Development Studies Revision Questions - Module 1-81

DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES
REVISION QUESTIONS
MODULE 1-8
Masunga Senior Secondary School

Development Studies Module 1: Measuring & Investigating
Development
Revision Questions What is development?
TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES - Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better
Learners should be able Learners should be able to: fed, richer and take part in decision making
to:
Development Explain the concept and - Explain the concept of
practice of development development; - Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise, quality of
within the context of their life improves, wealth is shared more fairly and more people take part in
social, economic and - Explain the following divisions: decision making.
political environment. First, Second and Third world,
Newly Industrialised Countries,
North, South, Least Developed - Development is when societies change for the better
Countries and Developed
Countries; Describe is a process of change which involves economic, social and political
development. Describe these three aspects of development.
- Give reasons for the differences in
the development levels in different Identify and define aspect of development
countries;
- Identify and discuss different - Economic development is when a country produces more/enough for
development indicators including everyone, the society gets richer; improvement in production , for example,
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GNP, GDP, GNP per capita, energy consumption
Gross National Product (GNP),
health, life expectancy, education
and energy consumption. - Social development is when people’s basic needs are more fully met;
improvement of people’s living standards, for example, birth rate, infant
- Show why political aspects of mortality rate (IMR), life expectancy, access to clean water, etc.
development are difficult to
measure;
- Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and
people are free to participate in decision making; respect for human
- Describe the characteristics of the rights/safety and security, for example, democracy, equality, justice, etc.
developed and developing
countries;
(N.B. Give 1 mark for one example in each aspect)
- Analyse and evaluate theories of
development: modernisation,
dependency, sustainable
development and alternative
strategies;
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES REVISION QUESTIONS MODULE 1-8
1
Explain why political development is difficult to measure.
Ideas such as:

- Political indicators, for example, security or happiness are difficult to
quantify/they are uncountable/intangible
- Most countries prohibit human rights groups from monitoring human

rights violations/research on human rights
Describe any two aspects of development other than social development
- Most people in less developed countries (LDCs) are illiterate/uneducated
and so are unaware of their rights. Ideas such as:
- Culture/religion can be obstacles to the understanding of human rights,  Economic Development is when the country’s production increases so that the
for example, some countries can accept gender biases under the cover of people become richer or wealthier
culture/religion
 Political Development is when people’s participation in marking decisions about
- Sovereignty of countries can be an obstacle because countries believes their lives increases/ when people take control of their lives/ when people enjoy
human rights
that they are independent and therefore reject guidelines on treatment of
citizens
[RULE: Award 1 mark for mentioning the correct aspect; 1 mark for
description]
- Different political systems make measurement of political development
difficult because some ideologies, for example, dictatorship disrespect Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana is promoting social development
human rights.
Ideas such as:
- Political indicators are sensitive
 The government provides subsidized education
 The government provides sewage systems
- Political indicators are subjective/relative/understood differently by
different people.  The government imports food for the people
 The government provides free food for the destitute /elderly/the orphans
 The government allocates land/ plots for people to build shelter/ build
houses through Botswana Housing Corporation (BHC)
 The government builds clinics/hospitals to provide health care
 The government builds schools to improve literacy
 Provision of piped/safe water to protect people from diseases
 Control of prices for staple food such as sorghum to ensure that people can
afford to buy food
 The government cleans the environment
 Poverty alleviation programmes (allow examples), for example, back yard
gardening
2
What is meant by political development? Study Fig.2, which shows the division of the world into countries of the North
and countries of the South
- Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and
people are free to participate in decision making; respect for human rights or
safety and security, for example, democracy, equality, justice, etc.
Why is it difficult to measure political aspects of development?
Ideas such as;

- Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are
intangible or immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor
touched.
- Most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human

rights violations.
- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their

rights.
- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs,

for example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.
Fig.2
- The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect of
development because countries belief that they are independent therefore Describe the geographical locations of countries of the South
nobody can tell them how to treat their citizens.
Ideas such as:
- Political aspects of development are affected by different political systems, - Central America, for example, Mexico
for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because they are no voting,
no freedom of speech. - South America/Latin America, for example, Brazil and
Argentina
- Africa, for example, Botswana, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethopia and
South Africa
- South Asia, for example, India
- Far East, for example, Malaysia/South East Asia
- East Asia, for example, China
- Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia
Rule: Do NOT accept South of Brandt line
3
Describe the economic characteristics of countries of the North Study Fig. 3 which shows Newly Industrialise Countries (NICs) in different
countries
Ideas such as:
- High use of complex technology
- High development of transport networks/telecommunication/high

infrastructural development
- High share of international trade/they dominate or control international

trade
- High income levels/high wages
- High energy consumption
- High industrialisation/mass production/high manufacturing
- They export finished goods/they import raw materials
- Low percentage of population depending on agriculture
- High GNP/High GNP per capita/High GDP/High GDP per capita

Fig.3
Rule: DO NOT accept highly developed
Describe the geographical locations of Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs)
Describe the economic characteristics of developed countries shown in Fig.3.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
 High GNP - South of North America/Central America
- South of South America
 High GNP per capita
- North East of South America
 High GDP - South of Africa
 High GDP per capita - South of Asia
 High energy use - East of Asia
 High levels of industrialization/ Having many industries - South East of Asia/Far East
 Low population in agriculture - Central Asia
 High income levels
 Controls international trade
4
Suggest factors Less Developed Countries (LDCs) could copy from Newly Study Fig. 4, which shows the New industrialising Countries (NICs), and
Industrialised Countries (NICs) to speed up development. answer questions below.
Ideas such as:

- The action that Less Developed Countries can copy from Newly
Industrialised Counties to speed up development is by inviting Multi-
National Companies (MNCs) to invest in them
.
- Less Developed countries (LDCs) can focus on Maths and Science
education to help them speed up development like Newly Industrialised
Countries (NICs).
- The LDCs can adopt import substitution industrialisation (ISI) to speed

up development which was used by Newly Industrialised Countries. This
is encouraging people to buy locally produced goods than those from
elsewhere.
- The LDCs can adopt export oriented industrialisation (EOI) to speed up

development which was used by Newly Industrialised Countries. This is
setting up industries that produce goods needed for the outside market.
Describe the location of the Newly Industrialising Countries.
- They can borrow capital from financial institutions such as the World
Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), and countries of the Ideas such as:
South. - The Newly Industrialising Countries [NICs] are found in Southern
Africa, for example, South Africa.
- They can invest in infrastructure
- They are located in the Far East countries such as Malaysia, Thailand,
- Establishing innovation and research centres/ use advanced technology Singapore, Philippines, South Korea and China
- The NICs are located in South of North America, for example, Mexico
- They are found in North/Northeast of South America, for example,

Brazil/ North East or East of Latin America, for example, Brazil
- They are located in South Asia, for example, India
- The Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia and Turkey
RULE: Award mention of appropriate examples

5
Describe the social characteristics of Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialising
Countries.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- Decreasing morbidity rate - The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high
- Increasing literacy rate inflation rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are high]/weak
- Decreasing Death Rate currencies/high fuel price
- Decreasing Birth Rate
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of foreign
- Decreasing Infant Mortality Rate debts/debt crisis
- Increasing urban population/urbanisation
- Lower teacher-pupil ratio - They is huge disparities of wealth/wide gp between the rich and the poor
- Increasing calorie intake
- Improved health facilities - Dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National companies
- Lower-doctor patient rate (MNCs) who move their investment out of the country/ capital
flight/neo-colonialism
- Depletion of the natural resources/damage to the environment
- Fast growth of the private sector which is becoming difficult to be

controlled by the government
- Exploitation of workers by the employers
- Urban drift/urban poverty
- Corruption
- Declining exports/tough competition from Multi-National Companies
- Declining real income
- High expenditure on imports and less on exports
6
Explain why countries of the South are less developed than the countries of Explain why there are differences in levels of development between developed
the North. and developing countries.
Suggest why development is slow in most Southern African Countries.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as: - Raw materials/natural resource taken by the North[Developed countries]
 Rigidity /practice of customs which are counter-productive [ Accept - Human resources taken by the North[Developed countries]/brain drain
examples: e.g exclusion of women from decision making]
- Long history of industrialisation by developed countries
 Lack of funds to use in development projects/poverty
- Domination/control of world trade by developed countries
 Lack of skilled people/brain drain/skilled people leave for other
countries - Slave trade
- Huge debts by developing countries from developed countries

 Colonial legacy/Europeans have introduced Southern African
countries to trade in cheap primary products/colonialism - Creation of dependency syndrome in developing countries/Neo-
Colonialism
 Neo-colonialism/negative effects of Multi-National Companies
(MNCs) - Level of technology [simple technology for developing countries and
complex technology for developed countries]
 Large populations
- Dynamic society in developed countries and rigid society in developing
 Export of raw materials countries
- Political instability/civil wars/ civil strife in developing countries and

 Use of simple technology peace in developed countries
 Mono-economies - Legacy of colonialism by developed countries
 Outbreak of civil wars - Primary production by developing countries which developed countries
focuses on secondary production
 Outbreak of killer diseases, for example, Ebola
- High skilled manpower in developed countries and shortage of skilled
manpower in developing countries
- Developed countries policies directed to high infrastructural development

while developing countries policies directed to poverty and diseases
7
Describe the factors that slow down development in developing countries Indicator Economic Development
Developed Developing
Ideas such as: GNP High Low
- Lack of funds GDP high Low
- Poor technology GNP per capita High low
- Lack of skilled labour Energy consumption High low
- Rigidity/unhelpful traditional beliefs Employment High low
Number of people in Less people in agriculture More people in agriculture
- Wars/conflicts Agriculture
- High populations
- Neo-Colonialism Social Development
- Corruption/mismanagement Indicator
- Brain drain Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Low High
- Huge debts Life expectancy High Low
- Dependency syndrome Death rate Low High
Birth rate Low High
Doctor-patient ratio Low High
Teacher-student ratio Low High
Number of people per Low High
telephone
Number of people per tap Low: Many houses with High: few houses with water
water
Dependency ratio Low High
Literacy rate High Low
Adult literacy rate High Low
Calorie intake High Low
Daily food intake High Low
Indicator
Political Development
Democracy
Peace Civil wars/civil strife
Elections More Few
Women in managerial positions More Few
Human rights
Freedom
Number of wrongful imprisonment
Number of political parties in a country
Percentage of people who vote during elections
Fig.5
8
Study Fig. 6 which shows indicators used to measure development. Explain how each indicator shown in Fig. 6 is used to measure development
Ideas such as:

- Doctor –patient ratio : If the population per doctor is high then there is
less development/ If Doctor-population Ratio is high then there is less
development/ If the Doctor-Patient Ratio is low then there is high
development.
- Calorie intake :The higher the calorie intake, the higher the
development/ the lower the calorie intake, the lower the development
- School enrolment: The higher the school enrolment, the higher the
development/ the lower the calorie intake, the lower the development.
- GNP per capita: The higher the GNP per capita, the higher the
development/ the lower the GNP per capita, the lower the development.
- Percentage of the population in agriculture: The higher the percentage

of population engaged in agriculture, the lower the development/ the
lower the percentage of population in agriculture, the higher the
development.
- Income level: The higher the income level, the higher the
development/the lower the income level, the lower the development.
Rule: Award 1mark even if only one side is given
Fig.6
9
What is infant mortality rate? Study Fig. 7, which shows population statistics for selected African countries
and answer questions below.
- Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first birthday
per thousand per year
- Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their first
birthday
*The following are acceptable

‘Children / newborns…..before the age of 1 / under 1 / between the ages 0-1
The reasons why developing countries have a high infant mortality rate Fig.7
Ideas such as: Describe the causes of high infant mortality rate (IMR) in developing
countries
- Developing countries have high doctor patient ratio/ inadequate access to Ideas such as:
health care because there are few trained doctors and nurses. - Lack of widespread immunisation programmes which lead to infant killer
diseases
- There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such health
conditions as kwashiorkor. - Lack of access to clean water/safe water by majority of infants and
mothers
- In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy which
may lead to delivery complications. - Poor nutrition/malnutrition
- Infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such HIV/AIDS because - Lack of health facilities to attend to killer diseases
some of the babies are born with the virus.
- HIV and AIDS infection among mothers to infants
- The high infant mortality rate (IMR) is caused by poor sanitation /
unhygienic conditions - Poor health education among mothers to raise babies
- The reason for high infant mortality rate (IMR) is poor care / parent - Shortage of health personnel to attend infants, for example, doctors and
negligence nurses
- Alcohol/substance abuse
*Sweeping statements are not allowed; no mark for a point connoting people,
the point should be specific e.g. infant… pregnant mothers… breastfeeding - Poor maternal care
mothers…etc.
10
Describe ways in which the government is trying to reduce infant mortality What is life expectancy?
rate (IMR) in Botswana.
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live.
Ideas such as:
- Widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the country, What is life expectancy at birth?
for example, measles and polio
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a new born baby is likely to
- Provision of clean/safe water to all [through primary health care] live
- Provision of nutritious food/balanced diets in clinics, for example, The reasons why world life expectancy is rising [increasing]
Tsabana
Ideas such as;
- Construction of more health facilities, for example, clinics and hospitals
- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water supplies to
- Dissemination of health education/media/environmental health prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera.
- Implementation of Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission - The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to
(PMTCT) programme improve hygiene.
- Training/employing more health personnel, for example, doctors and - World life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby
nurses there is enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and nurses.
- Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary

health care to citizens who focus on the prevention of diseases and giving
assistance to the sick, for example, provision of clean water, health education
and immunisation programme.
- In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide
citizens with better nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given
supplementary feeding such as Tsabana.
11
What is calorie intake? Define literacy rate
- Calorie intake is the energy value of the food eaten - Literacy rate is the percentage of the population / average number of
people who are able to read and write
- Calorie intake is the value of the food eaten or consumed
What is the importance of literacy to development?
- Calorie intake is the amount of energy contained in the food eaten
Ideas such as;
- Calorie intake is the amount of kilojoules consumed
- When people are able to read & write they are able to learn / acquire new
skills easily
Why is calorie intake low in developing countries?
- They can better participate in decision making and national campaigns,
Ideas such as: for example, elections, immunisation programmes
- In developing countries there is high unemployment so less money to buy - They can read and understand environmental issues or conservation
food. better
- There is lack of purchasable food in some areas - Reduces dependency on those who are literate and promotes privacy e.g.
reading own letters/mail
- Developing countries have low calorie intake because of drought
- Literate mothers can access information on childcare leading to better
- The high illiteracy rate in developing countries lead to inability to hygiene and lower infant mortality rate ( IMR)
determine food quality
- Improved nutrition when the mother is literate
Give three reasons for high calorie intake in developed countries
Ideas such as: - They can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g. at the
- High employment rates/high income levels post office, credit facilities forms and can even write application letters
for jobs etc.
- High agricultural/food production/ many industries produce more
food/hybrid seeds/improved technology
- Availability of wide variety of food[ to choose from]
- High level of education/more knowledge on nutrition
- Better social welfare services/supplementary feeding
- Low dependency ratio

