PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

In pursuance of the above-stated mission, the objectives of the College are as follows:

1. foster the values of faith in God, leadership, integrity, accountability, and responsibility
while serving their fellowmen, community, and country;
2. prepare the students for careers in crime prevention, law enforcement, scientific crime
detection and correctional administration;
3. encourage research and inquiry on the nature, causes, treatment or punishment of
criminal behavior and how criminal justice agencies respond to crime, criminals, and
victims.

COURSE TITLE: Contemporary World

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course gives the students an opportunity to develop their knowledge, values, and skills
on the contemporary world through close examination of the multifaceted concept of globalization
which includes economic, socio-political, technological landscapes and other contemporary
phenomena that have contributed to the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of
people and nations resulting to the creation of a global village. It gives emphasis on studying the
situations of the world today, structures of globalizing society, world of regions and ideas, the
global population and citizenship, and movements towards sustainable development in the future.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

In this course, you should be able to:

1. distinguish the different interpretations and approaches to globalization;

2. demonstrate understanding of the emergence of global economic, political, social, and
cultural systems;
3. analyze the various contemporary drivers of globalization;
4. analyze the global issues that confront nation-states;
5. articulate personal position on various global issues;
6. identify the ethical implications of global citizenship;
7. analyze contemporary news events in the context of globalization;
8. evaluate global issues that affect the Filipinos and the entire Philippines; and
9. perform various interactive activities on the different topics of globalization.
 Module 1 – GLOBALIZATION AND ITS STRUCTURES

Introduction:

This module will introduce you to the various driving forces of globalization focusing in
economic, political, and socio-cultural landscapes. Globalization paves way for large – scale
changes initiated by various institutions and organizations that create remarkable global impacts.
The first part delves on the historical and philosophical foundations of globalization. The second
part focuses on the various structures of globalization.

Module Learning Outcomes:

In this module, you should be able to:

1. analyze the various contemporary drivers of globalization;
2. value the concept of harmony and cooperation; and
3. describe the emergence of global economic and political systems.

Lesson1

FOUNDATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

I. Learning Outcomes:
In this lesson, you should be able to:
1. differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization;
2. analyze the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization;
3. agree on a working definition for the course;
4. value the importance of collaboration and commitment to help; and
5. create an illustration of globalization.
 II. Lesson Map:

GLOBALIZATION

is the

Interaction Inter- Free Liberaliza Attraction

dependence movement -tion

between and among nations

Nations

The map shows the nation as viewed from the

various conceptualization of globalization.
 IV. Core Content:

ENGAGE: ACQUAINTING MYSELF TO GLOBALIZATION

Instruction: Read the following selection entitled “A Story: Gio, Latif and the Laksa”

A STORY: GIO, LATIF AND THE LAKSA

When Gio was a second-year international affairs student in a university in Cebu City, he obtained
funding to join the school team participating in an international Model UN competition in Sydney, Australia.
At the height of the competition, Gio made plenty of new friends and became particularly close to Latif from
the Malaysian team. The two first started talking when Latif asked Gio where he was from. Upon discovering
that Gio was from the Philippines, Latif lit up and declared that he was a big fan of Filipino actors Jericho
Rosales and Kristine Hermosa. Gio was pleasantly surprised to learn that Latif had seen every episode of the
ABS-CBN telenovela Pangako sa’Yo (“I Promise You”). The show had aired on Malaysian TV a few years
back, and its two stars had developed a modest following.

Ashamed that he did not know much about Malaysia as much as Latif knew about the Philippines, Gio
asked Latif what his country was like. Latif, he discovered, was from a Muslim university in Kuala Lumpur.
Gio asked him what he liked best about living in Kuala Lumpur, and Latif immediately mentioned the food.
Latif explained that in Kuala Lumpur, one can find Chinese, Indian and Malay cuisines. He told Gio that this
assortment of foodways was the result of how the British reorganized Malaysian society during the colonial
times. The British did little to change the way of life of the Malays who were the original residents, but
brought in Chinese laborers to work in the rubber plantations and tin mines, and Indians to help manage the
bureaucracy and serve as the initial professional core of a potential middle class. One of the ways that these
ethnic groups were identified was through their foodways.

