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Allen-Ebrahimian ( 62 ) reported that China witnessed a three-fold increase in the cases of domestic
violence after imposing quarantine. It aims to share lessons learned that could be contextualised in
other settings where non- profit or governmental organisations propose to implement programs on
prevention of gender based violence. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The
Review presents the magnitude of various forms of GBV in Ethiopia, the policies pertaining to the
practices, their effectiveness, and the impact GBV has on development work in the country. From
discussions with key informants and FGD, the participants believe that the cultivation of Teff crops
demands more effort and more labour force as compared to other crops. See Full PDF Download
PDF See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is
currently unavailable. Real Violence Essay Toya Shamberger Media Effects On Police Media Effects
On Police Linda Gosnell Media as an agency perpetuating violence Media as an agency perpetuating
violence AnjuGupta67 Similar to Gender Based Violence in Media ( 20 ) University of Southampton
presentation University of Southampton presentation Framing Theory and Gang Culture- Comparing
At-Risk Youths’ Perception of Gang. The reference is now added as per given suggestion. 10. Page
7, line 7: Did you measure whether they were a victim of bullying as well as carrying out bullying.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. These findings are consistent
with Rehima et al. ( 2013 ) and Girma and Endrias ( 2015 ) that showed visits by extension agents
had a significant and positive effect on the quantity of agricultural commodities produced and
supplied to the market. Encouraging the use of organic and natural farming methods that rely less on
expensive inputs. Associated Risk Factors of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and HIV Co-.
Providing subsidies or tax incentives to farmers to help offset the cost of inputs such as fertilizers,
pesticides, and seeds. Please add an explanation for those readers not familiar with Indian culture.
Past researches have claimed a country’s culture to be one of the driving reasons behind GBV. Now,
there is enough fertilizer and chemical supply, even though the chemical is somehow making our
land less fertile from time to time. Mulema et al. ( 2016 ) found that in comparison to men, women
farmers in Ethiopia were disadvantaged because they had limited access to productive assets
including irrigation water, credit, extension services, and female rural institutions which constrained
their adoption of innovations. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) constitution of
1995 recognized women’s right to equality and intervened to empower women to compete and
participate in all spheres of life as well as exercise their democratic and human rights just as men
(FDRE 2019 ). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations. Glob Ment Health. 2018;5. Lazarus S, Tonsing S, Ratele K, Van
Niekerk A. Report this Document Download now Save Save Book Review Countering Gender
Violence 2-7-07 For Later 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) 29 views 2 pages Book
Review Countering Gender Violence 2-7-07 Uploaded by Prof. An article in The Indian Express
draws attention to the fact that a vast majority of people in Mumbai do not have household water
connections. Not applicable. Consent for publication Competing interests. These variables determine
the effect of the cause (independent) variables when changed for different values. 5. The authors do
not refer to the universal DSM 5 classification system or even any other. Promoting the use of
precision farming techniques that can help farmers optimize their use of inputs and reduce waste.
Given that mass culture functions as a device of recognition and expropriation. If they'll be preparing
press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Ontology, epistemology and
axiology in quantitative and qualitative research: Elucidation of the research philophical
misconception. Where others fear to tread: the role of journalists in the creation and sprea. Further,
multi-variate analysis (logistic regression) was used.
Types of participants and settings This review will focus on the experiences of women and girls who
reside in conflict and humanitarian settings. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review will
be uploaded and two reviewers will be assigned roles through the COVIDENCE platform. Gender
empowerment and gender equality are given national priority and positioned at the centre of all
policy, legal, and institutional frameworks. Food Sci Quality Manag. 2020;101:2020. Efa G, Degye
G, Tinsae D, Tadesse K. Abbreviations Gender-Based Violence Human-Immunodeficiency Virus
Intimate Partner Violence London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine South African Medical
Research Council United Nations World Health Organisation Mashiri L. According to researchers,
pandemics cannot be considered an exception to this ( 9 ). Types of studies This review will include
research studies such as cross-sectional surveys, cohort and case-control studies, and qualitative
studies. Cultural factors related to the patriarchal system and diminishing value of respect between
men and women were identified as root causes of GBV. According to an article published in a
national newspaper of India, The Hindu, the National Commission for Women (NCW) recorded a
twofold rise in the cases of gender violence ( 11 ). Patriarchal system, the value of respect and GBV
Some participants viewed patriarchy as an inadvertent cause of GBV, with some perpetrating GBV
without even realising it, either due to lack of awareness or they feel justified through the use of
customary belief system, as Siya shared: “Sometimes men do violence against women without
realising that they’re violating the rights of a woman”-45-year-old, unemployed married man.