12
Define adult literacy rate
The girl child school enrolment is lower in African countries.
- Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people or number of people 18
years and above who can read and write Give three reasons for the low enrolment of girls in African countries
Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female literacy rate Ideas such as;
Suggest three reasons for the difference between male and female literacy rates - The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is domestic
responsibilities
Ideas such as;
- The belief that women will be married is another reason for low
- The reason for the difference between male and female literacy rate is enrolment of girls in African countries.
that girls are denied the chance to go to school and are expected to stay
home and help their mothers - In African countries lower enrolment of girls is caused by religious
beliefs and customs, for example, polygamy.
- The girls drop out of school because they marry and get pregnant
- Oppression of women by men
- Girls are neglected for cultural/traditional reasons
- The belief that women have smaller brains and are therefore less
- It is believed a girl child has a smaller brain than their male counterpart intelligent
(and this makes them less intelligent) and so sending them to school is a
waste of time and money - The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is caused by
teenage pregnancy
Give three reasons for high male deaths than females
- Poverty due to high unemployment making parents to be unable to pay
Ideas such as: school fees.
- Macho mentality that exposes them to risks/ Lifestyle/fast
life/drinking/smoking/fewer men seek medical assistance
- Wars
- Occupation/employment that exposes them to danger
- Traditional roles that exposes them to danger
- More men are suicidal than women
13
Give any three negative effects low school enrolment can have on a country’s What causes high school dropout rates in developing countries?
development
Ideas such as;
Ideas such as;
- High school dropout in developing countries is caused by teenage
- The negative effect of low school enrolment can have on a country’s pregnancy
development is that of low literacy rate
- In developing countries high school dropout rate is caused by domestic
- A country that have low school enrolment can have fewer skilled responsibilities e.g. looking after livestock
personnel
- Inability to pay school fees by some parents due to poverty causes high
- The negative effect of low school enrolment on a country’s development school dropout rates in developing countries.
is lack of alternative sources of income and poverty
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of early
- In a country with low school enrolment fewer people will be involved in marriage
decision making
- The cause of high school dropout rates in developing countries is lack
- A country with low school enrolment will have high birth rates because of parental guidance
many people will lack knowledge on the use of contraceptives.
- High school dropout in developing countries may be caused by diseases
- The negative effects of low school enrolment on a country’s development such as HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB).
is high infant mortality rate and death rates
- Some developing countries have problems of civil wars which may lead
Describe three challenges faced by developing countries in trying to improve to high school dropout, for example, Somalia and Sudan.
their citizens’ education
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of alcohol
Ideas such as; and drug abuse by students.
- The challenge that developing countries will be faced with in trying to - In Developing countries there are high school dropout rates because of
improve their citizens’ education is shortage of funds leading to poor learning environment due to shortage of classrooms.
inadequate educational facilities
- Developing countries will have shortage of trained personnel in trying to - High school dropout rates in developing countries is caused by long
improve their citizens’ education. distance / proximity to educational facilities
- The challenge that developing countries is faced with in trying to
improve their citizen’s education is inaccessible educational facilities - Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of negative
- Poverty is another challenge faced by developing countries in trying to attitude and truant behaviour by students.
improve their citizens’ education whereby parents are unable to pay
school fees for their children.
14
Suggest reasons for low numbers of girls in schools in developing countries. Suggest measures that government of developing countries can take to
encourage more girls to attend school
Ideas such as:
- The reason for low number of girls in schools in developing countries is Ideas such as:
caused by belief that women are less intelligent/societal - The measure that government of developing countries can take to
stereotypes/oppression. encourage more girls to attend school is to build girls schools
- Create girl friendly schools/curriculum
- Developing countries have low numbers of girls in schools because of - Free education for girls/deliberate preferential sponsorship for girl
early marriages/cultural practices. child/rewards
- Legislation/make laws that force parents to take girls to
- The low number of girls in schools in developing countries is caused by school/compulsory education for girls
poverty because parents will be unable to pay school fees. - Deliberate effort to reduce home chores for girls/introduction of labour
saving devices
- Home chores/domestic responsibilities - Build teen mothers’ schools/readmission of pregnant dropouts
- Educating parents on the importance of taking their girl child to school
- Teenage pregnancy - Providing contraceptives in schools/ contraceptive education
- Positive affirmation/apportioning girl students quotas or numbers in
- Religious beliefs and customs schools
Describe how families can benefits of educating the girl child. Explain how social indicators are used to measure development
Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- The benefit of educating a girl child is that they prepare balanced diet for - When infant mortality rate [IMR]is low it means that development is
the family high/When IMR is high it means development is low
- High literacy rate means that a country is developed/ a low literacy rate
- The girl child will practise a high level of hygiene/reduced chances of means that a country is less developed
infections/transmission of diseases - High Birth Rate means that a country is less developed/a low Birth rate
means that a country is developed
- The benefit of educating a girl child is that they will have better maternal - High Death Rate means that a country is less developed/a low Death
care/child care Rate means that a country is developed
- When there is high doctor-patient ratio it means that the country is less
- Advice on family planning developed/ a low doctor- patient ratio means that the country is
developed
- Prestige for the family/social status - High life expectancy shows that the country is developed/a low life
expectancy shows that the country is less developed
- Improved finances/revenue for the family/provide for the family/better - High calorie intake shows that the country is developed/a low calorie
family economic status/economic empowerment intake shows that the country is less developed
- Assist family with school work
- Informed family decision making
15
Define Gross National Product:
State the disadvantages of using GNP per capita to measure development.
- Gross National Product is the total value of goods and services that a country
produces in one year including earnings from abroad or outside Ideas such as:
- The disadvantage of using GNP per capita to measure development is
Give reasons why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development: that it is just an average figure that ignores how wealth is distributed
- A few people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc. - It fails to show the actual standard of living enjoyed by the people
leaving the majority very poor, for example, it ignores the difference
between the rich & the poor within the country. - It excludes income from the informal sector [so it is inaccurate] Allow 1
example
- GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists only
count goods and services marketed openly and recorded by government. - It calculated using inaccurate government statistics/ people usually lie
. about the earnings (to avoid paying tax)
- Production/income statistics may be inaccurate or concealing of actual
earnings to avert tax or Business officials hiding information - It is calculated using outdated/ old government statistics
- Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or out-dated

- It emphasizes economic development but ignores social and political
- There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage development.
Give three reasons why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of
- GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from the the South
economy and ignores the quality of life, social & environmental Ideas such as;
consequences of wealth/ignores happiness
- Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South because
Define GNP per capita they have mass production due to many industries and the use of complex
technology.
- GNP per capita is the proportion or share of a country’s wealth each - The reason why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the
individual is entitled to if the country’s money is shared equally or evenly South is because they export a lot of quality (high value / expensive) goods
amongst the population and services
- The Countries of the North have higher GNP than the Countries of the South
- GNP per capita is the total money value of goods and services produced because they price the goods (commodities) themselves.
within & outside the country divided by the total population - They have favourable terms of trade
- Most multi-national companies (MNCs) originate from Countries of the
North and operate in other countries/profit repatriation is taking profit back
to countries of their origin
- They earn a lot of interest from loans to the developing world
16
Define energy use per capita Explain how any three political indicators can be used to measure development.
- Energy use per capita is the average amount of Ideas such as:
power/electricity/petrol/natural gas/paraffin/coal/fuel/wood consumed
by an individual in a country each year  Number of women in decision making positions – If the percentage of
females in leadership [posts] is high it mean high development whereas if
Give three reasons for high energy use it is low it mean low development
- Capital intensive industries/industrial production/industries/complex
technology  Voter turnout/number of people who vote- If the percentage of adults
- Household appliances/gadgets/devices/units/machines who participate in elections is high then development is high and if it is
- Many vehicles/transportation, for example, cars, trains low the development is low
- Capital intensive agriculture/farming/commercial farming
- Infrastructure development/institutions, for example, schools, hospitals
 Adherence to human rights/human rights ratings/ranking- If the
Fig. 8 shows a list of countries and their indicators of development. Use it to respect that a country has for people’s entitlement is high then
answer question that follows development is high and if it is low then development is low, for
example, good governance and transparency
 Incidents of discrimination/inequality (times when people are treated

unfairly for who they are)- If there are many incidents of discrimination
development is low and if there are few development is high, for
example, justice and fair trial
 Incidents of conflict- If the occurrence of serious disagreements, for

example, war and social unrest is high then development is low
 Peace –If there is calmness in the country or the absence of wars or

social unrest then development is high
Fig.8
Using Fig. 8 only, describe economic characteristics of developed countries  Security- If the sense of safety in a country is high, then development is
high
Ideas such as:
- GNP per capita- High GNP per capita
 Happiness-If the feeling of joy/gladness among people in a country is
- Energy use- High energy use per capita
then development is higher.
- % GDP on Agriculture- Agriculture sector contributes less to GDP
[RULE: Award 1mark for mentioning and 1mark for usage even if only one
RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description
side is given]
17
Define modernisation theory Define the modernisation theory
Ideas such as: - Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that argue that for third world
- Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that argues that for third world countries to develop they must copy the path followed by (the
countries to develop they must copy the path followed by the industrialised countries) America
industrialised countries/ countries of the north/ capitalist countries/first
world countries/developed countries - Modernisation theory argues that all countries must work through five
stages of change in order to achieve high standards of living enjoyed by
- Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that argues that all countries must most people of the North
work through all/five steps/stages of growth/ development in order to
achieve high standards of living enjoyed by most people in the North/ Explain how developing countries can use of modernisation theory in their
first world countries/ capitalist countries/industrialised countries/ development programmes.
developed countries.
Ideas such as:
Describe any three stages of the modernisation theory - Embraces market economy /capitalism
Ideas such as: - Invest a lot in industry

- Stage 1/The traditional society is where people practise barter
system/subsistence farming/make simple crafts/experience low standard - Invest a lot in infrastructure
of living
- Encourage inventions/new ideas/methods from your own culture
- Stage 2/Preconditions for take-off is where new technology
arises/farming is commercialised/specialisation increases/urbanisation - Emphasise formal vocational /technical education
starts to happen
- Encourages new attitude and appropriate cultural changes/fight rigidity
- Stage 3/Take off stage/the push is here people become rich/rapid
urbanisation - Tell people to work hard/be patient and expect less income/wealth until
the economy has grown quite large/trickle down of wealth
- Stage 4/The Drive to maturity/maturity stage is where manufacturing
dominates the economy/there are more exports than imports/wages - Government must be democratic
increase/demand for consumer goods increases
- Encourage urbanisation
- Stage 5/The age of high consumption/high mass consumption is - Open up for technological transfer/adopt advanced technology
where service industries and consumer goods dominate the
economy/wages are high for many people/many people experience high - Encourages specialisation/division of labour
living standards
- Commercialise agriculture/mechanise agriculture
- Participate in international trade
18
Study Fig. 9. Which shows some theories of development Describe the benefits to the people of a country where modernisation has
taken place
Ideas such as:

- Technological development/ the use of complex technology
- Wealth creation
- Infrastructural development
- Human resource development/high literacy rate
- Improved standard of living
Fig.9 - Improved service delivery through research and development
Describe the stage of the modernisation theory - Availability of affordable goods and services
Ideas such as: - Employment creation

- The traditional society is where people practise barter
system/subsistence farming/make simple crafts/experience low standard - Democratic process
of living
Define dependency theory
- Preconditions for take-off is where new technology arises/farming is
commercialised/specialisation increases/urbanisation starts to happen - Dependency theory is a set of ideas that argue that the South was unable
to copy and adopt the North’s path of industrialisation because the North
- Take off stage/the push is here people become rich/rapid urbanisation exploited the South’s resources to enhance their economy and kept the
South poor
- The Drive to maturity/maturity stage is where manufacturing
dominates the economy/there are more exports than imports/wages - Dependency theory argues that the third world lack the ability to control
increase/demand for consumer goods increases major aspects of their economic life because of the dominance of the
industrialised countries in the world economy
- The age of high consumption/high mass consumption is where service
industries and consumer goods dominate the economy/wages are high for
many people/many people experience high living standards - Dependency theory argues that less developed countries became
economically reliant on the North and thus the North became
RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description industrialised at the expense of the South who remained underdeveloped
19
Describe the weakness of the dependency theory Define Sustainable Development:
Ideas such as: - Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present
- Dependency theory ignores the fact that small countries are unable to generation to meet its needs without jeopardizing the ability of future
raise enough investment/capital on their own to break away generations to meet their needs
- Countries may lose all benefits of international trade/countries that cut - Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present
links economically fell generation to meet its needs so that future generations could also meet
their needs
- If small countries try to make all their own goods, there will probably be N.B. Accept answers connoting wise use of resources provided it caters for
a less efficient use of resources future generations.
(Do not accept/mark ‘a theory …)
- It is impossible to cut off all communication in a world linked together in
so many ways/connections difficult to break Discuss three ways of achieving sustainable development in a country:
Ideas such as;
- People often aspire for the northern ways of life/object when - The way of achieving sustainable development in a country is through
governments stop importing western goods/negative attitudes towards stock piling of minerals / preservation is keeping the minerals until the
local goods and services world prices improves such as for diamonds and copper.
State three ways by which less developed countries can use dependency theory to - Sustainable development can be achieved by coming up with legislation
develop. or laws to protect wild animals, for example, seasonal hunting, quotas is
Ideas such as: number of wild animals a person allowed to hunt, hunting licenses,
- By breaking off all links with the developed countries /become self- National Parks and Game Reserves, and Anti-poaching laws
reliant
- Stop borrowing money from outside/save/invest within their countries - Stabilising population growth, for example, planning for small families,
- By spending less on consumer goods birth control, practicing population control, giving incentives to small
- By using appropriate technology families or penalize for large families
- Make their own inventions/promote local inventions
- By encouraging its people to exercise patience/work hard/shun Northern - Conservation measures, for example, tree planting, recycling, re-use,
lifestyle reduce, clean-up, limited use of resources, good farming methods,
Wildlife Management Areas
- Education on resource use
- Use of synthetic products
- Finding alternative energy sources, for example, the use of solar energy
instead of coal to produce electricity
N.B. Ideas must be developed to get a point

(A max. of 2 marks from the same idea)
20
Pollution has proved to be a global problem and an obstacle against - Elongation of chimneys or making chimneys to be long to prevent air
sustainable development. pollution.
- Use of catalytic converters

What is pollution?
- Use of unleaded petrol
- Pollution is the emission of effluents or poisonous gases into the
environment (air, land & water)
- Encourage non-motorised transport e.g. bicycle, walking
State three sources of air pollution
- Develop shopping malls that discourage use of cars
Ideas such as;
- Develop a reliable & sustainable public transport system
- Mines e.g. Selibe Phikwe (sulphur dioxide & coal, carbon monoxide,
dust)
- Domestic / household appliances e.g. refrigerators, air-conditioners, - Encourage car-pooling / many people using one car
aerosol sprays, etc
- Dump sites (smoke) Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development.
- Industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc) Define land pollution
- Construction sites (smoke, dust) - Land pollution is the discarding of substances that contaminate the
earth’s surface including all the natural resources found on or below it
- Roads / airports / railway lines/stations (dust, smoke)
What causes land pollution?
- Vehicles / trains / aeroplanes (carbon dioxide)
Ideas such as;
Describe three ways by which air pollution can be prevented - Concrete pieces and bricks from construction (sites)
Ideas such as; - Beverage containers (e.g. cans, bottles) & plastic (bags) from industries
- Through the polluter tax / polluter pays principle - Oils from garages
- Clinical waste / waste from health facilities
- Environmental impact assessment - Worn out tyres
- Used batteries
- Use of alternative sources of energy, for example, solar energy can be - Effluent from industries / pumping of effluent from mines into streams
used to produce electricity instead of coal which pollutes the - Fertilisers & chemicals contained in run-off water from farms causing
environment. eutrophication in streams
21
Describe three ways by which land pollution can be controlled Define globalisation
Ideas such as; - Globalisation is a set of ideas that emphasis that all people of the world should
become once nation in order to bring democracy as a way of maintaining peace
- The way by which land pollution can be controlled through introduction and stability.
of polluter tax / Polluter Pays Principle
- Globalisation is the integration of the world’s economic, social and political
systems into one entity.
- The government should introduce strict waste management legislation to
control land pollution Describe the challenges faced by the countries of the South [developing
countries] as a result of globalisation
- Land pollution can be controlled through wise use of resources; 3Rs of
conservation; Recycle, Re-use & Refuse (extra wrapping or packaging) Ideas such as:
- Development of international crime syndicates/terrorism
- The alternative packaging can be used to control land pollution, for
example, use of returnable bottles at a refund as beverage containers - Lack of funds to educate/train people/high illiteracy
What is sustainable development theory? - Loss of sovereignty/loss of independence
- Sustainable development is a set of ideas that argue that world resources - Dominance of the economy by Trans National Companies
are limited and the planet is being irrevocably changed by (TNCs)/TNCS\s taking profit away to their countries of origin
overpopulation, industrialisation and pollution, therefore new forms of
development must be found which will conserve resources for future - Increase brain drain/ educated people prefer working in developed
generations and lead to a more equal sharing of the world’s wealth. countries
State three policy implications of the sustainable development theory - HIV and AIDS killing skilled man power
Ideas such as; - Consumerism mindset [which is difficult to change to investment
and production]
Countries should:
- Environmental damage by Trans National Companies (TNCs)
- Set up world agreements on environmental issues
- Less developed countries (LDCs) having weak economies which fail
- Stabilise their population growth to compete in a globalised world/less industrialised
- Use appropriate technology - Transfer of diseases
- Loss of culture
- Ensure social justice - Difficult to accept change
- Global resources should be distributed evenly between north & south
22
Suggest ways through which globalisation encourages development of all
countries.
Ideas such as:

- Improvement of technology/complex technology , for example,
automated machines/transfer from developed countries (DCs) to less
developed countries (LDCs)
- Introduction of global communication networks, for example, internet

and television
- Trade liberalisation
- International policing/Interpol
- Increase of Trans National Companies [TNCs]
- Formation of regional and international groupings such as European

Union [EU] and African Union [AU]
- Promotion of democracy
- Free movement of labour
- Encouragement of investment /saving
23
Enterprise Demonstrate an - Explain enterprise;
Module 2: Production, Consumption & understanding of the role - Discuss the characteristics of sole
Investment of enterprise in the
process of production.
proprietors, private companies,
parastatals, joint venture, partnerships
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
and co-operatives;
OBJECTIVES
- Discuss privatisation of parastatals,
Learners should be able Learners should be able to:
citizen empowerment, localisation,
to:
women and property ownership
Production Explain the concept and - Explain the concept of production; strategies for development;
the process of production - Discuss the need for production - Evaluate the role and development of the
including basic needs, needs, wants primary, secondary, tertiary and
(material and non-material), choice, quaternary sectors of production in
scarcity and opportunity costs; developing countries with specific
- Discuss production in hunting and reference to Botswana.
gathering societies;
Consumption Develop an understanding - Explain consumption;
- Identify and define the factors of
and investment and appreciate - Describe the relationship between
production;
consumption and consumption and production, supply and
- Discuss land ownership and problems
investment in Botswana demand, consumption, savings and
related to utilisation and ownership;
investment;
- Explain the various forms of capital such
- Discuss the benefits and risks of
as finance, machinery and technology;
investment;
- Discuss ways of raising capital;
- Discuss foreign reserves as a form of
- Discuss labour and capital intensive
investment;
modes of production
- Evaluate the promotion of a culture of
- Discuss the determinant factors for
investment in Botswana’s economy.
appropriate technology;
- Evaluate progress in the development of
relevant technology in Botswana
including efforts by Rural Industries
Innovation Centre and Botswana
Technology Centre;
- Discuss specialisation and division of
labour;
- Describe different types of labour
including specialised, skilled, semi-
skilled and unskilled;
- Discuss conditions which either or
promote labour efficiency;
- Assess how far local conditions facilitate
or militate against labour efficiency;
- Explain entrepreneurship;
- Describe the role played by an
entrepreneur in the process of
production;
- Discuss economic production systems;
- Suggest and justify an alternative
production system for Botswana’s
economy.
24
Define production: What is meant by services?
- Production is a process whereby natural resources are transformed into more Services are non-tangible activities that meet people’s needs and wants (intangible
useful goods/commodities or invisible).
- Production is any economic activity that satisfies human needs and wants State three examples of services
- Production is any process whereby natural resources and human effort are - Trading which is buying and selling of goods.
used to provide goods and services - Teaching which is imparting of knowledge to children by teachers.
- Nursing which is medical care given to ill people at hospitals by health
What is meant by goods? workers.
- Insurance is the industry that protects society and businesses from
- Goods are physical products that can be seen or touched, for example, unforeseen risks.
bread, sugar, books and furniture. - Transportation is the carrying of people, goods and services.
Describe the three needs for production Define scarcity
Ideas such as: Scarcity is the inadequacy of resources.
- In order to develop we have to satisfy our basic needs and wants to start Describe three forms of scarcity
the process of economic growth.
Ideas such as:
- To satisfy our needs and wants, we produce and exchange goods. - Human resources which is knowledge, expertise and skills provided by people.
- Development emphasizes satisfaction of people’s needs and the - Economic resources which is capital in the form of machines and finance
production process ensures that goods and services are made to satisfy (money).
basic needs first and wants later.
- Natural resources which are items provided by nature that people can utilize for
- Development requires money for it to take place and this money is their own good, for example, soil, water, vegetation and minerals.
generated by production activities such as mining, industry and
agriculture. Define opportunity costs
- Production creates wealth to fuel the development process. - Opportunity cost is the act of choosing one item over the other as a result of
scarcity of resources.
- The higher the level of production the higher the level of development Give one importance of opportunity cost
- It helps people to make the right choices or decisions as it helps them to focus on
the real or true cost using resources.
25
Describe factors of production (defined) Explain three ways by which one of the factors of production can affect the
production process
- Land refers to the whole of the earth’s surface together with all natural
resources found on it Ideas such as;
- Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, that is directed Land:
towards the production of goods and provision of services / OR work done
by people to produce goods and services - If land is unfertile crop production will be low / poor pasture for livestock
- Capital refers to things people use to produce goods and provide services - If there is shortage of water there will be poor harvest / poor pasture for
(e.g. tools, machinery, factories) and money saved up and used to buy such livestock
things
- There has to be land to start a production process
- Enterprise is the organization (management) of land, labour and capital in
the production process with the intention of making profit. Capital:
*Simple mentioning without definition is unacceptable - Capital / money is needed to pay workers
- Capital is needed to buy machinery & tools
- We need capital goods to start a production process
Labour:
- There is need for workers to provide labour in the production process
- The labour has to be trained & motivated to be efficient / productive
- The labour needs to be managed and/or coordinated for optimum production
26
Suggest problems that people might face when they own land communally
Ideas such as:
- The land may be degraded/people ignore good practices
- Overgrazing/overstocking
- Soil erosion
- Banks reject it as a form of security for loan
- Deforestation, for example, cutting down trees for firewood
- Over harvesting of veld products/depletion
- Conflicts over usage
Describe each type of land ownership shown in Fig. 1. - The land can be taken anytime by the government
Ideas such as: - Land cannot be sold

- Collective land ownership is when people in the local community own
and use land together, for example, in Tanzania after independence - Failure to develop the land
families owned chunks of land together, shared work and farming
machinery. Describe the use of any three factors of production in a hunting and gathering
- Private land ownership is the land owned by individuals and Ideas such as:
companies, for example, Molapo estate in Francistown and Phakalane in - Land : Hunter gatherers hunt wild animals and collect fruits and plants in
Gaborone. their territories
- Public land ownership is when the state or nation owns land. There are - Labour: Labour is provided by members of tribe/labour is divided
rules on who has the right to fields. For example, Botswana and Lesotho according to gender where men hunt and women gather
of Land Board/Land committee.
- Capital :Hunter gatherers own simple tools for hunting/own simple
- Renting land ownership is when people use land through paying the bows, poisoned arrows, clubs etc
owner some amount of money or annually
- Entrepreneurship : Hunter-gatherers use traditional knowledge and skill
- Share cropping land ownership is when people use somebody’s land to passed down to them by their ancestors over the years
grow crops, for farming and pay the land owner with part of the harvest
or crop
27
Suggest reasons why hunting and gathering is practised by very few societies Describe characteristics of production among hunting and gathering societies
Ideas such as: Ideas such as

- Increased population/ people are more than wild animals /shortage of - Simple technology/tools/labour intensive
land
- Gender based division of labour/women gather/men hunt
- Establishment of game reserves and national parks
- Communal use of land/hunting areas
- Environmental laws that controls hunting of wild animals
- Dependence on natural resources
- Government development plans which need people to be settled
- Subsistence production
- Cordon fences that restrict movement of wild animals
- Craftsmanship production/use of traditional skills
- Modernisation of hunter gatherers, for example, need to attend formal
schools
- Outbreak of diseases attacking wild animals
- Provision of water by government, for example, boreholes.
- Encroachment of pastoral farming into wildlife areas.
- Overgrazing that has depleted edible plants.
- Construction of cordon fences that has disrupted migratory routes of wild

animals.
- Increased population that has reduced the land available for a nomadic
life.
- Government resettlement programmes like Remote Areas Dwellers

(R.A.D)
- Increasing levels of education amongst the Basarwa.
- Anti-poaching laws that prevent Basarwa from hunting.
28
What meant by capital?
Explain the importance of capital in production
- Capital is the money, machinery technology and buildings that is used to produce
goods. Ideas such as:
Describe two forms of capital
- Money is used in infrastructural development
Ideas such as:
- Money buy equipment
- Money capital (finance) is the money that is used to increase production, that is,
it is used in ways that will help to earn more money. - Money is used to buy raw materials
- Capital goods are tools, equipment or machinery that are used to make other - Money is used to pay workers
goods, for example, factory machines, roads, building and vehicles.
- Money used to pay utilities such as water and electricity bills
Describe three ways of raising capital
- Equipment is used to transform or change raw materials into semi-
Ideas such as: finished and finished goods
- Saving is abstaining from consumption and putting the money in the bank to earn
interest. - Buildings house the machines/products
- Borrowing from the banks and financial institutions. - Cars are used for transportation
- International loans from other countries, the World Bank and International
Monetary Fund.
- Investment is putting money into a business with the hope of earning profit.
- Shares are putting money in the business to get a certain percentage of profit
made.
- Taxation is done by the government. It taxes workers and companies to raise

money for development.
29
What is technology?
- Education and skills/Availability of appropriate skills and knowledge,
- Technology refers to tools, machinery and skills that a society uses to make complex technology needs highly educated and skilled people to operate and
goods and services maintain while simple technology and intermediate technology need less skills
and education.
Describe three major types of technology, giving examples to illustrate your - Capital/Cost/Affordability, complex technology is expensive to buy and
answer maintain therefore only the rich countries can afford it. Developing countries are
poor hence can only afford to use simple and intermediate technology.
- Low/simple technology is the use of hand tools to produce goods and
services, for example, hoes, knives. It is cheap and made form local - Employment creation, developing countries like Botswana have high
materials unemployment levels hence need simple and intermediate technology that are
labour intensive. Complex technology would be inappropriate as it would lead to
- Intermediate technology: is the use of simple manually operated machines high rates of unemployment.
to produce goods and services, for example, hand sewing machine, ox-
drawn mould board plough. It is also cheap but more efficient than - Environmental risks/Adaptability, for example, simple technology causes less
low/simple technology and can be used in small scale operations pollution while complex technology causes pollution.
- Advanced/Complex technology is the use of very big and - Availability of raw materials
sophisticated/advanced/modern machinery to produce goods and services
on a large scale. Most of the machinery is automatic, power driven i.e. uses - Availability of opportunities
electricity and/or oil, for example, a tractor, combined harvester, computer,
etc. - Running cost of the technology
What is appropriate technology? - Demand
- Appropriate technology is the skills, machinery/tools that are best suited - Flexibility
to a particular locality, which the locals would be able to afford and
maintain - Sustainability
- Appropriate technology refers to tools, skills and machines that are best suited Give three advantages of appropriate technology
for particular conditions in society.
Ideas such as:
Describe three factors determining appropriate technology
- Create employment
- Levels of development, developed societies tend to concentrate on complex - Makes use of local resources
technology while developing societies concentrate on simple and intermediate - Cheap to buy and maintain
technology. - Produces relevant goods and services
- Promotes local development
30
3. Study Fig. 3 which is an extract about Rural Industries Innovation Centre (RIIC) Describe the importance of Information Technology (IT) in the development of
Botswana.
Located in Kanye, in the Southern District of Botswana, Rural Industries Innovation Ideas such as:
Centre (RIIC) is the national appropriate technology development and dissemination - Stores a lot of data
centre in Botswana. It undertakes new and renewable energy activities with projects in - Easy analysis of complex information
solar cooking and pumping, biogas, energy management, and solar cold room. - Easy/fast transfer of information from one source to another
Source: RIIC’s website http:// www.ripco.co.bw - Promotes international trade by linking countries/electronic payments made
Fig.3 possible
Describe factors which might make solar energy appropriate for Botswana. - Increased productivity
Ideas such as: - Development of infrastructure to suit information technology (IT)
- Botswana has many months of sunshine/ sunshine is readily available - Improvement of technology/skills development
- It is clean /environmentally friendly

- RIIC can develop/install/maintain any required solar machines Suggest factors that might slow down the introduction of Information Technology
- It is easy to use (IT) in Botswana schools
- It is affordable Ideas such as:
- It can be set up in rural area [where most Batswana live] - Shortage of information technology (IT) teachers to teach information technology
(IT)
Suggest problems that the Rural Industries Centre might face in their effort to - Information technology equipment are also to expensive, for example, computers
disseminate new developments. - Large populations of students in schools/lack of IT equipment
Ideas such as: - Some schools are located in remote areas or places without proper supporting
- It takes long to conduct proper needs assessment to decide products and infrastructure, for example, electricity and telephone connections
technologies to develop - Information technology [IT] equipment is easily stolen/theft
- Feasibility of developing some technologies requested by clients is low due - Some students/teachers have a phobia for electronic machines
sophistication/lack of knowledge or skills by RIIC

- Batswana are slow to adapt to new technologies/are traditional so they fail to
support RIIC/Low literacy making people to be rigid
- Recession/ shortage of money to conduct research/ high cost to RIIC
- Batswana shun most non-agricultural technologies
- Most Batswana may lack money to buy such technologies
31
Advantages of labour intensive disadvantages of labour intensive
production production
- In Labour intensive production, little - Labour intensive may lead to poor
capital is needed because of the use of quality work and products because of
simple technology. the use of simple technology and
unskilled labour.
- It creates employment to a large

number of people - It is the slow method of production it
relies heavily on human manual
effort.
- It is cheap to run and maintain / little
What is labour intensive production? capital required since simple
technology used
- Labour intensive production is a way/process of making goods and providing - It leads to low level of production
services which relies heavily on the use of human manual effort - It provides with an opportunity to because of the use of simple
train on the job technology.
- Labour Intensive Production relies heavily on the use of simple technology and
manual labour - It causes less pollution or destruction
of the environment - It makes people tired because the
work is strenuous.
Give three advantages of labour intensive production - It requires little skills to enter or run
- It promotes human interaction

Ideas such as:
- Creates employment to a large number of people
- It encourages craftsmanship
- Cheap to run and maintain / little capital required since simple technology - It uses local skills & knowledge
used
- Provides with an opportunity to train on the job
- Causes less pollution / destruction of the environment

- Requires little skills to enter or run
- Promotes human interaction
- Encourages craftsmanship
- Uses local skills & knowledge

32
What is capital-intensive production? Define labour
- Capital intensive production process of making goods and providing services - Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, that is directed
which relies heavily on the use of machinery and money/finance towards the production of goods and provision of services
- Capital-intensive production is the use of advanced or complex machines to - Labour is the work done by people to produce goods and services
speed up production.
- Labour is human effort that is directed at the production of goods and
services, for example, both physical and mental.
Describe three advantages of capital-intensive production
Describe any three types of labour
- Greater opportunity to use machinery / quick & efficient method of
production Ideas such as:
- Production of quality goods - Specialised Labour refers to people who are experts or highly skilled people, for
example, engineers, doctors, teachers, nurses and lawyers.
- Mass production makes goods cheaper
- Acquire skills of operating machines / skills development / creates a lot of - Skilled Labour refers to people who are highly trained in practical work related
to production, for example, artisans, surveyors, electricians, auto mechanics,
skilled manpower fitters and turners.
- Work is made lighter and more enjoyable because of the use of machinery
Advantages of capital intensive disadvantages of capital intensive - Semi-Skilled Labour refers people who are trained on-the-job for specific tasks.
production production For example a spanner boy who eventually become a fully-fledged mechanic.
- Greater opportunity to use machinery / - Causes pollution to the environment
- Unskilled Labour refers to workers who have no training at all. Mostly used as
quick & efficient method of because of the use of advanced
manual labourers, for example, farm workers, cleaners and garden boys.
production technology.
What is division of labour?
- Production of quality goods - Lead to high unemployment rate
because the advanced technology
- Mass production makes goods cheaper
- Division of labour is the breaking down of work into small parts so that each
requires only few people to operate.
worker takes a part
- Acquire skills of operating machines / - Lead to loss of craftsmanship.
skills development / creates a lot of - Division of labour is when work is shared out in different parts between
skilled manpower different people
- It is expensive to buy and maintain.
- Work is made lighter and more - Division of labour is the breaking down of the production process so that it
enjoyable because of the use of may be based on gender or age or training
machinery - It requires skilled manpower.
33
What is specialisation?
Give three advantages of division of labour
- Specialisation is concentration in a specific activity / profession OR
Ideas such as; production of a specific commodity
- Work can be done faster and perfectly - Specialisation of labour is the concentration of people on one job that they are
trained in, for example, teaching, engineering and nursing
- No time is wasted moving from one task to the other
Give three advantages of specialisation of labour
- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential
Ideas such as:
- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job (this saves a lot of
money and time) - Work can be done faster and perfectly because the worker perform only one task.
- Quality goods and services are produced - Little time is wasted moving from one task to the other.
- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential.