According to Latif, Malaysia eventually became famous for these cuisines which can be found in the
various “hawker centers” across the nation’s cities and towns. These food stands are located in outdoor food
parks where locals and tourists taste the best of Malaysia, from nasi lemak to laksa.

Gio interrupted Latif and asked, “What is laksa?” He felt more ashamed at his lack of knowledge.
“Ahh…let me show you what it is and how it is prepared!” replied Latif.

The next day, Latif took Gio to a Malaysian restaurant a few blocks away from the university. Gio was
surprised to discover that Malaysian food was readily available in Sydney. Having noticed this, Latif
explained to his Filipino friend that, over the years, as more and more Malaysian students moved to Sydney
to study, Malaysian restaurants followed suit. Soon after, they were catering not only to these students, but to
Australia-born “Sydneysiders” as well, whose culinary tastes were becoming more and more diverse.

Gio finally had his first taste of laksa--a rice noodle soup in a spicy coconut curry sauce. He found the
flavors intense since, like most Filipinos, he was not used to spicy food. However, in deference to his friend,
he persisted and eventually found himself enjoying the hot dish.
 After the meal, Gio and Latif went to a nearby café and ordered “flat whites”---an espresso drink
similar to latte, which is usually served in cafés in Australia and New Zealand. Both knew what flat
whites were since there were Australian-inspired cafés in both Kuala Lumpur and Cebu.

The new friends promised to stay in touch after the competition, and added each other on Facebook
and Instagram. Over the next two years, they exchanged e-mails and posts, congratulated each other for
their achievements, and commented on and liked each other’s photos. Latif sent his mother’s recipe to
Gio and the latter began cooking Malaysian foos in his home.

A few years after graduation, Gio moved to Singapore, joining many other overseas Filipino workers
(OFWs) in the city-state. The culture was new to him, but one thing was familiar: the food served in
Singapore was no different from the Malaysian food he had discovered through Latif. He would later
learn from Singaporean colleagues that the island country was once part of the British colony of Malay
and the postwar independent Federation of Malaysia. Singapore, however, separated from the Federation
in August 1965 and became a nation-state. Today, they may be two distinct countries in this part of the
world, but Singapore and Malaysia still share the same cuisine.

After he settled down in his apartment, Gio sought out and found a favorite laksa stall in Newton
Hawker Center. He would spend his weekends these with friends eating laksa and other dishes.

One Saturday, while Gio was checking his facebook feed along the very busy Orchard Road--
Singapore’s main commercial road--he noticed that Latif had just posted something 5 minutes earlier. It
was a picture from Orchard Road. Surprised but also excited. Gio sent Latif a private message. Latif
replied immediately saying that he too had moved to Singapore and was, at that moment, standing in
front a department store just a few blocks away from where Gio was. The two friends met up, and after
a long hug and quick questions as to what each other was up to, they ducked into a café and renewed
their international friendship…by ordering a pair of flat whites.

Activity 1: Writing Activity

The selection presented above is an exemplification of the interaction between three

different nations. After reading this, you are expected to write a three – paragraph essay composed
of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

Guide Questions:

1. How does this show the idea of “Globalization”?

2. What does the selection imply?
3. From your own point of view, is the interaction between and among nations essential or
dangerous? Why?
Write your answers on the space provided.
EXPLORE: EXPLORING THE CURRENT STATE OF GLOBALIZATION

Instruction: Read the following selection entitled “Will Covid-19 Have A Lasting Impact On
Globalization?”

WILL COVID-19 HAVE A LASTING IMPACT ON GLOBALIZATION?

