 60 + 40 3 a
= $100
d $150 = 60 + 8m
150 − 60 = 8m
90 = 8m
m = 11 minutes b Lines with the same gradient are
13 a Piecework parallel.
7 a Answers will vary but an example
b P = 32 + 0.1n 360 − 60 could be:
P = total payment and b m=
1000
n = number of leaflets delivered
c 300
=
1000
m = 0.3
c Vertical intercept is 60.
4 a

b Lines with zero gradient are

horizontal.
8 a Answers will vary but an example
could be:
d P = 32 + 0.1 × 1650 300 − 0
= 32 + 165 b m=
200 − 50
= $197
300
14 P = 300 + 20h =
150
P = amount of weekly pay and
m =2
h = number of households
c Vertical intercept is −100.
P = 300 + 20 × 33
$100 cost is incurred before b Vertical lines have no horizontal
= 300 + 660 anybody attends the movie.
= $960 changes in position. This causes
5 a y = 5x − 4 the gradient to be a fraction over
15 a x = 0; y = 0 − 4 zero which is undefined.
= −4 rise
x = 1; y = 5 − 4 9 Gradient =
run
=1
2
x = 2; y = 10 − 4 =
=6 17
x = 3; y = 15 − 4 rise
10 Gradient =
= 11 run
b 300 x 0 1 2 3 −0.85
=
c This is the fixed cost. y −4 1 6 11 15
 Modelling linear relationships GMP-7 63
−85 4 g y = 2x − 1
= Check other answers with your
1500
teacher.
−17
= 11 Some possible answers are:
300 a y = −x + 1
rise b y = 2x
11 Gradient =
run 5 a 1
c y=− x−1
(150 − 110) 2
=
500 Check other answers with your
40 teacher.
=
500 Further development
2 12 a The graph slopes downwards to
= b
25 the right.
b y = 5 − 2x
Exercise 7C — Drawing graphs The coefficient of x is negative
using gradient and intercept (i.e. −2).
1 a y = 2x + 2 13 a The graph cuts the vertical axis
above the origin.
Gradient = 2
c b y = 5 − 2x
y-intercept = 2
The vertical intercept is 5, so is
b y = 3x − 8 positive.
Gradient = 3 14 3x − y = 10
y-intercept = −8 −y = −3x + 10
c y = 2 − 4x y = 3x − 10
Gradient = −4 a Gradient = 3
y-intercept = 2 6
b Vertical intercept = −10
3 15 a Gradient = 3, y-intercept = 4
d y= x+3
4 y = 3x + 4
3 b Gradient = −1, y-intercept = −4
Gradient = y = −x − 4
4
1
y-intercept = 3 c Gradient = − , y-intercept = 1
7 a 2
x
e y = +1 1
2 y=− x +1 (multiply by 2)
1 2
Gradient = −1
2 2y = 2 × x + 2
y-intercept = 1 2
3 2y = −x + 2 or
b
f y=3− x 2y = 2 − x
2
16 y = 2x − 1 Gradient = 2
3
Gradient = − 2x − y − 5 = 0
2
2x − y = 5
y-intercept = 3 −y = −2x + 5
2 y = 2x − 5 Gradient = 2
c
The lines have the same gradient, so
they are parallel.
1 1
17 a y = 2 − x Gradient = −
2 2
2x − y − 5 = 0
3 a
2x − y = 5
1 −y = −2x + 5
8 y=− x +1 y = 2x − 5 Gradient = 2
2
Gradient is negative 1
b Since − × 2 = −1 the lines are
y-intercept is 1 2
b Answer is C. perpendicular (at right angles).
1
9 Gradient = Exercise 7D — Graphing
2
variations
y-intercept = −1
Answer is C. 1 Graph goes through (0, 0) and (5, 400)
10 Some possible answers are:
c a y = 2x + 1
b y = −2x + 1
c y = −3x + 5
d y = 6x
e y = −2x − 1
f y=6
GMP-7 64 Modelling linear relationships

2 a Graph goes through (0, 0) and (6, 9) 8 Graph goes through (0, 0) and (100, 67.50)

9
b Gradient = = 1.5 Further development
6
9 a Not direct variation. The graph does not go through
c n = 1.5p
(0, 0).
3 a Graph goes through (0, 0) and (5, 40)
b Not direct variation, the graph is not linear.
c Direct variation graph.
d Not direct variation. The graph is not linear.
e Not direct variation. The graph does not go through
(0, 0).
f Not direct variation. The graph does not go through (0, 0).
10 a