- No tools lie idle / there is full utilisation of tools and/or machinery
- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job.
Give three disadvantages of division of labour
- Quality goods and services are produced because of use of advanced technology.
Ideas such as;
- Work becomes monotonous and boring - There is higher productivity because of the use of machinery.
- Increases worker’s proficiency because of constant repetition.

- Loss of craftsmanship
- Creates a lot of employment opportunities, for example, teaching.
- It increases the chances of unemployment
Give three disadvantages of specialisation of labour
- There is a lot of interdependence
Ideas such as:
- Doing the same job repeatedly leads to boredom.

- Workers lose the initiative to exercise judgement and responsibility.
- Increased risk of unemployment because of the greater use of machinery.
- Loss of craftsmanship because of the increased use of machinery.
- Increased dependency easily leads to disruption of production, for
example, if one worker is absent.
- Concentration on one task makes it difficult for one to acquire other
skills.
34
Describe any three forms of specialisation
- Specialisation by Individual is when a person concentrates or gives

great attention to one task only e.g. a Development Studies teacher, a
dentist, an optometrist, etc
- Specialisation by Product is when an individual or company

concentrates on or gives great attention to making a single commodity
e.g. Nortex Company produces towels, Kgalagadi Soap Industries,
Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc.
- Specialisation by Nation is when a country concentrates on producing a

certain good(s) / commodity(ies) which they have comparative advantage -
over e.g. Botswana produces beef & diamonds, Namibia produces fish,
etc. Describe the factors that increase the efficiency of labour
- Specialisation by Region is when countries of the same geographical Ideas such as:
area concentrate on or give great attention to a particular product e.g. The - Increased leisure/rest
Middle East countries produce oil. - Education/training
- Motivation/rewards/promotion at work/bonuses/13th cheque
OR - Improved working conditions, for example, well ventilated
- where the majority of people in a particular area are engaged in the workplace/ventilation
same type of work due to specific skills or resource availability e.g. - Improved technology
basketry in North West Botswana, phane harvesting in the Central - Good leadership
& North East Botswana - Specialisation/Division of labour
- Workers welfare, for example, pension and medical aid schemes
- Specialisation by Process is when a company concentrates on or gives - Good work ethics ( coming to work on time)
great attention to various aspects of a product e.g. at a car assembly plant
there are different areas of specialisation in the process of assembling a Describe the advantages of specialisation of labour.
car; there is a person responsible for fitting the engine, the wheels, the Ideas such as:
windscreen, the wipers, the gearbox etc. - Work can be done faster and perfectly because the worker perform only
one task.
- Little time is wasted moving from one task to the other.
- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential.
- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job.
- Quality goods and services are produced because of use of advanced
technology.
- There is higher productivity because of the use of machinery.
- Increases worker’s proficiency because of constant repetition.
- Creates a lot of employment opportunities, for example, teaching.
35
Define labour efficiency Describe any three forms of specialisation in production
- Labour efficiency is the ability of workers to be highly productive. Ideas such as:
- Labour specialisation is where each worker concentrates on a
specific task
Describe the factors that increase the efficiency of labour
- Product specialisation is where a company or business concentrates
Ideas such as: on the production of a specific commodity or service
- Education and training, the higher the level of training and education - Country specialisation is where a country concentrates on the
the higher the level of productivity. production of a specific product or service
- Customs and attitudes of the people, some cultures encourage hard - Regional specialisation is whereby a group of countries in the same
work, for example, Japanese and Chinese culture. area concentrate on the production of a specific product or service
Suggest factors that may reduce labour efficiency among workers in

- Technology, if workers use simple technology then productivity will be Botswana
lower. Workers who use advanced technology will be more productive.
Ideas such as
- Poor work ethics/laziness/culture of laziness/absenteeism from
- Working conditions, good working conditions ensure high productivity, work
for example, good ventilation, lighting, safety and working hours. - Alcoholism/drug abuse
- Dirty unattractive working conditions
- Low wages/salaries
- Worker welfare, workers must have peace of mind for them to be - Poor supervision/management
productive at work. This can be done by giving workers medical aid, - Lack of training
pension schemes, funeral assistance, social and entertainment facilities - Lack of machines/equipment/tools to use
and housing. - Crippling effect of deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS and
Covid-19
- Motivation, workers can be encouraged to work harder by being offered - Poor/congested transportation routes causing late arrivals at
incentives such as higher wages, bonuses/13th cheque, and participation work, for example, Gaborone/ poor infrastructure
in decision making. - Lack of motivation
- Conflict among workers
36
Define entrepreneurship What are the qualities of a good entrepreneur?
- Entrepreneurship refers to the art or skill of coordinating, managing, organising Ideas such as:
and running a business. - Innovative/creative in the running of the business
What is an entrepreneur? - Initiative/self-motivated
- An entrepreneur is a person who takes the risk of putting down money to - Good organisational skills/good planner/good manager/interpersonal
start a business with the main aim of making a profit. skills
Describe any three roles played by an entrepreneur. - Risk bearing/capability to bear risk
Ideas such as: - Good motivator of employees
- Organisation of land, labour and capital to produce goods and services. - Good decision maker
- Decision-making on what to produce, how to produce and where to - Hard worker/productive
produce.
- Able to move with the times
- Management/leadership of the day to day running of business or
enterprise. - Good leader/loyal to workers/good communicator/responsible/lead by
example
- Risk bearer which is the ability to take risks and steer the business to be
a success. Describe ways an entrepreneur can raise capital for production
Ideas such as:

- Personal savings/insurance policies
- Selling of shares
- Loans [from financial institutions/banks]
- Grants/donations
- Leasing
- Hire purchase
- Debenture [loan from the public]/family members/friends
- Sale of assets
37
Study the figure below which shows economic production systems and Describe the advantages of market economic production
answer questions that follows.
Ideas such as:
- The economy responds quickly to the people’s needs and wants.
- Entrepreneurs always try to use the resources as efficiently as possible in order to

get the most profit out of them.
- High quality goods and services because of fierce competition.
- Entrepreneurs are always motivated to make a success of their businesses because
they want to make profit.
- Highly productive because of the use of mass production methods.
- Capitalist countries have achieved the highest levels of development in the world,
for example, japan and U.S.A.
- Anyone has the chance to become rich provided he or she has the business skills.
Define market economic production/capitalism Explain the disadvantages of market economic production system
- Market economy/capitalism is an economic system whereby the means of Ideas such as:
production are owned and controlled by individuals and the private sector.
- It ignore production of basic needs so people might suffer/shortage of basic
Describe the characteristics/features of market economic production needs/profit motive so it ignore production of basic needs
Ideas such as: - The system is controlled by money o only those with money can participate/
small businesses collapse due to competition/monopolies
- Private property is when individuals have the right to own and control the
means of production, for example, labour, land and capital.
- Freedom of choice is when people are free to choose what to produce, how to - Inequality between the rich and the poor increase so there will be unbalanced
produce and where to produce. development
- Freedom of enterprise is when people are free to start businesses of their choice.
- Self- interest is when people are motivated by the need to make profits for - Profit motive results in exploitation of workers/unemployment
themselves. - Too much competition results in unethical business practices
- Competition is when businesses compete against each other.
- Price mechanism is when the laws of supply and demand determine the prices - Profit motive leads to damage of the environment
for goods and services. - Lack of serious planning may result in duplication of production activities
- Government role is minimal which means there is little government interference - Free market may lead to illegal substances finding their way into the market
with the running of the economy. - Too much competition lowers prices of goods and services
- Rule: 1 mark for disadvantage and 1mark for explanation
38
Study the figure below which shows world economies and answer the Define planned economic production system/ socialism
questions that follows
- Planned economy is an economic system whereby the means of
production are owned and controlled by the state for the benefit of the
whole society.
Describe the characteristics of planned/socialist economic production system
Ideas such as:
- Government is the only entrepreneur/ businesses are funded by the

Define planned economy / Socialism: government
- Prices of goods and services are controlled by the government
- A system of production where the means of production are owned and - People work for the good of the society/ the aim of the production is to
controlled by the state supply people’s needs/ collective interest
- Competition between businesses is prohibited
- A system of production that is based on the principle that govt. controls - The means of production are owned by the government on behalf of the
production and consumption in the collective interest of the society people
- The government controls all parts of the economy
Give three characteristics of planned economy:
Define socialism
- State ownership: All important resources (e.g. land, capital) are owned by
the state - Socialism is an economic system in which means of production are
- Government as entrepreneur: Individuals are forbidden to set up their own state/government owned/controlled / planned by govt.
businesses and the govt. takes the role of the entrepreneur
Give three disadvantages of the socialist economic system
- Collective interest: People are expected to work for the good of society and Ideas such as
not for individual gain. They are paid wages by the state - It is too bureaucratic/red tape
- It encourages laziness / lack of self interest
- Competition: Competition between businesses is not allowed - There is lack of competition, which results in poor quality goods
- It stifles creativity/initiative
- Price control: Prices are set and controlled by the state so that they could be - Lack of personal choice or freedom / restricted choice
affordable by everyone - Inefficient use / waste of resources as they are not allocated by price
- Planning gaps/some places are left undeveloped/unattended
- Government role: The govt. controls all parts of the economy
39
Describe the advantages of planned economy/socialism Define mixed economic production system
Ideas such as:
- Mixed economy is an economic system whereby there is both private and state
- It satisfies all the people’s basic needs, for example, food, shelter and clothes. ownership of means of production. It is a mixture of both capitalism and
socialism.
- The benefits of production are distributed equally among the whole population. - Mixed economy is when there is a state planning, control and businesses
operating alongside a private sector.
- Everyone has the right to work or employment. State the features/characteristics of mixed economic production system
- There is both private and state/public ownership of resources.

- The goods and services are made available at low prices - There is freedom of enterprise.
- The government also operates enterprises, for example. State corporations/
parastatals.
- The government plans for the economy, for example, National Development
Describe the disadvantages of planned economy Plans.
- The government interferes in the running of the economy through the following
Ideas such as:
- It is difficult to plan for the whole country and these results in a lot of mistakes. ways, Taxation of businesses, Legislation, for example, company laws and labour
- It suppresses individual freedom to think and act. laws, Quality control, for example, through the Botswana Bureau of Standards,
Price monitoring, Provision of basic infrastructure, for example, roads, power,
railways and water.
- State appointed managers are inefficient because they are appointees rather than
entrepreneurs. - Government provides social services for the people such as education, health,
- There is technological inefficient because managers are prohibited coming up sanitation and social welfare.
with new ideas or make changes.
Describe the advantage of mixed economic production system
- Very luxury goods are produced hence the people’s lives are uncomfortable.
Ideas such as:
- It redistributes the benefits of production through the taxing of
- A very limited choice for consumers since all goods and services are produced by businesses.
the state. - Helps the poor through the welfare system.
- There is a low productivity level because of over-employment, inefficient - The government provides the basic needs of the people.
management and low morale of the workers. - The government protects the workers from exploitation.
- Consumers obtain quality goods and services.
- The environment is protected from unnecessary damage by laws.
- NB: However most of the socialist are moving towards the Capitalist mode of - People are free to establish enterprise of their choice.
production.
40
State the disadvantages of mixed economic production system Explain the benefits of choosing a mixed economic production system

- The government may discourage investment through laws and heavy taxation.
- Government always ends up in debt because of public expenditure. - The government social welfare programme ensures that everybody has
- The welfare system encourages people to be lazy and irresponsible. access to basic needs.
- State enterprises are inefficient and a drain to the economy.
- The government labour laws protects workers from exploitation through
Describe the features that shows that Botswana follows a mixed economic coming up with labour laws.
production system.
Ideas such as: - The benefit of choosing a mixed economic production system is having
environmental laws that prevent damage to the environment.
- The feature that show that Botswana follows a mixed economic production
system is that parastatals operating side by side with the private businesses. For - The presence of government businesses or parastatals ensures availability
example, Botswana Power Corporation and Choppies. of essential goods and services, for example, water and electricity.
- The prices determined by market forces while the government controls prices for - The government price control ensures that basic needs are sold at
some goods and services, for example, petrol and maize meal. affordable prices, for example, water, electricity, mealie meal and petrol.
- The government laws and regulations prevent immorality, for example,
- The government schools and universities such as University of Botswana and banning of pornographic materials. The element of freedom of enterprise
Botswana International University Of Research Science and Technology
operating alongside private schools and universities such as Botho College and allows high achievers to excel.
Baisago University College.
- The government hospitals and clinics operating alongside private hospitals and
clinics. For example, Nyangagwe Hospital in Francistown and Riverside Hospital
in Francistown. The government prepares National Development Plans while
individuals implement them.
- The government set regulations for business operations such as quality control,
price monitoring while individuals are free to make other decisions.
- The government gives free food or basic needs to destitute while other people
must buy for themselves. The government exempts the poor from paying school
fees whilst other people pay.
41
Define enterprise
- Enterprise is an act of organizing factors of production in order to make - Sole trader or sole proprietors are usually small and this allows the owner to have
profit more closer and personal contact with both the employees and customers.
*The answer must have ‘profit’ - In most cases, it requires small amount of capital to start.
What is a sole proprietor?