As leaders wrestle to guide their organizations through the Covid-19 pandemic, decisions running
the gamut from where to sell to how to manage supply chains hinge on expectations about the future
of globalization. The pandemic has prompted a new wave of globalization obituaries, but the latest
data and forecasts imply that leaders should plan for — and shape — a world where both
globalization and anti-globalization pressures remain enduring features of the business environment.

The crisis and the necessary public health response are causing the largest and fastest decline in
international flows in modern history. Current forecasts, while inevitably rough at this stage, call for
a 13-32% decline in merchandise trade, a 30-40% reduction in foreign direct investment, and a 44-
80% drop in international airline passengers in 2020[i]. These numbers imply a major rollback
of globalization’s recent gains, but they do not signal a fundamental collapse of international market
integration.

The volume of global goods exports in 2020 could fall to a level last seen in the mid-to-late 2000s,
according to the latest WTO forecast. That would be a tremendously painful drop, especially in the
context of today’s larger and more complex world economy. But even the most pessimistic trade
forecasts do not imply a retreat to a world of disconnected national markets. Most of the run-up in
trade integration since the end of World War II should remain intact.

If plummeting trade flows are unlikely to undo globalization, what about the even steeper decline
predicted in foreign direct investment (FDI)? Like other capital flows, FDI tends to be volatile, so a
double-digit decline is not as shocking as one might presume. FDI flows, for example, fell
38% during the global financial crisis. Nor do shrinking FDI flows necessarily augur a real retreat
from corporate globalization. The foreign business activity of multinational firms does not always
closely track FDI trends.

The collapse of international travel, in contrast, stands out against a much steadier growth trend, and
its damage is indisputable. Tourism contributes more to global output than automotive
manufacturing, and business travel facilitates international trade and investment. As of late April
2020, every country had imposed restrictions on international travel, and 45% of countries had
partially or completely closed their borders to foreign visitors. Airlines were flying 90% fewer
seats on international flights, as compared to 62% on domestic flights. This unprecedented collapse
does, however, follow an international travel boom. Even if international airline passengers fall by
two-thirds, there would still be more people flying abroad than there were in 2003.
What Are Globalization’s Post-Coronavirus Prospects?

Current forecasts call for international flows to start growing again as the pandemic comes under
control. Thus, 2020 is likely to be a low point for many globalization metrics. But how deep will the
plunge really be? How fast can we expect global flows to rebound? And how might future flow
patterns look different from the past? None of these questions can be answered definitively yet, but
leaders can find clues about the future and actionable implications for their companies by focusing
on five key drivers of globalization’s trajectory:

1. Start with global growth patterns, where the key lesson is that international flows tend to swing
dramatically with macroeconomic cycles. In good times, they usually grow faster than GDP, and in
bad times they shrink faster, too, as people and firms hunker down behind borders.

This time around, robust growth can only be restored once the pandemic is clearly brought under
control. But remember that globalization can also be a powerful contributor to growth and health.
Countries with higher scores on the DHL Global Connectedness Index tend to enjoy faster economic
growth. And there is some evidence that more connected countries, even after controlling statistically
for levels of economic development, are less vulnerable to infectious disease outbreaks, in part
because of their stronger health care systems.

This means global business leaders can go beyond just watching disease trends and economic data
— they can help tilt the balance from negative to positive feedback loops by contributing to health,
growth, and international cooperation. Companies across industries have already swung into
action to manufacture urgently needed medical supplies. Large corporations can also soften the
pandemic’s economic impact, for example, by following Unilever’s lead in paying suppliers faster
and extending support to employees, contractors, and customers. And they can support open markets,
as 3M did when it resisted a proposed block on its mask exports from the U.S. to Canada and Latin
America.

2. Supply chain policies have come back to the top of the agenda, and shifting approaches have the
potential to reshape trade and FDI flows. The key globalization-related debate here is redundancy
versus reshoring. Will companies and countries seek greater safety in international diversification,
or will they try fostering domestic self-sufficiency? Economic logic almost always favors the former
approach, coupled with national stockpiles for true essentials, but politics will sometimes force the
latter.

