ME 113 – Engineering Drawing I

Geometric Constructions

Mechanical Engineering Dr. A

D A. T
Tolga
l B Bozdana
d
University of Gaziantep Assistant Professor
 Point
h A point represents a location in space or drawing.
h It is a non
non-dimensional
dimensional geometrical element (i.e. no width, height or depth).
h It is represented by the intersection of two lines:
– by a small cross
– by a short cross-bar on a line

h Never represent a point by a simple dot on the paper.

YES YES NO

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 Line
h A line is a 1D geometrical element (i.e. indefinite length without breadth).
h A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.
h A line on a drawing indicates:
– edgeg view of a surface
– intersection of two surfaces
– surface limit

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Alphabet of Lines

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 Plane
h A plane is obtained by three points or connection of a point and a line.

h It is a 2D geometrical element.

h Shape and name of plane changes when number of elements increases:

– Triangle (connection of three points at certain conditions)
– Square (connection of four points at certain conditions)
– Circle (connection of infinite points at certain conditions)

A A D A

B C B C
g
Triangle Square
q Circle
(3 points) (4 points) (infinite points)
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 Bisecting a line
Compass Method Triangle Method
Use a compass and any radius Use a triangle and a straight edge

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 Bisecting an angle
Step 1: Swing arc R1 to locate points D and E.

Step 2: Draw equal arcs R2 from D and E to locate point O

O.
Line AO is the bisector of angle.

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Compass Method
Step 1: Swing two equal arcs R
from line AB.
Step 2: Draw the parallel line
tangent to the arcs.
Drawing parallel lines
Triangle Method
Step 1: Draw a line perpendicular to AB.
Step 2: Measure the desired distance
along the perpendicular and
draw the parallel line through it.
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 Dividing a line
Step 1: To divide line AB into five equal lengths, lay off five equal divisions
along line AC, and connect point 5 to point B with a construction line.

Step 2: Draw a series of five construction lines parallel to line 5B.

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 Drawing an arc through three points
Step 1: Construct points A, B, D with two lines, and then construct their
perpendicular bisectors intersecting at center C.

Step 2: Use center C with the distance to points A, B, D as the radius R to

draw the arc
arc.

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 Drawing an arc tangent to two nonparallel lines

Step 1: Draw a light line parallel

t DE with
to ith radius
di R R.
Step 2: Draw a light line parallel
t and
to d R di
distant
t t ffrom line
li
AB to locate center C.

Step 3: Draw thin, dark lines from

center C perpendicular to
AB and DE to locate
tangency points.

Step 4: Draw the arc, and darken

the lines.
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 Drawing an arc tangent to two perpendicular lines

Step 1: Locate D and E using

radius R and center A.

Step 2: Find C by swinging two

arcs with radius R.

Step 3: Locate tangent points

using perpendiculars
CE and CD.

St 4:
Step 4 D
Draw th
the ttangentt arc,
and darken the lines.
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 Drawing an arc tangent to an arc and a line

Step 1: Draw a line parallel to and

R di
distant
t t from
f AB
AB.
Step 2: Add radius R to the radius
f
from center
t C.
C
Swing the extended radius
to find center O
O.

Step 3: Locate tangency points

using
i lilines OC and
d OT
OT.
Step 4: Draw tangent arc between
points
i t off tangency
t with
ith
radius R and center O.
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 Drawing an arc tangent to two arcs
Step 1: Extend each radius from
the arc passing its center
b
by a di t
distance off radius
di R
along these radii.

Step 2: Use distances from C1

and C2 to the ends of
radii, and swing the arcs
to locate center O.

Step 3: Draw thin, dark lines from

center O through centers
C1 and C2 to locate
points of tangency.

Step 4: Draw the arc between

tangency points using
radius R and center O.
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 Drawing a hexagon
h Hexagon is a six-sided regular polygon.
h There are two ways to construct a hexagon:
a) Inscribed in a circle: The circle is divided into six sectors using 30º-60º
g and the corner points found on the circle are connected.
triangle,
b) Circumscribed about a circle: The circle is divided into eight sectors
usingg 30º-60º triangle,
g , and the sides are drawn tangent
g to the circle.

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 Drawing an octagon
h Octagon is an eight-sided regular polygon.
h There are two ways to construct an octagon:
a) Inscribed in a circle: The circle is divided into eight sectors using 45º
g and the corner points found on the circle are connected.
triangle,
b) Circumscribed about a circle: The circle is divided into eight sectors
usingg 45º triangle,
g , and the sides are drawn tangent
g to the circle.

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