- Sole trader pays tax for development of the country.
- Sole proprietor is an individual / person who owns and runs a business
- Sole trader creates jobs.
State three characteristics of a sole proprietor
Describe three disadvantages of a sole proprietor
- The owner gets the profit / bears the losses
Ideas such as:
- Employees are mostly members of the family - Individuals usually have small amounts of capital and this might hinder
the expansion of the enterprise.
- It is usually found within the location of the owner
- The success of the business depends on the owner’s abilities, and on his
- Small sphere of influence or her death or retirement, the business might be affected by the person
who inherits it. If the inheritor is not a good business person, the
- Unlimited liability company will obviously collapse.
Give three advantages of a sole proprietor - Since the individual owner bears all the risks, he or she is liable for all
the debts and losses of the firm.
Ideas such as:
- Liability is limited; this means the owners assets are at risk.
- This type of ownership is advantageous because the owner is usually self-
motivated and has every reason to make the business become as efficient as - Sole trader is at times has difficulties to get money or loan to finance the
possible. business since banks need security.
- The individual owner is in full charge and can devote as much of his time and
energy to the business as he or she wishes. - There are no economies of scale. This means the sole trader cannot buy
in bulk to experience discounts.
- The owner has no need to consult or involve anyone when making a new policy - The division of labour may be difficult to organise because of the small
for the business. This allows the owner to put decisions into effect without having size of the business, resulting in little sharing of the workload, hence the
to convince others. owner is overworked. This may affect productivity and labour efficiency.
42
Study Fig. 1 which shows a sole proprietor form of enterprise Suggest the problems of operating Sole proprietorship in a developing
country
Ideas such as:
- Wrong decisions may be made (due to lack of check points for decision
making)/Lack of consultation
- It may be difficult to raise enough capital (for expansion alone)/less

capital
- The business lacks (assured) continuity/when the owner dies, the

business also dies
- The business also lacks credit worthiness (to get loan)
- The owner is over-worked as he/she is everything to the business/never

With the aid of fig. 1, describe the characteristics of sole proprietorship goes on holiday
Ideas such as:
- Business owned by only one person - Since the individual owner bears all the risks, he or she is liable for all
- Profit/loss are for the owner alone the debts and losses of the business/unlimited liability
- The owner is the one responsible for providing all capital needed to set
up and run the business - The business will not enjoy economies of scale
- The owner uses his/her labour/assisted perhaps by one/two worker/
family members
- The business tends to be small in size although it is not always so/small - Competition from large scale businesses
scale
- The business has unlimited liabilities/responsible person’s assets are at
risk
- Registered under the name of the owner
- Decisions are made by the owner/ owner manages the business
43
Define a private company - It reduces duplication of equipment and unnecessary wastage of
resources.
- Private company refers to a type of enterprise owned by shareholders and run by - Parastatal helps to implement government policies.
a board of directors and a manager.
- It is a source of income of the government.
State three advantages of a private company - The effort is made to train and employ local workers of all levels of
production.
Ideas such as:
Study the figure below which is an extract on provision of electricity by
- They have a lot of potential in increasing public awareness of an issue. Botswana Power Corporation (BPC)
- The private sector is profit and efficiency driven, and as such tends to
have a highly productive staff.
- The private sector is demand and client driven and therefore very
responsive to the people’s needs.
- The sector is very flexible compared to others in that it has to amend its
service to fit the public whenever a need arises.
Define parastatals
Give reasons why in most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such
- Parastatals are state corporations owned by the government of the country in as Botswana Power Corporation (BPC)
which they operate.
Ideas such as:
- Parastatals are businesses owned and funded by the government and the profits - To avoid exploitation of consumers/to offer electricity at affordable price
they make are taken by the state to be used for developmental purposes. - To ensure continuous supply
- To achieve economies of scale
Give three advantages of parastatals - Electricity is strategic ,so it is better in the hands of the government than
of individuals/ electricity is an essential service
Ideas such as: - The government has sufficient or enough funds to carry out such a large
- They employ many people and thus create employment in countries with a few scale service
private companies such as Botswana. - To ensure provision of electricity to remote areas even when it is
- Parastatals have an advantage of expansion because they are funded by the uneconomic/to promote government policy of rural electrification
government.
- The state has a chance to control the provision of essential services and goods.
For example, water and electricity.
- Parastatals enjoys economies of scale hence offer cheaper price.
- Parastatals are mostly not profit oriented.
- Parastatals provide secure employment to a large number of local people.
44
Suggest problems that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of Study the figure below which is an extract on parastatals
power supply
Ideas such as:

- Lack of entertainment/most televisions and radios are off due power cuts
- Failures to do house chores which need power/disruption of life (Allow
examples) With the aid of the above extract, describe characteristics of parastatals
- Poor security due to lack of lights Ideas such as:
- Lack of cell phone/telephone network/lack of communication - They are established by an Act of parliament/set up by the government
- Shopping is disrupted/most of shops are closed - They are owned by the government/assets are publicly owned
- Disruption of study - Chief Executive Officer (CEO) handle daily operations/daily
- Provision of health services is disrupted (Allow examples), for example, management
x-ray machines and theatre for operations will not function without - They are funded by the government
electricity - Profit goes to the government
- Easy flow of traffic is disrupted/traffic lights stop working - They focus on the provision of useful goods and services
- Damage to electrical appliances - Large scale businesses
- Production is disrupted/machines stop working
Suggest benefits of operating parastatals to a developing country
Ideas such as:
Describe three disadvantages of parastatals - Parastatal prevent duplication of production which is wasteful
- Parastatals allows for economies of scale because they are large
Ideas such as: - Parastatals ensures that essential goods and services are available even
- They tend to waste state funds if they are not run properly, which is a though are expensive to produce/provide, for example, water supply and
great cost to taxpayers. electricity supply
- They often lead to monopolies whereby the government owns most of the - Parastatal provide sufficient capital for large scale development/ source
profitable enterprises and competes with small companies and this might of income for the government
lead to the collapse of the small companies. - Parastatals rescue dying industries in order to protect employment
- Parastatals helps to create employment
- Parastatal mostly tends to provide goods and services of poor quality due
- Parastatals helps the government to implement its policies
to monopolies. - Parastatals industries of strategic importance are in the hands of the
- Most are too expensive to run and over stretch the taxpayer’s money. government rather than private individuals, for example, atomic
- Lack of initiative amongst workers leads to inefficiency in production. power/electricity
- Uniform products may not satisfy everyone’s taste. - Parastatal also serve as a strategy to promote industrialisation in the
country
- They are source of foreign exchange
- They encourage infrastructural development
45
Explain some parastatals have been privatised What are Multi-National Companies?
Ideas such as: - Multi-National Companies are businesses from developed countries with
- To increase wealth/GDP/GNP of a country subsidiaries in developing countries/large businesses/industries from
- To raise capital from sale of shares developed countries with branches in other countries
- To reduce the burden of running production for the government/reduce
expenditure of the country /reduce government spending on daily running - Multi-National Companies are enterprises/businesses that operate in
of businesses several countries
- To encourage more people to own shares as a way of promoting citizen
empowerment - Multi-National companies are businesses with branches all over the
- To encourage competition in some business areas where there is world
monopoly
- To reduce trade union power since private companies are less likely to Give three problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana
give into demands by unions
- To increase efficiency in production since private productions will Ideas such as:
respond to market forces/ to reduce buerecracy - Widens the gap between the rich and the poor
- To reduce political interference from the businesses - Exploitation of human labour/paying low wages/poor working conditions
- To attract foreign direct investment (FDI) so that individual companies for workers/long hours at less pay
pay tax - Leads to monopoly in the market
- Machines replaced human labour to increase/maximise production
Suggest problems that may be caused by privatisation - Leads to depletion of natural resources/deforestation/soil erosion
- Pollution
Ideas such as: - Shortage of land/displacement of people
- Many privatised assets are sold too cheaply so tax payer loses/ - Brain drain/private sector out compete government
encourages corruption - Possibility of illegal goods being produced/ due to less interference by
- Sometime shares /businesses can be in the hands of foreign the government
companies so profits will go out of the country.
- Shares are often bought the rich businesses so locals fail to State three characteristics of Multi-National Companies
participate/widens the gap between the rich and poor
- Privatisation may result in lower wages/poor working conditions for Ideas such as:
workers/exploitation of workers
- Attempts to make profit often result in higher prices making - MNCs is usually a public limited company.
consumers suffer - The decision making is controlled from the head office.
- Sometimes privatisation simply changes state monopoly to a private - They employ many people in different parts of the world.
monopoly
- Privatised businesses often reduce workforce/loss of employment
- Private companies are profit driven so they fail to take care of the
environment, for example, pollution
46
Study the figure below which shows the relationship between Multi-National Describe the problems (disadvantages) that Multi-National Corporations
Corporations (MNCs) and developing countries. cause to developing countries.
Ideas such as:
- At times they dominate economies by monopolistic practices.
- Sometimes they bring in their own expert instead of training locals for
managerial positions within the host country.
- Attracts experts/skilled locals to work for them at the expense of local
industries.
- They encourage dependency and neo-colonialism through dependence on
foreign technology.
- They may take all the profits back to the country of their origin.
- Sometimes they interfere with the policies of the host country.
- Some are too powerful for the host country to control.
Explain how Multi-National Corporations benefit (advantages) host countries Define joint venture
or developing countries
Ideas such as: - Joint venture is a business undertaking partly owned by a national
- They pay tax to the host government. (Benefit to the government) government and a foreign government / a national government and a
- They increase employment opportunities. (Benefit to the people) company / two different companies to realise profit
- They bring new technology to the host countries. (Technical knowhow)
- They bring in foreign currency when they export from the host country. - Joint venture is the coming together of two or more companies to undertake a
(International trade) business activity
- They enjoy greater economies of scale.
- They give support, mostly financial to the local social clubs and associations. - Joint Venture is a form of partnership whereby two or more individuals or
(Money) companies agree to do business for a specific time under clear contract conditions
- They offer goods and services of better quality and variety to customers.
- They widen the country’s income base increasing Gross National Products.
(In a joint venture, companies do not dissolve to become one as in
partnership)
*Without ‘business or profit’ the answer is wrong

*‘combine’ not accepted
47
Give three advantages of a joint venture Define partnership
Ideas such as - Partnership is a relationship that exists between two or more people who have
come together to do a common business with the view to make profit.
- Cost sharing in buying materials or goods
State three characteristics of partnership
- Efficient/prudent management/sharing management ideas/skills
Ideas such as:
- Partnership is owned by many people between 2 and 20 people.
- Increased resource base
- Partnership is controlled by partners.
- Partnership has unlimited liabilities.
- Economies of scale, for example, experience discount when buying in bulk
or buying many goods.
Give three advantages of partnership in business:
- They reduce unnecessary competition between companies selling the same
products which allow them to share the profits and losses. Ideas such as;
- Joint ventures can expand easily and make more profits because they have a - Share business skills / skills / division of labour
lot of capital.
- Easy to set up / no winding procedures involved
- Joint ventures can save money by buying products at low prices because they
buy in bulk. - Share risks / consultative decision making
- They create a lot of employment by hiring many people because they have - Secrecy in business maintained / no publishing of accounts
capital
- Share costs / contribute resources / share equipment
*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed
- Individuality maintained
- Greater chances of securing loans
- There is continuity
- Partnership allows for division of labour
- In partnership create continuity is assured.

- It is easy to set up.
- There is shared decision making.
- Secrecy in business is maintained.
- There is a greater chance of security for loans.
48
Describe three advantages of partnership
Ideas such as:

- The decision may be delayed by consultation.
- The withdrawal of one or some partners may cause the partnership to

dissolve.
- Lack of capital may limit expansion.
- Unlimited liability.
- It may be difficult to find a suitable partner.
Define co-operatives
- Co-operatives are enterprises formed by people with a common goal

who bring together some of their resources such as money, tools, labour
and equipment in order to reduce production costs.
Describe the advantages (benefits) of being a member of a co-operative.
Ideas such as:
- Skills sharing/ members learn new skills

- Easy to raise a high amount of capital/group investment
- Opportunity for division of labour/sharing of tasks
- Members share ideas
- Collective decision making/ good decisions are made
- Improves marketing of products
- Easy access to financial assistance from financial institutions
- Sharing of a common market/reduced competition
- Sharing of a common market/reduced competition
- Collective saving gives opportunity for bigger interest rates
- Cost sharing, for example, transport is shared so the cost is shared
- Bulk buying of raw materials or inputs makes them cheaper
- Poverty alleviation
- Employment creation
49
Suggest how a government can ensure that co-operatives are successful.
Ideas such as:
- Provide entrepreneurial skills or upskilling

- Provide storage facilities
- Provide funding or financial assistance
- Improve transport networks
- Provide technological assistance or invest in technological development
- Assist with quality assurance or standards, for example, Botswana Bureau of
Standards (BOBS)
- Mentoring or giving expert advice or incubation strategy
- Market the products or services/ provide a market for the cooperatives
- Provide subsides Describe each policy shown in Fig.2.
Ideas such as:
 Citizen empowerment is when the government equips nationals with
skills and other means so that they can participate in the economy of the
country/development/ creating social, political and economic
opportunities so that nationals take part in the development/economy
 Localisation is when the government replaces foreign workers with
nationals/citizens/locals/ the government reserves some businesses for
locals
 Privatisation of parastatals is when the government transfers ownership
of its businesses to individuals/companies usually through selling.
 Women and property ownership is when the government allows
women to own big possessions, for example houses and forms or
The government recognises the rights of women to own big possessions
such as businesses and houses.
[RULE: Do not penalise for repetition of terms]
50
For three of the policies shown in Fig. 2, suggest two ways by which each policy - Government allows females or women to own big or large
may improve production. possessions or assets/material/goods
Ideas such as:
 Citizen Empowerment [Accept any two correct points per policy]
- Increase businesses as locals are given financial assistance

- Increased production as citizens are trained or become skilled
 Localisation
- Locals are likely to work harder for their country or national

pride
- Local businesses are given financial assistance
- Locals are trained or given courses
 Privatisation of parastatals
- Efficient use of resources will result in high production

- Possibility of increased foreign direct investment (FDI) to fuel
production through more capital or technology transfer
- Improved quality of goods and services
 Women and property ownership
- More women owned businesses will increase production in the

economy
- Increased production in women inclined industries, for example,
Fashion and Design, Interior design, Beauty Parlours, Knitting
and pottery
- Inherited funds can be used as capital for investment
51
Define privatisation: Describe the disadvantages of privatisation:
- Privatisation is the transfer of public/state assets into the ownership of - There is massive job losses due to redundancy
individuals and companies usually through selling - Open to abuse by corrupt political bureaucrats
- Widens the gap between the rich and the poor
- Expensive due to adverts and publicity
Describe the advantages of privatisation - It is a transfer of monopoly from public to private hands/may lead to
Explain the benefits of privatisation emergence of private monopolies
- Will lead to hyper-inflation to meet initial costs
- Improves efficiency because of competition and profit
The role of government in privatisation:
- Increases participation in ownership of national assets / citizen empowerment
- Sets up regulatory price mechanism
- Reduces public bureaucracy or delays in decision making - Makes laws that govern privatisation process
- Sets up prices of assets to be privatised
- Accelerates economic growth by stimulating entrepreneurship - Empower citizens
- Provide loans/grants
- Reduces prices and public sector budget deficit through enhancing the
quality of goods and services Describe ways by which privatization can benefit developing countries such
as Botswana
- Empowers citizens where such sales are restricted to them
Ideas such as:
- Revenue/govt. gets tax from companies/revenue from sale of shares
- Improves infrastructural development
- Removes burden from government. - Allows citizens to own businesses/citizen empowerment
- Country’s revenue is increased due to payment of tax/from government
- Increases foreign direct investment enterprises
- Efficiency is improved/quality goods/services improves
- Private companies take social responsibilities - Government burden of running enterprises is reduced
- Improves the country’s GDP/GNP/economic growth/income
- Improves the country’s foreign exchange/exports
- Reduces government monopoly
- Reduces political interference
- Reduces bureaucratic red tape
- Skills development
- Technological advancement
- Privatization attracts Foreign Direct Investment [FDI]
52
Localisation of labour: Suggest challenges that the government may face when trying to follow the
localisation policy.
- Localisation of labour is the process of replacing expatriate public servants
with citizen public servants Ideas such as:
- shortage of skilled locals
What is localization policy?
- Poor work ethics among citizens
- Localisation policy is the process of promoting citizen labour and enterprise /
- Shortage of funds to implement the policy
The process of giving jobs or businesses to citizens
- Lengthy training programmes that may delay the process, for example,
Benefits of localisation of labour in Botswana:
medical doctors
- It promotes the socio-economic development of locals - Brain drain where trained locals prefer to work in developed countries rather
than at home
- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
- Lack of experience among locals slows down production, for example, when
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too
a fresh local graduate replaces an experienced expatriate graduate
much respect for foreigners
- The policy creates conflict between home government and other
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
governments/ it strains foreign relations/ promotes xenophobia.
- Creates employment for citizens
- Development is in accordance to culture
[RULE: Award slowing down of the economy/productivity if it is the only
- There is possibility of making long term decisions as there is no fear of end answer]
of contract
- Locals acquire necessary skills
- Workers are patriotic and have their national interest at heart
- Saves money wasted on foreigners
53
Define localisation of labour policy
- Localisation policy is the process of replacing expatriates public servants

with citizen public servants
-
Give three advantages of localisation policy in Botswana
- Promotes socio-economic development of locals
- Creates employment for locals
- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too
much respect for foreigners
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- It saves money used on expatriates
54
What is citizen empowerment? Suggest factors that make it difficult for the government of Botswana to
empower citizens
- Citizen empowerment is the creation of opportunities and a conducive
environment for locals to participate fully in social, political and economic Ideas such as:
development of their country
- Fronting (when foreigners use citizens to invest in businesses reserved
- Citizen empowerment is when the government equips nationals with skills only for citizens by giving them money to look as if they are once
and other means so that they can participate in the economy of the owning them)
country/development/ creating social, political and economic opportunities - Insufficient market/lack of markets
so that nationals take part in the development/economy - Lack of commitment from bureaucrats/ lack of political will or
support/information not reaching the people enough
- Conflicting government programmes/ lack of proper coordination of
Explain ways through which your government empower citizens programmes by the government
How does your government empower citizens? - Corruption/nepotism/favouritism/bribery/misuse of money
- Lack of proper monitoring
Ideas such as: - Laziness/laxity by locals to access government programmes/lack of
cooperation from the people
- Guaranteeing locals access to credit facilities e.g. National Development
Bank (NDB) and Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA)/ - Lack of money for programmes by the government
providing loans at low interest rates to nationals - Lack of money by the people
- Organising markets for local producers