Research by NYU Stern Professor Pankaj Ghemawat highlights several characteristics of politically
sensitive industries, such as production of necessities for health or national security, sales to
government rather than private buyers, and the size of an industry’s domestic workforce.

If redundancy becomes the norm and reshoring the exception, expect just a modest long-run drag on
global trade growth, coupled with greater diversification of countries’ trade partners.

3. Superpower frictions and fragility had already destabilized the international business
environment before Covid-19, and the pandemic adds new layers of complexity. It has led to a vast
expansion of state power, while introducing pandemic control as yet another arena for ideological
competition. In this environment, where companies come from and how well their home country
governments get along will matter even more than before to decisions about where to raise capital,
which markets to prioritize, and which supply bases to cultivate.

Many have predicted that Covid-19 will hasten a fracturing of the global economy along regional
lines, with competing blocs centered on China, the United States, and perhaps Europe. But the fact
that Europe, the world’s most connected region, has struggled to mount a unified response to the
pandemic is just one reason that a resurgence of regions should not be a foregone conclusion. Most
international flows already take place within regions, and short-distance trade has not grown faster
than long-distance trade over the past few years. Be ready for the possibility of a more regionalized
world, but don’t count on it.

4. Ongoing technological shifts such as the adoption of e-commerce, videoconferencing, and robots
have all been supercharged by Covid-19. Before the pandemic, many focused on how new
technologies could reduce global flows, e.g. via manufacturers substituting robots at home for low-
cost labor abroad. But many pandemic-induced shifts could also strengthen globalization if they are
not curbed by protectionist policies. Cross-border e-commerce expands export opportunities,
especially for smaller companies. Forced experimentation with remote work, where successful,
could spur more services offshoring. And even 3D-printing sometimes leads to more rather than less
trade.

Business leaders can think productively about Covid-19, technology, and globalization, by taking a
structured approach to considering both internal and external implications. Internally, think how
individual functions can harness opportunities afforded by new technologies, while managing
organizational change with sensitivity to the heightened stress employees and teams are facing.
Externally, think about how technological trends could potentially change a company’s standing vis-
à-vis its competitors, customers, suppliers, and so on. For most companies, technological trends
should lead to more globalization in some areas and less in others, rather than a uniform shift in one
direction or the other.

5. Public opinion about globalization may take another negative turn due to Covid-19, scaling back
the surprisingly strong support for trade and immigration reported in recent polling. More
international travel does accelerate the spread of infectious diseases, and economic stress could boost
calls for trade protectionism. While robust public health strategies do not require ongoing barriers to
globalization, nationalist politicians will point to the pandemic and failures of international
coordination in the response to fortify opposition to globalization.

Customers and employees increasingly expect corporate leaders to take a stand on social issues,
making public opinion about globalization a potential management issue. The blending of anti-
globalization and anti-capitalist movements further complicates the role of business in the public
debate about globalization. And leaders of multinational corporations face the special challenge of
public and government engagement across national divides. Focusing on facts, becoming more
sensitive to inequality, and emphasizing real economic contributions can help to support a healthier
globalization debate.
In conclusion, Covid-19 looks like a “bend but won’t break crisis” for globalization. International
flows are plummeting, but globalization — and opposition to globalization — will continue to
present business opportunities and challenges. Careful attention to the drivers of globalization’s
future can help companies navigate through and even profit from globalization’s turbulence. A
volatile world of partially connected national economies expands possibilities for global strategy
even as it complicates the management of multinational firms. Now is the time for global
corporations to show their value by harnessing the best of the world’s capabilities to end the
pandemic and bolster the recovery.

Activity 2: Article Analysis

Due to the current pandemic various nations are greatly affected. In this light, you are tasked
to answer the following questions below.

Guide Questions:

1. Based on the article presented, what do you think is the author trying to imply about
globalization in time of pandemic? Why?