Moreover, a Pearson correlation (r) was used to measure the linear association between the dependent
and independent variables. The paper also reviews the published reports in scientific as well as mass
media literatures focusing on the rise of gender-based violence during the imposed lockdown, its
consequences, and the measures taken by the governments to tackle the issue. The higher rates of
violence among the marginalized group could be attributed to their worsened mental health and
subsequently higher depressive symptons. Final research report prepared for UNHABITAT, Shelter
Branch, Land Tenure and Property Administration Section. 2008. Jayne TS, Mather D, Mghenyi E.
Alcohol, drug abuse and GBV Participants shared that people living in Alexandra consume a lot of
alcohol in order to, presumably, forget about their miserable lives. Participants from our own study
also demanded that they should be respected on account of being heads of the households. The
constitution of the country has recognized women’s right to affirmative action and provides special
attention to enable women to compete and participate in all spheres of life as well as exercise their
democratic and human rights on equal grounds with men. This suggests that the independent
variables in the model are jointly statistically significant in explaining the variation in the dependent
variable. Landholding and Teff production In Ethiopia, land is public property that has been
administered by the government for more than four decades. Genome and transcriptome sequencing
identifies breeding targets in the orphan crop tef (Eragrostis tef). Men’s violence against women and
men are inter-related: recommendations for simultaneous intervention. New estimates of total factor
productivity growth for developing and industrial countries. Authors intend to examine the
association between violence and depressive symptoms among married and unmarried adolescents.
Article CAS Google Scholar Stark L, Asghar K, Seff I, Yu G, Tesfay Gessesse T, Ward L, et al.
Societal expectations of masculinities to men’s perpetration of violence are a phenomenon of
research importance; hence this study explored men’s conceptualisation of GBV. However, the
funding bodies did not have any role in the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation,
report writing or decision to submit this work for consideration for publication. In order to examine
how news, advertising and films, as well as the women’s anti-. Highlighting assumptions within
them opens up the possibility of exploring why communities, development experts, and academics
often seem to be talking past each other; in this case with regard to the relationship between culture
and gender violence. Past researches indicate that the risk of serious psychological consequences
increases with the increase in the duration of the quarantine ( 5 ). A marked-up copy of your
manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version.
For example, quantity of oxen ownership and owned land come to be significant in naive results
while in econometric results they are negative and insignificant. We note that you have reported
significance probabilities of 0 in places. They may also alert the staff about the required help by
using code words that have been introduced. In the context of the 2010-launched 4th edition of
Killing us softly,10. Kind regards, Kannan Navaneetham, PhD Academic Editor Journal
requirements: When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements.
1. Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file
naming. This includes locations affected by natural disasters, armed conflict, refugee or displaced
populations, including resettled refugees, and displaced persons who are part of the European
migrant crisis. Video Say more by seamlessly including video within your publication. The ANOVA
test for the average investment inputs between female-headed households and male-headed
households indicates that there are statistically significant variations (P-value. As a result, farmers
made requests for inputs to local authorities. Hence, more inclusive policies are needed to address the
issue of violence against women as the spectrum of the violence is expanding with time. In non-
experimental research with survey data, the propensity score matching (PSM) method has been
widely applied to address the issue of selection bias. This result is inconsistent with Paddy ( 2003 )
who noted there was a negative correlation between household size and food security as food
requirements increase with the number of persons per household. COVID-19 and Gender Violence
COVID-19 seems to be similar to the pandemics in the past since this too has resulted in an increase
in cases of domestic violence. Patient and public involvement No patient involved. Parents,
counsellors, teachers, child advocates, lawyers, clergy, police officers, women’s rights activists, and
any interested person would greatly benefit from the book Gender-Based Violence and Functional
Literacy. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made
available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Intimate partner violence:
the influence of job opportunities for men and women. Briefing Paper. 2019. Paddy F. Gender
differentials in land ownership and their impact on household food security: a case study of Masaka
district. The coding process also assisted in making sense of the data and identify themes and sub-
themes. Predictors of interpersonal violence in the household in humanitarian settings: a systematic
review. During quarantine, as more women were in informal jobs and got laid off, this led to them
experiencing a greater impact as they became economically dependent on their male counterparts.
Outcome variables are observed and measured by changing independent variables. An aggravating
factor is that in the media, television, with 92?%, is the place. Physical, sexual and emotional abuse
seriously affects women's freedom, with consequences not only psychological and physical but also
economic, in the form of health, labour, legal and police costs. For instance, France has set up
warning systems at groceries and pharmacies to enable victims of gender and family violence to alert
the authorities ( 77 ). However, this has resulted in a paradox of social distancing, which includes
issues such as economic instability, mental health problems, and isolation. From this loan amount, on
average about Birr 394.28 (22.78%) (139.47 for female-headed households and 469.92 for male-
headed households) is allocated for Teff production with a standard deviation of 1504.43 which also
shows higher variability among the survey respondents. If applicable, we recommend that you
deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io to enhance the reproducibility of your results.
Protocols.io assigns your protocol its own identifier (DOI) so that it can be cited independently in the
future. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is
not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain
permission directly from the copyright holder. Participants of the study blamed women-centred
government policies as contributing factors to ever-increasing GBV, as well as weak protection of
male GBV victims by law enforcement agencies.
The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their
manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data
Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). Men’s violence against women and men are
inter-related: recommendations for simultaneous intervention. However, the reverse finding from
this study could be attributed to the fact that married adolescent girls who do not justify violence
against them may be experiencing severe violence from their husbands which may be aggravating
mental trauma among them leading to higher depressive symptoms. Several background
characteristics also explain the onset of depressive symptoms as a result of violence against
adolescents. Social Posts Create on-brand social posts and Articles in minutes. For studies where
agreement is not possible, a third reviewer will be the final arbitrator. Biologically, female farmers
are not physically as strong as male farmers. It delves on ethical concerns of executing programs on
gender based violence and adds to the discourse of developing measures and indicators of success of
the program. We dropped the 313 married, but no Gauna performed cases as the data did not have
information about these respondents for physical violence by a parent during the last 12 months. A
more detailed explanation would help readers not familiar with Indian Government Surveys. The
study revealed that men are generally not only aware of the occurrence of GBV as a social-ill
engulfing the communities, but are also concerned about its deadly repercussions in families and
communities, alike. In: Comunicacion y Sociedad, vol. XXIV, n. 2, p. 435-466. This increases the
likelihood of fatal interpersonal violence. The father ends up being a monster killing his children and
wife”-Langa, 46-year-old self-employed married man. Data extraction Two reviewers will
independently extract all relevant data items (e.g., risk and protective factors identified in the study,
type of GBV) for the review. Perpetrators’ and victims’ attributions for IPV: A critical review of the
literature. UNIFEM (undated). Factsheet; provided in the campaign “Say NO — unite!”. No safe
place: a lifetime of violence for conflict-affected women and girls in South Sudan. 2017. Available
from: Kelly JTD, Colantuoni E, Robinson C, Decker MR. From the battlefield to the bedroom: a
multilevel analysis of the links between political conflict and intimate partner violence in Liberia.