Describe ways by which the government of Botswana empowers citizens.
- Giving locals tax holidays which is allowing newly established from pay tax Ideas such as:
for a certain period of time and subsidies is covering part of expenses on - Training/educating citizens
materials used in production
- Provision of financial assistance to locals
- Protecting infant industries, for Import Substitution Strategy and Export
- Providing opportunity for locals to vote in elections
Oriented Strategy can be used to protect local industries from competition
- Provision of information through radio, television, newspapers on various
issues
- Making some production exclusively for locals, for example, saloons and
transportation such as buses and taxies industry - Provision of health services to fight/ cure/control/treat diseases
- Teaching locals their rights
- Government providing a market to citizens or tenders
- Marketing of local goods and services to outside markets
- localisation
55
What problems may hinder the implementation of citizen empowerment in
Botswana?
- Fronting is when citizens are given money by foreigners to start a business

and become silent partners or shareholders.
- Insufficient market to sell the goods produced by locals or nationals or

citizens
- Poor business skills/ lack of entrepreneurial skills by locals
- Lack of commitment from the bureaucrats or those in power or the

government or politicians
56
Identify and define the sectors of production
Ideas such as:
- Primary Sector involves the extraction of raw materials, for example,

mining, fishing, farming
- Secondary Sector deals with the manufacturing of

products/processing/turning raw materials into semi-finished or finished
goods e.g. Kgalagadi Soap Industries, Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc.
- Tertiary Sector is the services provision sector or where goods and services
are distributed to the customers, for example, transport, banking, Metsef
etc.
- Quaternary Sector involves the use of information technology where there

Describe each type of production shown in Fig. 1
is use of computers
Ideas such as:
State three benefits of the secondary sector - Primary production is the extraction/removal/collection of raw materials
Ideas such as: from the environment without changing their form
- Secondary production is the
- Promote economic linkages (Economic linkages is when industries that transformation/processing/manufacturing/changing of raw materials into
produce goods and services depend on each other ) semi-finished and finished products/goods
- Tertiary production deals with provision of services to support
- Value added products produced/ semi-finished and finished goods will be production [Allow examples]
produced/ goods that are ready for use - Quaternary is the activities concerned with
research/compilation/processing/dissemination of the research
- Increased returns/ helps to maximise profit by selling finished goods information to improve human resources/ production.
- Control of the prices [4 at 1mark each]
- Stability in prices & demand enjoyed
57
Suggest ways by which the productivity of the secondary sector could be Explain why investing in livestock farming in Botswana may be risky.
improved in Botswana.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as: - Meat/beef prices can fail easily
- Training workers/entrepreneurs , for example, Local Enterprise Authority - Livestock can be attacked by diseases, for example, foot and mouth
(LEA) - Livestock can be attacked by pests, for example, tsetse fly
- Importation of raw materials - Drought can result in death of many animals
- Provision of cheaper utilities ,for example, water and electricity - Drought can reduce the quality of meat (grade/value)
- Provision of funding/ loans at low interest rate, for example, through - Other livestock producers can bring too much competition
Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA) and National - Demands by importers , for example, European Union (EU) market can
Development Bank (NDB) make sales difficult with their terms and conditions
- Provision of serviced land/infrastructure, for example, availability of
water, tarred roads, telecommunication network and electricity
- Reduction of bureaucratic process/delay in decision making/red tape
- Use of improved /better technology Study Fig. 1 which shows stages of industrial development
- Inviting foreign investors/Multi-National Companies (MNCs)
- Marketing/ finding market for locally produced goods
- Use of import substitution strategy and export oriented strategy
Describe ways by which Botswana has benefited from primary production
Ideas such as:

- Employment creation/improved standard of living of workers
- Foreign exchange/export of raw materials such as diamonds, cooper,
nickel and soda ash
- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads, improved
telecommunication network such as internet
- Botswana famous for beef production and diamond mining
- Stimulation of industrial growth, for example, meat processing and Using Fig. 1 only, describe the employment trend for each of the sectors of
diamond polishing production shown in the post-industrial stage.
- Food from production Ideas such as:
- Acquisition of skills through training - The primary sector employment is decreasing /falling/dropping/slow
- Technological advancement - The secondary sector employment is decreasing/falling/dropping
- Source of income - The tertiary sector employment is increasing
- Increased GDP/GNP/GNP per capita - The quaternary sector employment is increasing/rising/fast
58
Describe the benefits of a growing tertiary industry Explain the importance of land in the industrialization process.
- Increased market - Space/ area is needed for building factories/factory site

- Greater opportunities for new business/diversification - Part of the land surface is used for construction of infrastructure, for
- Job creation example, road, railway lines
- Infrastructural development - Natural resources are used as raw materials in the factories
- Tax earning - Farmers grow crops on the land and these are used as raw materials in the
- Foreign exchange factories
- Skills development - Water is used for cooling machines/ cleaning in the industries
- Improvement in production
- Reduced imports
Give three reasons why countries of the south still export mainly primary product
Ideas such as:
- Unfair trade patterns/ countries of the South are viewed as a source of

raw materials
- They are seen as market for manufactured goods/Neo-colonialism
- Lack of technological capacity/machines
- Lack of capital/debts
- Lack of industrial skills/ training
- They suffer from rigidity/unwillingness to accept and effect change
- Principle of comparative advantage
59
Define consumption Define foreign reserves
- Consumption refers to buying goods or things which do not last for a long - Foreign reserves is funds/ income/revenue usually in other countries’
period of time. For example, when people are paid their monthly salaries, they currencies that accrue to a country as a result of balance of payment
buy groceries surplus and invested abroad.
- Consumption is the action of using up resources/the process in which the - Foreign reserve is money or profit that is realized after the country pays
substance of a thing is completely destroyed/used up or incorporate or for its exports/money generated at home and invested abroad
transformed into something else.
- Foreign reserves is a country’s earnings from investments abroad and re-
- Consumption is the unregistered production activities that people do on self-help
invested/ kept in international banks/ other countries
basis.
- Foreign reserves is the country’s money kept outside the country for
- Consumption is when people buy commodities/products that do not last for a
long time, for example, food, drinks and clothes emergencies usually in that country’s currency, for example, drought and
floods
- Consumption is the use of goods and services to satisfy human needs and wants. - Foreign reserves provide capital/money for diversifying the
economy/helps to finance entrepreneurs
- Foreign reserves helps in providing infrastructural development, for
Describe three ways by which supply of goods affect demand example, construction of dams, schools and tarred roads
- Foreign reserves helps to train locals/ is used in human resource
Ideas such as: development
- When the supply of goods is low the demand of goods will be high
Give three benefits of foreign reserves
- When the supply of goods high the demand of goods will be low
Ideas such:
- The money is invested in International Financial Markets using
- When the supply of goods is constant the demand of goods will be international financial brokers to buy shares, bonds and equities hence
constant generating profit.
- Foreign reserves as savings accrue/earns interest that is paid to the
country/loaning to other countries
- Foreign reserves helps a country to earn foreign exchange/ Foreign
Exchange Earner
- Foreign reserves helps to enhance country’s credit worthiness [helps
countries to be able to get loans from other countries and international
financial institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary
Fund (IMF)
- Foreign reserves helps to secure the country’s financial future/helps
during emergencies
60
Define investment
- Affordable utilities, for example, water and electricity
- Investment using money/resources/employment to buy capital goods or
to loan a business in return for interests/ a share of a profit. - Political stability
- Investment is using money to make/generate more income/revenue - Privatization [which is the transfer of public assets to individuals and
companies usually through selling]
- Investment is saving to make money/income/profit in the future
Describe three ways of promoting investment by citizens
Ideas such as:

- Credit schemes/ facilities/ loans/grants/financial assistance, for example,
Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA)
- Training in business skills, for example, Local Enterprise Authority
(LEA)
- Providing infrastructure/serviced plots, for example, plots with tarred
roads, water, telecommunication networks and electricity
- Protectionism/protection of infant industries/localisation/citizen
empowerment
- Marketing of local products, for example, Botswana Export Development
Investment Agency (BEDIA)/buy local products campaign
- Reserving some businesses for locals/citizens only, for example,

transportation industry such as taxies and buses and saloons
- Tax holidays/rebates/tax lowering ( Tax holiday is when newly

established businesses are exempted from paying tax for a certain period
of time)
- Government subsidy
- Encouraging import substitution industrialisation [ISI](it is

prohibiting/not allowing people to buy goods from other countries that
are produced local/ available locally) and export oriented
industrialisation [EOI] (it is setting up of industries in a country that
produces goods for the outside market)
- Lowering inflation [reducing prices of goods and services]

61
Module 3: Rural Development What is rural development?
- Rural development is improving the lifestyles of people found in villages or

TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES the countryside
OBJECTIVES
to: - Rural development is improving the standard of living or quality of life or
- Explain rural development; status of people in villages or remote areas or the country side.
Rural Develop an understanding
Development and appreciation of the - Describe types of traditional rural
nature of rural
- Rural development is the improvement of the quality of life of people living
societies under the following headings: in villages/country side/remote areas
development.
land use and ownership, division of
labour, cultural activities, technology and
- Rural development is up-lifting the living standard of people living in the
dependence on the environment;
country side/ villages/ remote areas
- Explain the concept of colonialism;
Describe three positive effects of rural development
- Discuss the impact of colonialism on
rural development with specific reference Ideas such as:
to Botswana; - The positive effect of rural development is that employment is created
- Empowerment of rural development [allow examples]
- Discuss changes in rural areas in - Reduce/alleviation of rural poverty
Botswana since independence; - Access to health care facilities/ clean drinking water/ sewage
facilities/increased life expectancy
- Discuss positive and negative aspects of
- Access to educational facilities/increased literacy rate/increased school
rural development;
enrolment
- Discuss strategies to solve problems of
- Reduces rural-urban migration
rural development; - There is an increase in agricultural production/commercial production
- There is variety of goods to choose from/prices of goods may go down
- Assess different rural schemes, due to different goods to choose from
programmes and projects: - Reduces the gap between the rich and the poor
- Increases production of raw materials for industries
- Investigate the changing family roles in - There is development of other industries: multiplier effect/ provide
rural areas. alternative source of income
62
State three aims of rural development
Ideas such as: What are hunter-gatherer societies?
- To increase productivity in agric.
- To improve standard of living Ideas such as;
- To free women from triple work load
- To give women (and the rural populace) practical skills - Communities that lived directly from their natural environment, which
- To provide credit facilities provided wild plants & animals for food.
- To create non-agriculture labour intensive manufacturing/processing
industries - They lived a nomadic way of life
- To create employment
- To reduce rural-urban migration - They built temporary shelters
Explain the importance of rural development - They lived in small groups

Ideas such as;
- It brings services closer to the rural populace - Domesticated the dog for hunting
- Majority of the population in developing countries live in rural areas
- It help reduce rural-urban migration Describe the division of labour in the hunter-gatherer societies
- It increases agricultural productivity
- It increases the country’s self -sufficiency in food Ideas such as;
What is meant by agricultural communities? - Men generally hunted with boys
- Agricultural communities are societies that depend on cultivating crops - Women and girls gathered wild food
and rearing livestock.
- Children took care of the aged & sick
- Agricultural communities are groups of people or societies that depend
on arable and pastoral farming - Men protected their families from enemies/attacks
Suggest three ways in which agricultural communities differ from hunter-gatherer - Women gathered water & firewood
societies
- Agricultural Communities get food from domestic animals and plants while
hunter-gatherers get food from wild animals, wild fruits and vegetables
- Agricultural Communities live in permanent settlements while hunter-

gatherers are nomadic, build temporary structures as shelter
- Agricultural Communities use relatively sophisticated technology (for

example, iron tools) while hunter-gatherers use simple technology
63
Define subsistence production - Dependence on natural inputs e.g. reliance on natural soil fertility or
rainfall for watering
- When land, labour, capital & entrepreneurship are employed/combined to
realise a good or service to meet family needs - Depend on last year’s harvest for seeds
Describe three ways by which subsistence production can be improved - Use of family labour or animal power
Ideas such as: - Little or no surplus for sale / no or few cash crops
- Provision of extension services, for example, agricultures demonstrators, - Small scale farming / small land is used / harvest is small
social workers
- Mixed cropping
- Loan and credit schemes, for example, National Development Bank (NDB)
and Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA) - Production for family consumption
- Provision of Training, for example, Local Authority Enterprise (LEA) - Use of traditional methods e.g. broadcasting
- Infrastructure development, for example, tarred roads What are the problems faced by subsistence farmers?
Ideas such as:
- Formation of syndicates
- Unfavourable climatic conditions
- Addition of modern inputs / tools / machinery / technology / methods
- Lack of machinery and tools
- Formation of cooperatives
- Poor soils
Describe the characteristics of subsistence farming
- Lack of fertilizers
Ideas such as:
- Limited variety of crops
- Agriculture is seasonal
- Shortage of land
- Labour intensive production
- Hand tools make work tiresome
- Limited use of machinery / low/simple technology
- Poor farming methods
- Division of labour is gender based
- Pests & diseases / lack of pesticides / herbicides
- Communal ownership and use of land
- Shortage of capital / loans or credit facilities
64
What is commercial farming? Describe three benefits of commercial farming
- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for Ideas such
sale/to make money
- Mass production
- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and domestication of livestock
for sale/for selling/for profit - Employment creation
*The following are also acceptable…livestock for market; for profit) - Economic linkages
- Research & development / infrastructure

Describe three characteristics of commercial farming
- More income generation
Ideas such as;
- Food self-sufficiency
- Large scale production
- Forex acquisition
- Produce is for sale/for profit/for market
Quality / improved yield/products
- Advanced technology is used
What are the problems faced by commercial farmers?
- Paid/hired labour is used Ideas such as;
- Unserviced land
- Use of fertilisers/pesticides/scientific methods/hybrid seeds/treated seeds
- Poor soils
- Large plots of land - Pests
- Diseases
- Land is privately owned - Poor infrastructure (storage, roads, etc.)
- Capital intensive - Natural disasters e.g. drought/unreliable rainfall

- Monoculture
- Lack of funds/expensive farm inputs
- All year round production/perennial
- Division and specialisation of labour - Lack of skilled labour/lack of skills and knowledge
- Irrigation
(N.B. ……Do not credit advantages as characteristics) - Shortage of market/lack of processing industries
- Foreign competition for market