2. From your point of view, what do you think is the current pandemic’s long-term effects to the
various nations and localities? Why?
EXPLAIN: DELVING ON GLOBALIZATION

The current pandemic poses a big threat to globalization. In this section, you will learn the main
ideas of globalization. Due to the current pandemic and community quarantines, the activities of
globalization are hampered.

I. Definitions of Globalization
a. Globalization is the increasing interaction of people, states, or countries, through the
growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture.
b. It is the interconnectedness of people and business across the world that eventually
leads to the global, cultural, political, and economic integration.
It is the ability to move and communicate easily with others all over the world in order
to conduct business internationally.
c. It is the free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a seamless
and integrated manner.
d. It is the liberalization of countries of their impact protocols and welcome foreign
investment into sectors that are mainstays of its economy.
e. It refers to countries acting like magnets attracting global capital by opening up their
economies to multinational corporations.

II. Globalization as Defined by Various Authorities

a. Globalization is the process of by which people of the world are incorporated into
a single world society (Albrow and King).
b. Globalization is the intensification of worldwide social relations (Giddens).
c. Globalization is the compression of the world (Robertson)

III. Historical Foundation of Globalization

1820 - Large-scale 19th – 20th Century – 1897 – Charles Taze

globalization began Economy and Cultures Russell coined the term
corporate giants

1981 – globalization 1970 – the term 1930 – the term

was used in its “globalization” was “globalize” emerged
economic sense. coined

2000 – International Monetary Fund (IMF) specified four basic aspects 2020 – Globalization is
of globalization (1) trade/transactions (2) capital and investment crippled by CoViD –
movements (3) migration of knowledge (4) dissemination. 19 pandemic.
 IV. Stages of Globalization

Globalization follows a cyclic process

V. Philosophies Underlying Globalization

a. Globalization has only recently been widely accepted and adapted – global, globality,
globalism, global market, global ecology, and global citizens.
b. Discussion of the world issues used by derivatives of international rather than global
relations because of the recent popularized new concept of globalization has resulted in
innumerable contradicting definitions of the same.
c. Globalization is associated with progress, prosperity, and peace. On the other hand, it is
connected with retrogression, disaster, and decay.
d. Globalization is seen as a process of economic, social, culture, and political activity
which transcends nation – state borders and that it pertains to the world as a whole.
e. Globalization is a complex and controversial process of building of the world as a whole
due to the creation of global institution and global cultural forms.
f. Globalization has been surged with ideological movement of resistance such as
violence, destructive demonstrations, and the like.

TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. ECONOMIC – Countries that trade with many others and have few trade barriers are
economically globalized.

2. SOCIAL – A measure of how easily information and ideas pass between people in their own
country and between different countries (includes access to internet and social media networks)

3. POLITICAL – the amount of political cooperation there is between countries.

CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. TRADE LIBERALIZATION

 refers to a reduction of trade barriers, this will open up worldwide markets.

 Trade barriers have fallen since the Second World War.
 New organizations were formed to increase integration – GATT (General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade WTO from 1995)

2. IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY

 Improved technology makes it easier to communicate and share information around the
world.
 The most development in the recent years is the internet.

3. REDUCED COST AND IMPROVEMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS AND

TRANSPORTATION

 Fall in the real cost of transporting goods has allowed cheaper importation and exportation
of goods.
 Decline in the cost of communications has also helped this.
 Improvements in transportation have also allowed firms to split up the production process
to cash in on varying cost conditions in different parts of the world.

4. DEREGULATION OF FINANCIAL MARKETS

 There have been moves towards removing restrictions on the movement of financial capital
between countries.
 Many countries have removed capital controls – made it easier for firms to operate globally.
 Reinforced by development in technology that enable financial transactions to be
undertaken more quickly and efficiently – i.e internet.
 Financial markets have increased globalization due to their being set up in various
countries.