Two years ago, the price for DAP was Birr 6.00 per kg but now it is Birr 13 per kg. Participants also
raised the cheating by women in relationships as another trigger for GBV. “He burns the entire family
all because maybe he found out his wife was cheating on him”- Langa, 46-year old self employed
married man. “Sometimes people do things outside of their relationship, so it ends up being violent
because men sometimes do not know how to handle that type of a situation. This study focuses on
married and unmarried girls aged 15 to 19 years, belonging to Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India.
Gerster ( 72 ) emphasizes that neighbors of families with violence can also help to reduce domestic
violence by initiating conversation with them. The survey measured household economic status,
using a wealth index composed of household asset data on ownership of selected durable goods,
including means of transportation, as well as data on access to a number of amenities. About 89% of
the respondents own at least one ox while the remaining 11% of the respondents do not own an ox.
This will allow us to identify commonalities and differences in the results between the two types of
data collection methods. Household production and consumption patterns of Teff in Ethiopia.
Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make
sure you’re on a federal government site. Five enumerators were selected, and they were trained and
informed about the scope of the study, ethical issues and the importance of data collection before the
survey. According to Bradbury-Jones and Isham ( 52 ), the lockdown imposed to deal with COVID-
19 has granted greater freedom to abusers. Others contended that they have observed GBV
happening within their communities in Alexandra, as supported by the following statement: “The
living arrangement like our shacks are in close proximity to each other, so it just makes it almost
impossible for me not to hear the upsets of my neighbours because as you know when there is
violence people scream sometimes”-Mpho, 30-year-old unemployed single man. The responsibilities
of women in Teff production include preparing the Teff seed for planting, removing uprooted weeds
during ploughing, breaking the bars of soil into finer pieces suitable for the seed to grow, removing
stones from the field, preparing food and Tella (beverage traditionally made of barley) for the men
who work in the fields.
Available online at: (accessed April 10, 2020). 64. Ingala S, and Smith K. The Council of Europe
(CoE) campaign relates to the. Authors intend to examine the association between violence and
depressive symptoms among married and unmarried adolescents. Any typographical or grammatical
errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here. Hence, the study can
be seen as an important and needed value addition to the existing pool of knowledge on the subject.
All potential participants were informed about the study before giving their consent to participate.
Furthermore, information on depressive symptoms was self-reported and not clinically diagnosed.
Some force the situation of staying with a violent man because she has no means of making her own
survival”-Langa, 46-year old self employed married man. The general search strategy is attached in
Additional file 1 and will be modified in line with the specific search functionality of each database.
Participants shared that women should also learn to be independent, so that they do not rely on men
who may manipulate their dependancy to abuse them. Data will be summarized narratively and with
tables to summarize the key findings of each individual study. Data also shows that around 65% of
women between the ages of 15-49 have been circumcised in Ethiopia and that child marriage is still a
significant problem in the country, as around 58% of women ages 25-49 married before their 18th
birthday. Violent relationships at the social-ecological level: a multi-mediation model to predict
adolescent victimization by peers, bullying and depression in early and late adolescence. PLoS ONE.
2017;12(3): e0174139. Clarno A. Alexandra: The Precariousness of the Poor. For instructions see:
We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript. Wheeler, D. (2009). “The representation of
domestic violence in popular English-language cinema”. Adobe Express Go from Adobe Express
creation to Issuu publication. Researchers also emphasize the need to train healthcare workers to
recognize the signs of violence to tackle the issue of gender-based violence ( 73, 74 ). Traditional
gender roles and expectations limit women's participation in decision-making in agriculture. Issuu
turns PDFs and other files into interactive flipbooks and engaging content for every channel.