40 Volume of water (L) 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 30

b Gradient = =8
5 Amount of cleaner 1 1 3 2 1 1
c y = 8x 1 1 2 3
(cups) 10 5 10 5 2 2
4 a Graph goes through (0, 0) and (40, 120)
rise
b Gradient =
run
3−2
=
30 − 20
1
=
120 10
b Gradient = =3
40 c This is the ratio of concentrate to water, i.e. for every cup
D = 3s of concentrate there are 10 L of water.
5 Graph goes through (0, 0) and (35, 306.25) 11 Graph must go through (0, 0) and (3, 15)
15 − 0
Gradient =
3−0
15
=
3
=5
6 a Graph goes through (0, 0) and (100, 12.5) Rule is: P = 5s
a If s = 6.2 cm, then
P = 5 × 6.2 = 31 cm
b If P = 67 cm, then
67 = 5s
67
s =
5
b l = 0.125d s = 13.4 cm
l = 0.125 × 240 c Regular pentagon (5 sides)
l = 30 L 12 a Area of living and dining rooms
7 a Graph goes through (0, 0) and (2.5, 14) =7m×3m
= 21 m2
Area of bedrooms
=3m×7m
= 21 m2
Area of corridor
=2m×2m
14 = 4 m2
b h= g
2.5 Area to be polished = 21 + 21 + 4
14 = 46 m2
h= ×3
2.5 46 m 2
b = 2.67 cans
h = 16.8 m 17.25 m 2
14 Mika will need 3 cans to do one coat and 6 cans to do the
c 9= ×g
2.5 floors twice.
9 × 2.5 c 6 cans = 18 L
g=
14 17.25 m2/3 L
g = 1.6 m 103.5 m2/18 L
 Modelling linear relationships GMP-7 65
Only 2 × 46 m2 = 92 m2 needs to 4 Graph starts at (0, 0). Further development
be covered; therefore 9 km/h × 2 h = 18 km 8 a i 20 min = 1 half hour
103.5 m2 − 92 m2 = 11.5 m2 Graph goes through (2, 18). C = 45 + 35 × 1
If 17.25 m2 for 3 L 15 km/h × 3 h = 45 km in next C = $80
then 5.75 m2 for 1 L 3 hours. ii 45 min = 2 half hours
and 11.5 m2 for 2 L 18 + 45 = 63 km by 5 h C = 45 + 35 × 2
2 L will be wasted. Graph goes through (5, 63).
= 45 + 70
rise = $115
13 a Gradient =
run iii 80 min = 3 half hours
1600 C = 45 + 35 × 3
=
2 = 45 + 105
= 800 = $150
b F = 800a iv 90 min = 3 half hours
5 Graph starts at (0, 100) and goes C = 45 + 35 × 3
c F = 800 × 4 through (100, 150). = $150
= 3200 Ν $0.50 × 100 = $50.00 b
d 1000 = 800 × a $0.20 × 100 = $20.00
1000 Graph goes through (200, 170).
a =
800
= 1.25 m/s2
14 a Since direct variation must go
through (0, 0), then:
a−0 a
Gradient = =
2−0 2
8−0 8
must equal = = 9
a−0 a
a 8 6 35 h × $12/h = $420
= Graph starts at (0, 0) and goes
2 a
2 through (35, 420).
a = 16 Time and a half is $18/h.
a =4 $18/h × 10 h = $180
a 4 Graph would then go through
b Gradient = =
2 2 (45, 600). 10 a i Sale of $300 000
=2 Commission = 1.5 ÷ 100 × 300 000
= $4500
Exercise 7E — Step and ii Sale of $500 000
piecewise functions Commission = 1.5 ÷ 100
1 Graph begins at 1.20 on the vertical × 400 000 + 1
axis and steps 0.40 every section. ÷ 100 × 100 000
= $6000 + $1000
= $7000
7 Graph starts at (1, 0) b
goes to (6000, 0)
$25 000 − $6000 = $19 000
$19 000 × 0.15 = $2850
Graph goes through
2 Graph begins at 2.50 on the vertical (25 000, 2850)
axis, steps up to 3.75 for 3 half kg
$75 000 − $25 000 = $50 000
units and steps up to 5.50 after that.
$50 000 × 0.30 = $15 000
c The different gradients represent
$15 000 + 2850 = $17 850
the different rates of commission.
Graph goes through
11
(75 000, 17 850)
$150 000 − $75 000 = $75 000
$75 000 × 0.40 = $30 000
$30 000 + $17 850 = $47 850
Graph goes through
(150 000, 47 850)