5. INCREASE SIGNIFICANCE OF TNCs

 After Second World War more economic power was shifted to corporations – accelerated
growth.
 TNCs have grown even further due to favorable corporation tax rates in many countries
and tax breaks, as TNCs supposedly bring in more jobs.
 TNCs partake in foreign direct investment, which increases the integration of economies.
 Many TNCs want to gain entry to, for example, the EU due to its single market, and china
due to its large and growing market.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Increased trade and investment opportunities:

 Globalization has created new opportunities for countries to trade and invest across
borders. This has led to increased economic activity and higher levels of economic growth.

2. Access to new markets and customers:

 Globalization has allowed businesses to expand their customer base and access new
markets, which has helped to boost sales and profits.

3. Greater efficiency and productivity:

 Globalization has increased competition among businesses, which has driven innovation
and efficiency, leading to increased productivity.

4. Spread of new technologies and knowledge:

 Globalization has facilitated the spread of new technologies and knowledge across borders,
allowing countries to learn from one another and adopt best practices.

5. Increased competition:

 Globalization has increased competition among businesses, which has led to lower prices
and higher quality products for consumers.

6. Potential for economic growth and development:

 Globalization has the potential to drive economic growth and development, particularly for
developing countries that have been able to attract foreign investment and benefit from
increased trade opportunities.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Loss of jobs and industries in some regions:

Globalization has led to the relocation of industries and jobs to countries with lower labor costs,
which has led to job losses and industry declines in some regions.

2. Widening income inequality:

Globalization has increased income inequality between and within countries, with some countries
and individuals benefiting more than others.
3. Cultural homogenization:

Globalization has led to the spread of Western culture and values, which has resulted in the
homogenization of cultures and the loss of traditional cultures.

4. Environmental degradation:

Globalization has contributed to environmental degradation, with increased trade and economic
activity leading to higher levels of pollution, deforestation, and climate change.

5. Dependence on foreign markets and investors:

Globalization has led to increased dependence on foreign markets and investors, which can leave
countries vulnerable to economic shocks and downturns.

6. Vulnerability to global economic downturns:

Globalization has increased the interconnectedness of economies, making them more vulnerable
to global economic downturns and crises.

EXTEND: DEEPENING MY CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION

Activity 3: Think Skill Activities

With the given content above, how will you:

1. Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization;

2. Analyze the various philosophies of globalization and their respective implications to

the various conceptions of globalization;

3. Considering that your locality belongs to a highly urbanized area. You met people from
various political, economic, and socio-cultural backgrounds. How will you apply one’s
understanding of the concept of globalization in dealing harmoniously with this diverse
group of people in your community?
EVALUATE: ILLUSTRATING GLOBALIZATION

Activity 4: Unity in Diversity

Instructions: Using your understanding of the lesson, make an illustration of “Globalization”

centering on the theme: “Globalization: Appreciating Unity Amidst Diversity”. Situations that
you may consider include:

a. CoViD – 19 Pandemic
b. Super Typhoon Yolanda
c. Magnitude 6.7 Earthquake in Surigao City
d. Marawi Siege
e. Others, specify

Specify in your illustration the idea of collaboration and commitment of people to help the needy
in times of crises mentioned above.

Illustration can be in the form of:

a. Poster-and-slogan
b. Comic Strips
c. Essay
d. Poem
e. Declamation
f. Others, specify
III. Topic Summary
In this module, you learned that:
 Globalization is related to the terms “interaction”, “interconnectedness”, free
flow”, “liberalization”, and “attraction”
 There are various definitions of the term “Globalization” as defined by various
authorities.
 Globalization is a new term but it existence can be traced back in the early 19 th
century and continue to be in force of increasing intensity until the 21st century.
 There are several indicators and dimensions of Globalization.
 Globalization is a multi-staged process that implies the merits (pros) and
demerits (cons) of globalization.
 There are various philosophies underlying the various definitions and
conceptions of the term “Globalization”.