Gender-based violence and the challenge of visual representation. Why do some men use violence
against women and how can we prevent it. To consider heterogeneity between quantitative versus
qualitative results, two separate tables—one focusing only on qualitative studies and one focusing
on quantitative—will be created. The participants were not pleased with how the government is
handling GBV, as they felt women are being given “too many rights” which are making them not
respect men. Corresponding author Correspondence to Maureen Murphy. For example, Phase II of
the UNFPA Prevention and Management of Gender-Based Violence in Ethiopia Programme saw an
increase in underage pregnancy. Engendering agricultural productivity in Ethiopia: The Cost of the
Gender Gap. Promoting the use of precision farming techniques that can help farmers optimize their
use of inputs and reduce waste. The means of the household-level independent variables affecting
Teff productivity were also compared by gender using ANOVA. However, Teff is very laborious
starting from its land preparation where farmers go through it up to six times as compared to other
crop types that only need two to three times. Hence, the present research reviews the linkages
between gender violence and pandemic and also attempts to identify the potential policy responses
to moderate the issue.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (CC BY). This could be because only shelter programs directly addressed sexual Violence.
All our profit goes to labour, and it is our big challenge. Resources Dive into our extensive resources
on the topic that interests you. There was a decline in the use of manure or composite which resulted
in the decline in soil fertility. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and
rigorously? 4. Campbell, R.; Raja, S. (1999). “Secondary Victimization of Rape Victims: Insights
from Mental Health Professionals. Global initiatives such as the World Health Organization’s Multi-
Country Study on Domestic Violence have standardized data collection measures and developed
rigorous comparable evidence on prevalence and risk factors for GBV. UNIFEM (undated).
Factsheet; provided in the campaign “Say NO — unite!”. Thus, the interpretation of the coefficient
parameter estimates of the factors refers to the transformed response Teff production variable. The
analysis of images provided by the anti-violence movement is a simplified pre-. Others contended
that they have observed GBV happening within their communities in Alexandra, as supported by the
following statement: “The living arrangement like our shacks are in close proximity to each other, so
it just makes it almost impossible for me not to hear the upsets of my neighbours because as you
know when there is violence people scream sometimes”-Mpho, 30-year-old unemployed single man.
Patient and public involvement No patient involved. Real Violence Essay Toya Shamberger Media
Effects On Police Media Effects On Police Linda Gosnell Media as an agency perpetuating violence
Media as an agency perpetuating violence AnjuGupta67 Similar to Gender Based Violence in Media
( 20 ) University of Southampton presentation University of Southampton presentation Framing
Theory and Gang Culture- Comparing At-Risk Youths’ Perception of Gang. The forms of violence
most prevalent in Zambia against women and girls include battering (domestic violence), murder,
sexual abuse and exploitation, rape, defilement, incest, forced prostitution, sexual harassment, sexual
cleansing, and assault. An ecological model of adaptation to displacement: individual, cultural and
community factors affecting psychosocial adjustment among Syrian refugees in Jordan. In Ethiopia,
demographic factors such as family size, sociocultural circumstances, religion, level of education,
age, marital status, gender, and occupation affect the economic activities (Fatima 2009 ).
Furthermore, information on depressive symptoms was self-reported and not clinically diagnosed.
There are studies of violence and its mental health consequences in terms of depressive symptoms,
anxiety symptoms and PTSD in the published literature. In the selection of rural household
respondents, a multistage sampling technique was used. The Creative Commons Public Domain
Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a
credit line to the data. Similarly, other forms of GBV such as harmful practices (e.g., female genital
mutilation, wife inheritance), trafficking, and femicide have not been consistently documented in
conflict and humanitarian settings. These ultimately led to the development of options for improving
the performance of Teff production for sustainable development in Ethiopia. Survey result, 2019 Age
composition of the respondents and Teff production The average age of survey respondents is 44.90
years of age with a standard deviation of 12.42. The average age of female-headed households is
about 45.68, a bit higher than that of male-headed households which is 44.75 but the difference is
insignificant. However, there are inconsistencies in the supply of some improved seeds and chemicals
especially in the Halaba zone and in remote areas. I personally would like if men abuse can also be
acknowledged as an issue that the men in the society are facing. Mulema et al. ( 2016 ) found that in
comparison to men, women farmers in Ethiopia were disadvantaged because they had limited access
to productive assets including irrigation water, credit, extension services, and female rural institutions
which constrained their adoption of innovations. These independent variables are number of
dependents, ox ownership, quantity of oxen ownership, cost of inputs, farmer training days, money
allocated to Teff production, land ownership and Teff cultivated land. Publications Account settings
Advanced Search Journal List Experience of gender-based violence and its effect on depressive
symptoms among Indian adolescent girls: Evidence from UDAYA survey Ratna patel. 1 Department
of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai,
India Samriddhi S. What are the risk factors for different age groups of women and girls.