3 Graph begins at 25 for 10 units then

12 a The number of people can only be
steps up by 1.5 every section.
a whole number, i.e. discrete.
b i 1 person costs $1800
ii 2 people costs $3300
iii 3 people costs $3300 + $1200
= $4500
iv 5 people costs $3300
+ $1200 × 3
= $3300 + $3600 = $6900
GMP-7 66 Modelling linear relationships

v 10 people costs $3300 No plan cost = 150 × h 1

+ $1200 × 8 y= x+1
3 hours of assistance = $150 × 3 2
= $3300 + $9600 = $12 900 = $450 Answer is B.
c It would be advisable to sign up with
the service plan if you expect to Short answer
need 3 hours of service assistance.
1 a
7 a Opus: $14 + $1 × m
where m = number of minutes
Belecom: $2 × m
For 10 minutes Opus changes
$14 + 10 = $24
b For 10 minutes Belecom changes
$2 × 10 = $20 b $230
14 + m = 2m 2
13 Answers will vary. 14 = m
After 14 minutes it would be
Exercise 7F — Simultaneous cheaper to use Opus.
equations 8 PinkCabs: $6 + 1.50n
NoTops: $8 + 1.20n
1 4 kg of apples and 5 kg of bananas
2 a where n = number of kilometres
a PinkCabs: C = $6 + 1.5 × 15
= $6 + $22.50 3 a
= $28.50
NoTops: C = $8 + 1.2 × 15
= $8 + $18
= $26
b 6 + 1.5n = 8 + 1.2n
1.5n − 1.2n = 8 − 6
b Intersection point = (2, 5) 0.3n = 2
3 a, b 2 b C = 20 + 3k
n =
0.3 C = 20 + 3 × 12
n = 6.7 C = $56
It would cost the same to use both 7 −1
4 a Gradient =
companies at 6.7 km. 3−0
9 $860 + 100v = $560 + 150v 6
860 − 560 = 150v − 100v =
3
300 = 50v =2
300 y-intercept = 1
c Length = 8 cm, width = 3 cm v =
50 2
4 a, b b Gradient =
v =6 −4
6 visits −1
10 135 + 50d = 65d =
2
135 = 65d − 50d y-intercept = −2
135 = 15d 3
135 c Gradient =
d = −3
15 = −1
d =9 y-intercept = 3
c Steve = $500, Theo = $250 Savus would be cheaper for under 5 a
5 a, b E + m = 135 9 days hire.
E − 21 = m

Chapter review
Multiple choice
2 1
1 m= =
4 2 170 − −30
b Gradient =
Answer is C. 100 − 20
2 y=6−x 200
m = −1 =
c English = 78, Maths = 57 80
Answer is B.
= 2.5
Further development 3 Greatest gradient means the steepest
This means that an extra $2.50
slope.
6 Service plan cost = $215 + 65 h profit is made for every cake sold.
Answer is D.
3 hours of assistance c Vertical intercept is −80.
1
= $215 + 65 × 3 4 m= There will be an initial cost of
= $215 + $195 2 $80 to run the stall, which will be
= $410 c=1 lost if no cakes are sold.
 Modelling linear relationships GMP-7 67
6 a y = 3x − 2 9 a Graph goes through (0, 0) and Extended response
Gradient = 3 (5, 15) 1 a, e
y-intercept = −2
3
b y= x +7
4
3
Gradient =
4
y-intercept = 7
c y=5−x 15
b Gradient = =3
Gradient = −1 5
y-intercept = 5 c q = 3p 5−3
10 b m= =2
7 a y = 2x − 1 4−3
at x = 0, y = −1, (0, −1) c c = −3
1 ⎛1 ⎞ d y = 2x − 3
at y = 0, x = , ⎜ , 0⎟
2 ⎝2 ⎠ f Intersection is (2, 1)
2 a Graph goes through (0, 0)
Graph goes through (2.5, 1.5)

11 Graph starts at (0, 0.75)

0.75 m/yr × 4 yr = 3 m
b y = 6 − 3x Graph goes through (4, 3.75)
at x = 0, y = 6, (0, 6) 1.5
b Gradient =
at y = 0, x = 2, (2, 0) 2.5
= 0.6
c n = 0.6 m

12 a w = l − 10
Let l = 0, w = −10
1 Let w = 0, l = 10
c y= x+3
2 Let l = 20, w = 10
at x = 0, y = 3, (0, 3) b P = 2l + 2w
at y = 0, x = −6, (−6, 0) 2l + 2w = 40
Let l = 0, w = 20
Let w = 0, l = 20

8 Graph goes through (0, 0) and

(25, 21.25)

c Intersection point is (15, 5)

l = 15, w = 5