65
Explain how government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial Describe three positive aspects of rural life
farmers in Botswana
Ideas such as;
Ideas such as;
- Provide Funding , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development - Cheap lifestyle
Agency(CEDA) and National Development Bank(NDB)
- Cultural bondage / familiarity with other people from the same village /
- Provide Trading / information / research , for example, Sebele, Impala kinship ties
- Introduction on new technology / irrigation schemes e.g. Rural Innovation - Homogeneity of society
Industries Centre (RIIC) , Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC)
- Dependence on the environment
- Storage facilities / improvement of infrastructure
- Environmental friendliness / non-polluted environs
- Marketing of products, for example, Botswana Agricultural Marketing
Board (BAMB) , Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) - Extended family structure which brings social security
- Control of diseases, for example, foot and mouth, cattle lung disease Describe three negative aspects of rural life
- Extension service through Agriculture Demonstrators and Veterinary Ideas such as;
Officers
- Cultural instability leads to moral decay
- Protection of smaller producers; exclusive licenses on Arable products - Rural neglect; development of towns/cities at the expense of the countryside
- Provision of Inputs, for example, ALDEP - Poor agric. Production due to overworked soils and poor methods of
farming
- Control of pests , for example, quelea birds - Rural poverty is common
- Urbanism
66
What is colonialism? What problems has colonialism caused for people who live in the rural areas in
countries in Southern Africa?
- Colonialism is when a country is ruled / controlled / dominated by another /
a foreign country State three negative impacts / effects of colonialism
- Colonialism is a policy/system of rule or control in which a more powerful Ideas such as;
country takes complete/full control over a less powerful one
- Low agricultural production / land dispossession / Europeans took good
*The following are not acceptable: quality land from Africans
‘time’, ‘period’, ‘era’
- Delay in decision-making
Describe three ways by which a country may benefit economically from being
colonised - Oppression of women / tripartite oppression
Ideas such as - Acculturation / cultural extinction / erosion / loss of culture
- Organised markets - Exploitation through cheap labour / servitude / Africans forced to work for
low wages on farms/plantations/mines
- Large scale farming/plantation agric./ranching
- Commerce/trade/cash economy/use of money/cash cropping - Sex imbalance [more women than men in rural areas]
- Paid employment - Concentration in raw material production / African raw materials were
exported cheaply to the developed countries
- Technological advancement/skills development - Coming of cash economies / over utilisation of land
- A change in the direction of trade
- Infrastructure development, for example, tarred roads and improved - Loss of craftsmanship
telecommunication networks - Tax enforcement
- Family breakdown / infidelity
- Resource development, for example, mining - Detribalisation
- Increased workload for women / women as heads of families
- Resistance e.g. liberation struggles
- Usurpation of chiefs’ powers / dikgosi lost their powers
- Indiscipline (especially of the boy child) because of absence of men
- Shunning of traditional beliefs
Rule:
- The problem has to show the link of HOW the problem came about as a
result of colonialism
- There must be a locus i.e. the rural area should be clearly stated
67
Describe three negative effects of colonialism on women. What is meant by land dispossession?
Ideas such as: - Land dispossession is the taking over/away of the natural resources found on
- Women’s work increased/tripled due to migration of men the earth surface from people
- Women suffered tripartite oppression [allow examples] *The following are acceptable:
- Women were employed in less paying jobs, for example, cashiers and - area/space on earth/ground/territory
maids - specific examples such as from blacks by whites/colonisers
- Women earned less than men though doing the same job Give three reasons for land dispossession in Africa during the colonial period
- Female headed households increased due to labour migration Ideas such as
- Sex imbalances in rural areas [more women than men found in rural - For infrastructure development, for example, construction of railway line and
areas due to labour migration] tarred roads
- Agricultural production declined - To carryout mining activities
- Migrant labour brought diseases [STDs] - For agricultural production , for example, plantation, ranching
- Social problems like breakdown of marriages occurred - For permanent settlement of European population
- Decision making was delayed waiting for men to come back from where - For strategic reasons, for example, the road to the North in Bechuanaland
they are working Protectorate and Suez Canal in Egypt which provided the shortest route to
Asia
- Disciplinary problem increased [especially from boy child]
68
Describe the negative effects of colonialism on people in rural areas in African
countries
Ideas such as:

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is
that of introduction of hut tax resulting in migration of labour.
- Colonialism lead to decline in food production in rural areas in developing countries

due to introduction of cash crops, for example, cotton.

that of land dispossession or Africans lost their land.

that of family breakdown due to labour migration or migrant labour.
- Introduction of unhealthy diets, for example, alcoholic beverages.
- Abolition of initiation schools

Give reasons why European nations colonised Africa
Ideas such as: - Dikgosi lost their authority or their powers

- The reason European nations colonised Africa was to get minerals and
other natural resources, for example, copper, gold and diamonds.
- Loss of culture
- The European nations colonised Africa to exploit cheap labour.

- The European nations colonised Africa to set up plantations for industries - Increased workload for women due labour migration as women were not allowed to
in Europe. join their husbands who worked in South African mines
- The European nations colonised Africa to give land to European settlers.
- Loss of property such as cattle.
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand their markets.
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand political influence.
69
(c) State three positive effects of colonialism on the traditional African
societies.
- Improved technology
- Modern clothing
- Infrastructural development, for example built roads and railway lines
- Introduction of western or modern education
- Commercial farming/large scale farming/introduction of cash

crops/improved technology/new methods of farming/hybrid seeds
- Political and economic unity/unity brought many tribes together
- Market linkages/linked some African countries to the ports for export
- Christianity/abolition of barbaric practices/oppressive and uncivilized

practices
- Introduction of modern health systems

(a) Name One country that in 1914 was:
- Introduction of cash economy/change from barter system to money
(i) Colonised by Portugal system
- Mozambique (d) Suggest three reasons for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists
- Angola - For infrastructural development, for example, construction of tarred
roads and railway lines
(ii) Not colonised - To carryout mining activities
- For agricultural production, for example, plantations and ranching
- Empire of Ethiopia - For permanent settlement of Europeans population
- Liberia - For extraction of raw materials
- Expansion of colonial influence/ political power
(b) Identify the two most dominant European powers in Africa in 1914 - To establish markets
- For strategic reasons, for example, road to the north/ protection of trade
- Britain /British routes
- France/French
70
Define poverty
- Poverty is the inability to fend for oneself
- Poverty is having insufficient basic needs for survival
Describe fully the vicious cycle of poverty
- Since people are poor, they do not have money to invest in improving
their farming methods or buy better seeds and better breeds of animals.
As a result their land produces very little which leads to food

insufficiency, malnutrition and ill health, hence more poverty.
(Do not credit a simple diagram of the cycle. Allow a live example.)
Define rural poverty
- Rural poverty is inability of people in the countryside to fend for

themselves
- Rural poverty is a state of lack of/insufficient basic needs for survival by

people in the country side/villages/cattle posts/lands/remote areas
71
Describe three causes of rural poverty Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana can assist people in
rural areas to solve their problems
Ideas such as:
- Population pressure Describe three ways by the government of Botswana attempts to solve problems
- Lack of alternative income of rural poverty
- Lack of skills & technology
- Unequal access to land Ideas such as;
- No investible capital
- Land dispossession - Provision of health facilities/clinics
State three social causes of rural poverty - Old-age pension
Ideas such as: - Rural industrialisation

- Illiteracy
- Large families/population pressure - Provision of extension services e.g. training/advice to farmers by
- Traditional beliefs/witchcraft/rigidity agriculture Demonstrators
- Migration to towns and cities [by the able bodied/breadwinners]
- Government policies that encourage laziness - Provision of farming inputs, for example, free seeds, subsidised
- Diseases/ill-health/death of breadwinners fertilizers/tools/ machinery
- Financial assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes, for
State three problems associated with rural poverty example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency.
Ideas such as: - Redistribution of land
- Soil degradation & erosion - Provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water
- Deforestation - Encourage family planning
- Water pollution & scarcity - Improvement of transport facilities
- Wastage & rubbish disposal - Drought relief programme(Namola Leuba) / job creation
- Rural-urban migration - Food ration for the disadvantaged/orphans/destitute/HIV/AIDS patients
- Increase in women fertility leading to high population growth - World War II veterans (or their spouses) allowance
- Loss of animal species
- Poor pastures / poor food production

72
Define Rural Integrated Development Study Fig. 3, which shows element of integrated rural development.
- Integrated Rural Development is a strategy that aims to improve all aspects of the
lives of people living in villages.
Describe three changes brought by Rural Integrated Development
- Improvement in roads and transport infrastructure
- Introduction of cash crops
- Provision of social services
- Farm modernisation
- Establishment of cooperatives Fig.3
- Training of locals to continue development Describe each element of integrated rural development shown in Fig. 3
- Setting up of industries - The element of integrated rural development which is land reforms deals with
redistribution of land to help landless people or deals with helping people to have
- Introduction of credit schemes access to land.
- Modernising farming deals with teaching people new methods of growing crops and
raising livestock or introducing credit schemes to help farmers improve their
activities or to improve agricultural production.
- Water resource management deals with helping rural people to construct small dams
or providing safe water to the people.
- Storage and markets helps with the establishment of selling points for farm produce
and buildings for keeping farm produce, for example, grain silos and Botswana
Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB).
- Rural industries is the setting up factories in the countryside to create employment or

jobs.
- The provision of social services deals with building of schools and clinics to improve
the education and health of people in rural areas
73
Explain the problems which are caused in rural areas of Botswana as Explain the challenges that the government of Botswana faces when trying
development occurs. to provide safe water in rural areas.
Ideas such as: - The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to
provide safe water in rural areas is that it is expensive or of lack of funds,
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development for example, dam construction or piping is expensive.
occurs is that of loss of culture due to modernisation.
- There are few big rivers
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development - Unreliable rainfall
occurs is that of increase in crime.
- Scattered settlements making it difficult to take advantages of economies of
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development scale.
occurs is that people may be forced to relocate to give way to industries and
other infrastructure, for example, construction of tarred roads, schools and - Vandalism by the rural people/ people vandalising pipe work or livestock
dams.
- Relocation of the people to pave way for dams may be unwelcomed by
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development people.
occurs is that of high cost of food.
- Culture/ traditional beliefs may block government efforts.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development
occurs is that of commercialisation of life. What are rural credit scheme?
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development - Rural credit scheme are ways through which the government in
developing countries try to develop remote areas/villages/country side.
occurs is that mobility of people increases and this could encourage spread
of diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS. Give three reasons why rural development scheme often fail in Botswana
- Severe and persistent drought.
occurs is that of pollution. - Dependency syndrome among farmers who now expected the government
to provide them with everything.
occurs is that of deforestation and soil erosion. - Most of the grants were used for non-agricultural activities.
- They mostly benefited the rich and literate farmers.

occurs is that of low production in agriculture. - Most farmers did not co-operate.
- Some farmers were resistant to change.

74
Suggest ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural What is meant by a farmers’ cooperative?
areas to improve their standard of living.
- Famer’s cooperative is a group of individuals that grow crops and rear
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas livestock, who own resources together and who make decisions together
to improve their standard of living is through fund income generating activities or about what to produce, how to market it, buying materials and capital
provide capital for people to start businesses. goods.
Describe three advantages [benefits] of joining a farmers’ cooperative

- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas
to improve their standard of living is by employing rural people in projects.
- They may buy inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer, fuel, in bulk and
cheaper / collective purchase of farm inputs
- Train people in practical skills
- They may join together to buy modern equipment such as a tractor or truck
and share its use
- Buy rural products or crafts
- They may hire tractors or teams of oxen rather than each having to pay for
their own
- Provide basic needs to the needy, for example, food and shelter
- They may market their produce together and save on transport and other
costs
- Teach people to utilize local natural resources or veld products
- They may get and be able to share expert advice on farming methods/They
may be able to invite government extension workers to talk to them and
- Promote environmental awareness
share ideas
- Advocate for human rights - They may get government grants and credit through joining a cooperative /
They may obtain loans/credit through the cooperative
- Improve infrastructure, for example, roads. - They may share in communal tasks thus spreading the labour / collective
work on irrigation, dam building etc.
- Sharing of profit and loan repayment
75
Give three services provided by cooperatives Study the figure below and answer the questions that follow
- Sales of agricultural equipment A Farmers’ Cooperative System
- Government extension services

Sale of inputs to Purchase of products
- Credit schemes/provision of loans farmers from farmers
- Marketing and selling of produce

Cooperative
- Storage of produce Bank
Tractor & other Farmers’ Coop
- Purchase and supply of fuel & inputs implements Veterinary Service
- Maintenance of vehicles
Supply of Storage Depot
- Buying of produce from farmers fuel
Identify three changes that have taken place in rural areas in Botswana since Advice & training for Transport
independence farmers
- Rural electrification
State one input that farmers may get from a cooperative for their crops
- Provision of piped water
- Seeds; machinery; advice and training
- Tarred roads
Give two advantages to farmers of selling their produce through a cooperative
- Telecommunications Ideas such as;
- Farmers save on marketing costs
- Allocation of land by land boards
- Their produce is preserved in storage depots
- Designated land use
Explain how a cooperative bank can help farmers
- Commercialisation of agriculture Ideas such as;
- They deposit / save their money in the bank (and accrue/earn interest)
- They can get loans from the bank at low interest
76
Define infrastructure Describe three infrastructural changes that have taken place in many rural
areas in Botswana.
- Infrastructure is system of network that is provided by government to Ideas such as:
support production
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Explain the importance of any three types of infrastructure to industry Botswana is that of rural electrification.
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
Ideas such as; piped water.
- Transport is needed to carry/ferry/transport goods from one point to the tarred roads and bridges.
other
- Power is needed to operate machines / for lighting / welding, etc. telecommunications networks.
- Telecommunications is needed to communicate with suppliers etc. - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of construction of schools.
- Buildings are needed to store goods and operate business from / offer
services from - The in change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
construction of market centres such as Botswana Agricultural Marketing
Board (BAMB), Cooperatives and cattle ranches.
How can investment in rural areas be encouraged
Ideas such as: construction of dams such as Ntimbale dam, Lotsane dam, Dikgatlong dam
- Financial assistance, for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development and drilling of boreholes.
Agency (CEDA)
- Provide training/entrepreneurial skills Botswana is that of recreational or entertainment facilities, for example,
stadia such as Masunga Sports Complex and Molepolole Sports Complex.
- Tax holidays for those investing in rural areas/incentives for those
investing in rural areas - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of rural industries.
- Open up market for rural goods - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of clinics and hospitals.
- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred road networks
- Commercializing agriculture/agricultural development schemes Botswana is that modern houses.
Botswana is that of airports and airstrips.
77
Study Fig. 4, which is an extract on rural development.
Explain the importance of any three rural development projects in Botswana.
Since Botswana’s independence in 1966, the major challenges facing the country has been
rural development, and the critical issue that needed urgent attention has been, and still is, Ideas such as:
poverty alleviation. In an effort to achieve rapid social and economic development, as well - Road construction to improve transport
as promote social justice, various policies, programmes and strategies have been formulated
to address development issues in the country. - Borehole drilling to supply clean water
Fig.4 - Connection of water pipes/ construction of water treatment plants to supply clean
water
Describe how rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence.
- Markets stalls to provide shelter for small scale businesses operations
Ideas such as:
- Wide tarred roads have been constructed - Dam construction to supply clean water
- More schools have been built - Bus shelter erection to protect travellers from harsh weather conditions
- More health services have been provided/clinics/health centres/hospitals built - Construction of Kgotla buildings to protect people/attendants from harsh weather
- Increased agricultural extension service - Construction of community halls to provide venues for activities
- Increased livestock and crop production/ improved agricultural infrastructure - Construction of educational facilities to increase literacy rate and to assist learners to
qualify for upper levels of education
- Provision of agricultural marketing centres, for example Botswana Agricultural
Marketing Board, Botswana Meat Commission - Construction of health facilities to treat the ill or injured people / to improve people’s
health
- Establishment of rural industries/shops in rural areas
- Construction of houses by Village Development Committees to provide
- Rural electrification, improved/modern housing
accommodation
- Improved telecommunications
- Rural electrification to provide power
- Provision of piped water
- Agricultural disease control
- Sewage system connection and landfills
- Establishment of service centres, for example, Omang, Registration of birth and