However, it was also pointed out that there are two-sides to these stories, meaning that GBV can
emanate from either side. “There are two sides. The most important concern of your manuscript is
showing the phenomenon of violence taking into account the cultural context. 7. PLOS authors have
the option to publish the peer review history of their article ( what does this mean? ). It is often
possible that the victims may communicate in subtle and indirect ways, which can be easily missed.
Also, according to the WHO global ethics unit ( 22 ), gender roles affect all aspects of an endemic
including interpersonal violence. Purposive sampling was used to select top Teff -producing regions,
districts, Kebeles, key informants and FGD participants while a random sampling method was used
to select the survey respondents. Business Health USC News. (2020). Available online at: (accessed
July 8, 2020). 44. Henson S. Drug and Alcohol Use Increase during COVID 19. Participants felt that
woman make unreasonable demands that men cannot fulfil, yet they do not respect men and alcohol
abuse by women contribute to the lack of respect. Constraints to increasing agricultural production
and productivity among women farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for agricultural
transformation agenda. Biologically, female farmers are not physically as strong as male farmers.
This seems to be legitimate, as Judith Butler, in Gender Troubles, first published. In those
relationships people are not sustained by love for each other but there’s constant abuse. Survey
respondents were informed (informed consent) that they have the right to privacy, anonymity,
confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw to ensure ethical standards (Madey
1982 ). Socio-economic factors and evolving cultural dynamics were perceived to be among the key
factors aggravating gender-based violence. To get an idea of what evaluations have been conducted I
also ran my keyword searches here.I found only a couple of directly relevant articles, but decide to
save them and review the references that the articles drew. Understanding factors and causes leading
to GBV is helpful in planning and executing efficient policies to curb GBV. Paradoxically, a woman
who seeks to leave an abusive partner for her own and her children’s safety faces an increased risk of
experiencing the violence again. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto,
Canada. Five enumerators were selected, and they were trained and informed about the scope of the
study, ethical issues and the importance of data collection before the survey. TS reviewed and
critiqued the output for important intellectual content. Applying the ecological framework to the
understanding of our findings places the role played by societal, community, relationship and
individual factors to perpetuating GBV in context. Violence Against Women. Vol. 10(7). Pp. 812-
830.Forward: 11Backward: 37Trabold, et al. (2007). Screening for IPV within a Health Care Setting:
A Systematic Review of the Literature (Provisional Abstract). Long-term psychiatric morbidities
among SARS survivors. BMC Public Health. Vol. 10(223). Pp. Forward: 4Backward: 40Hindin, M.
(2003). Understanding Women’s Attitudes Towards Wife Beating in Zimbabwe. Response: The
respondents were carrying out bullying. Due to the large sample size and time constraints, the survey
was conducted with the help of trained enumerators. Women also face multiple forms of
deprivation, gender-based discrimination, lack of access to productive resources, intimate partner
violence, lack of education and training, and employment. In some cases (such as Tahtai Maichew
district) land is provided to youngsters who are interested in working in groups on beekeeping, dairy
or fattening projects. The level of their participation is limited to ploughing farmland, spreading
chemicals, and crop protection activities (Mihiret and Tadesse 2014 ). Labour scarcity meant it was
costly to engage the labour of people outside the household. The influences on farmers' planned and
actual farm adaptation decisions: evidence from small-scale irrigation schemes in South-Eastern
Africa. Ecol Econ. 2022;202:107594. Abrha BK. Factors affecting agricultural production in Tigrai
region, northern Ethiopia.