deaths, water utilities, power and community hall.
78
Describe challenges which result from development in rural areas. Suggest ways by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a
Ideas such as: result of the development process.
- Loss of culture, for example, changes in diet
Ideas such as:
- Increased population/ migration - Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters look after large livestock
- Overharvesting of natural resources - Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters do paid work/jobs
- Increased crime - Husbands/sons/grandfathers/fathers babysit/look after children
- Commercialisation of life/ increased cost of living - Grandmothers/mothers/wives make decisions
- People living in heterogeneous groups instead of homogeneous groups thereby - Children attend school
decreasing unity/ understanding
- Grandfathers/fathers/husbands grow food crops
- Deforestation due to infrastructural development/ industrialisation process
- Husbands do household chores
- Complexity of life as opposed to the simple traditional life
- Mothers/grandmothers head families/ female headed households
- Pollution [allow example]
- Child headed families
- Poor sanitation/hygiene
How can the foot & mouth (or cattle lung) disease affect the rural economy in Rural development schemes in Botswana;
Botswana? - SLOCA, LG 17, ALDEP, ARAP, AE 10, Drought Relief (Namola Leuba),
Ideas such as; NAMPAAD, CEDA
- Shortage of meat and milk to supplement diet leading to poor health & low
productivity
- Retrenchment at cattle posts, meat processing industries
- Low standards of living; some families will have nothing or less cattle and
by products to sell and earn a living
- Lack of / shortage of draught power
- Rural urban migration
79
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES Define industrialisation
to: - Industrialisation is the use of mechanical energy and technology to produce
Industrialisation Describe the process of - Explain the industrialisation;
industrialisation and its
goods and services
- Evaluate different strategies for
impact on development. industrialisation including import
substitution, export oriented industries, - Industrialisation is the setting up of companies/factories for the production
small and large scale enterprise, multi- of goods and services
national companies, local investment
and joint venture; Describe three benefits of industrialisation to developing countries
- Describe the characteristics of modern What are the advantages of industrialisation?
industries including mechanisation,
advanced technology, a wide range of Ideas such as
raw materials, synthetic products, - Income generation/improves GDP / industries pay tax
division of labour, automation, robotics,
feminisation of the labour force, sub-
contraction, cottage and co-ordination
of specialised tasks;
- Discuss the effects of industrialisation;
- Economic linkage / up & down stream industries [it is when industries
- Discuss the successes and challenges of depend on each other ]
newly industrialised countries;
- Investigate the impact of - Infrastructure development, for example, construction of tarred roads
industrialisation on their locality.
Urbanisation Explain the dynamics of - Explain urbanisation, urban growth, - Import reduction
urbanisation and its rural-urban, urban-urban migration and
impact on development primates cities;
in Botswana and the
- Improved balance of trade [ it is when imports are equal to exports]
- Discuss the effects of urbanisation;
SADC region.
- Suggest possible solutions to problems - Widened skill base/technology use / acquisition of skill
of urbanisation;
- Explain the formal and informal sectors
- Participation in international trade / gain global recognition
of the economy;
- Account for the growth of the formal
and informal sectors; - Encourage foreign investment, for example, Multi-National Companies
- Discuss the problems of the informal
sector of the economy and suggest - Mass production
possible solutions;
- Compare and contrast the process and - Foreign exchange / increased returns
impact of urbanisation in Botswana to
that of other developing countries in the - High quality goods
SADC region.
80
What is export oriented industrialisation? Describe three disadvantages of export-oriented industrialization:
- Export oriented industrialisation is a strategy whereby countries produce - It is foreign sponsored/relies on outside financing
goods & services mainly to sell to the outside market
- Goods may be of poor quality
- Export oriented industrialisation is the production of goods & services with
the aim of selling to other countries/outside - Face stiff foreign competition
Define import substitution industrialisation - Environmental problems/pollution
- Import substitution industrialisation is when a country produces goods and Give three advantages of export-oriented industrialization
services for itself instead of buying them from other countries
- Creates employment for locals
- Import substitution industrialisation is a strategy whereby a country
produce goods and services for itself to replace those that it buys from other - Improves infrastructure
countries
- Encourages local inventions / innovations
Give three problems of import substitution strategy in developing countries:
Give three disadvantages of import substitution industrialisation - Locally produced goods are cheaper and therefore affordable to the local
poor
Ideas such as;
- Small market / home market is too small / expansion is limited - Source of foreign exchange
- Cut trade links with other countries / does not earn foreign exchange - Improves technology / focus on science and technology
- Countries have to import more in order to be self- sufficient / may lead to - Encourages specialization of labour that in turn increases efficiency and
increased costs of imports of machinery and oil output / productivity
- Tax-induced / use of incentives to attract investment Define industrial production
- Lack of competition, therefore goods and services may be expensive - Industrial production is the making of goods and provision of services
on large scale using mechanical energy
- Poor quality goods and services due to lack of competition - Industrial production is the making of goods and services in factories on
a large scale using mechanical energy
- Environmental damage
- Displacement of people
- Result in unemployment due to use of machine
81
State three characteristics of modern industries Define feminisation of the labour force
Ideas such as: - Feminisation of the labour force is increasing/employing more women/
- Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries, for females in the industrial sector
example, fruit and vegetable canning.
- Feminisation of the labour force is using more females to do the jobs
- Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology. which were previously reserved for men
- Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings, - Feminisation of the labour force is increasing the number of women in
machinery and various types of equipment. the work force.
- Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more

efficient and to make products within a short time it needs to divide its State three benefits of feminisation of labour to a country
workers into different tasks.
- Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine
controlled by computers. In such industries goods are not handled by Study Fig.2, which shows some of the strategies for industrialisation.
people at all during the whole production process.
- Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries are
increasingly doing the jobs regarded as men’s work, and consequently
their numbers are constantly increasing. This is because increased
mechanisation has done away with much heavy labour.
- Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it possible

to replace natural products with artificial ones, for example, synthetic
fibre and synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived from
petroleum.
- Sub-contraction because of high specialisation in industries some
companies find it increasingly hard to complete some tasks alone. They Fig.2
hire some companies to do part of the job.
- Cottage industries is when the manufacturing is wholly or partly carried Describe the industrialisation strategies shown in Fig. 2.
out at the home of the worker. Here a big industry could supply raw
materials to the cottage industry operator, to turn them into finished - Small scale enterprise is the industrialisation strategy where government can
goods for a fee and then return it to the big industry for selling. This is organize and fund people to produce goods at home (cottage industry) or craft
done to minimise costs. industry, for example, weaving and pottery. / The government fund people to
- Coordination of specialised tasks is when large scale industries are produce few goods.
made up of large numbers of independent specialists, for example, in a
mining industry, there are people specialising in engineering, research, - Multi-National Companies are companies that the government can invite to
sales, accounting, advertising, etc. establish industries that produce goods and services in the country.
82
Describe the negative effects of industries on the environment.
- Joint venturing is the industrialisation strategy whereby the government works
with other businesses to produce goods and services/ the government encourages Ideas such as:
businesses to work together to produce goods and services.
- The negative effect of industries on the environment is that of air pollution, land
pollution, water pollution and noise pollution.
- Export orientation is the strategy the government can encourage investors to set
up factories to produce goods for sale outside the country. - Deforestation or cutting down of trees/ soil erosion
- Depletion of natural resources or natural resources getting finished

- Import substitution is the strategy that the government can encourage the setting
up of factories to produce goods to replace those bought outside the country. - Poor sanitation due to growth of overcrowded cities
- Acid rain
- State enterprises are the strategy whereby the government can establish
parastatals to produce goods and provide services in the country. - Disturbance of the ecosystem/ loss of habitat
Describe factors that a country should consider in order to set up industries. - Creation of heat island/ raised temperatures in towns
- The factor that a country should consider in order to set up industries is the - Climate change
availability of raw materials or natural resources used to produce goods.
- Availability of capital for investment/money/ start-up capital
- Availability of labour, for example, specialised labour, skilled labour, semi-

skilled labour and unskilled labour.
- Availability of a large market to sell goods and provide services.
- Availability of power/electricity to drive machines used in the production process
- Availability of transport and telecommunication networks
- Availability of water for cooling machines, cleaning and as an ingredient
- A stable political environment
- Availability of land
- Availability of technical knowhow/skills/machinery
83
Suggest the benefits of having many industries in a developing country such as
Botswana.
Ideas such as:
- The benefit of having many industries in a developing country such as Botswana

is job creation.
- Availability of a variety of goods and services locally/ reduced imports
- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads
- Increase of GNP/GDP/GNP per capita/ GDP per capita
- Locals learn skills
- National pride
- Taxation by the government

With the aid of Fig. 2, describe the negative effects of having many industries
in a country.
- Foreign exchange from exports
Ideas such as:
- Utilisation of local resources - People have to relocate to give way to industrial activity
- Self -reliance - People may forget the importance of agriculture/craft production
- Diversification of the economy. - Culture may be lost/changed
- Large cities grow up around industries [often with various problems of

poor housing/overcrowding/bad sanitation/diseases] Allow examples
- Industries cause environmental pollution
- Industries deplete natural resources

- Land degradation
- Loss of agricultural land
- Machines dehumanise the people

84
Suggest factors that promote the industrialisation process
Ideas such as:

- Availability of funds/capital for investment
- Availability of labour, for example, both skilled and unskilled
- Technological capacity
- Availability of a market/large population for market
- Developed infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Good transport system
- Availability of raw materials
Describe the negative effects of industrialisation
Ideas such as:

- Depletion of ozone layer/global warming/greenhouse effect
- Pollution of the environment
- Cultural distortion
- Negligence of agriculture/craft production
- Depopulation of rural areas/ rural-urban migration
- Dehumanisation
- Population dislocation/displacement/resettlement
- Fast life leading to stress/
- Family breakup/divorce
- Diseases associated with pollution
- Development of shanty areas/poor housing/overcrowding/poor sanitation
85
Suggest ways of solving problems mentioned above
Ideas such as:

- Legislation/ environmental laws
- Have culturally oriented associations
- Provide financial assistance to farmers
- Creation of jobs in rural areas
- Conservation/preservation of natural resources
- Creation of social clubs within the work place to relieve stress
- Family life associations/counselling centre to keep families together
Describe negative effects of industrialisation on the environment

Ideas such as
- Pollution [Accept examples] destroys ozone layer/global warming Describe the success of Newly Industrialising Countries
- Deforestation/desertification/land degradation
- Soil erosion Ideas such as:
- Loss of scenic value/scaring
- Depletion/overuse of natural resources - There is creation of employment.
- Destruction of animal habitat/loss of species - Introduction of new technologies.
- More exports.
Suggest possible solutions to each problem stated above - More foreign exchange.
- Pollution -Environmentally friendly production methods - Variety of goods are available locally
- Pollution- pollutant tax/ carbon tax/polluter pays’ principle/elongated
chimney
- Desertification/deforestation- afforestation/tree planting/alternative
source of energy
- Soil erosion- rehabilitation of the land/proper drainage system
- Land degradation- land reclamation
- Depletion/overuse of natural resources- use of synthetic raw
materials/products/alternative source of energy
- Environmental education
- Reuse/recycle/reduce
86
Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialising
Countries.
Ideas such as:

- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high
inflation rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are high]/weak
currencies/high fuel price
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of foreign

debts/debt crisis
- They is huge disparities of wealth/wide gp between the rich and the poor
- Dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National companies

(MNCs) who move their investment out of the country/ capital
flight/neo-colonialism
- Depletion of the natural resources/damage to the environment
- Fast growth of the private sector which is becoming difficult to be

controlled by the government
- Exploitation of workers by the employers
- Urban drift/urban poverty
- Corruption
- Declining exports/tough competition from Multi-National Companies
- Declining real income
87
What is urbanization? What is urban growth?
- Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion/number of people living in - Urban growth is the absolute increase in the physical size (area) of a city and
towns and cities as opposed to those found in rural areas / countryside town
What are the causes of urbanisation? Describe three causes of urban growth
They are only two: - Affluence / rich people can commute

- Rural – urban migration [is movement of people from villages to towns - Cheap land in the periphery
and cities - Development of infrastructure
- In-availability of paid rent houses in the Central Business District ( CBD)
- Natural increase [ is when birth rate is higher than death rate] - Expensive rented accommodation in the city centre
- Corresponding cheap rent in the periphery
State three advantages of urbanisation on urban dwellers - Less pollution in the periphery/surrounding areas
Ideas such as; - Urban decay
- Shortage of space/land (for expansion) in the CBD
- More labour force - Cheap service levies in the periphery, for example, water, electricity,
rates
- Increase in markets
Identify three problems caused by urban growth on urban areas
- Urban biased developments
- Deforestation
What is a primate city?
- Ruralisation of urban areas
- Primate city is the largest urban centre / area whose population is at least
twice / double that of the second largest in a country - Pollution
State three characteristics of a primate city - Traffic congestion / jam
- An area where government would normally set up its administration , for - Town / urban decay
example, parliament / cabinet
- Spiralling crime/increasing crime rates
- An area where a national university & technical training schools are located
- Overstretched social infrastructure
- Primate city has the best infrastructure and communications networks and
most of the financial investment - Longer travel time to and from work / longer commuter times
- An area where many government department and private companies’

headquarters are found
88
State three problems caused by urban growth on rural areas Describe three disadvantages of rural-urban migration for rural areas
What are the problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas?
- land becomes expensive / rent hikes
- Urbanism / exposure to fast town life Ideas such as
- Cultural erosion
- Detribalize / acculturation - Sex ratio imbalance leading to infidelity
- Loss of land for agriculture / encroachment by the town/city / lower
agricultural production - Rural depopulation/low productivity in agric/shortage of workforce
- Increased crime / haven for criminal activities / illicit or illegal land dealings
- Pollution from the city / dumping sites usually located in nearby villages - Family break-ups/family neglect/child indiscipline
- Increased workload for women (triple workload)/young/old/sick/weak/those

Define rural-urban migration who remain
- Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the - Loss of craftsmanship

countryside/villages to towns and cities
- Loss of culture
Describe the positive effects of rural-urban migration on rural areas
- Spread of diseases / introduction of STDs
Ideas such as:
- Reduction of rural unemployment/less unemployment - Introduction of socially undesirable behaviour e.g. prostitution
- Fewer mouths to feed *To earn marks ideas need to be developed
- Bring home remittances Define urban-urban migration
- Technological development - Urban-urban migration is the movement of people from town and city to
another
- Rural investments by migrants/job creation by the investors
Describe three positive effects of urbanisation on towns
- New life style/modernisation Ideas such as
- Pool of cheap labour/reservoir of cheap labour
- Acceptance of change by rural dwellers - Large market/increase in market
- Development of infrastructure, for example, tarred roads and piped water
- Develop appropriate technology - Strengthen of the informal sector
- Cultural exchange
- Emergence of vocal groups, for example, Emang Basadi
89
Describe the factors which force people to move from rural to urban areas in Solutions to problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas
developing countries.
Ideas such as: Problem Solution
- Lack of employment - Shortage of labour in agric. / low - Improve technology
production in agric. - Improve prices for agricultural
- Lack of entertainment products
- Rural industries / job creation in
- Shortage of social service, for example schools and clinics rural areas so that men work
- Break-up of families nearby
- Drought - Marriage under customary law
should be strengthened by
- Fear of witchcraft modern law
- Reproductive health education
- Traditional life - Introduction of STDs e.g. use of condoms
- Rural poverty - Sex ratio imbalance - Job creation in rural areas
- Poor markets - Economic empowerment or job

- Increased rural poverty creation for people in rural areas
- Expensive goods and services - Financial assistance
- Introduction of socially
Describe the negative effects of rural-urban migration in towns and cities in undesirable behaviour e.g. - Legislation
developing countries. prostitution
Ideas such as:
- Unemployment
- Overcrowding
- Increase in crime
- Shortage of accommodation/shanty areas

-
- Over load of social amenities, for example, clinics and school
- Land/water pollution/air pollution/pollution
- Cultural distortion
90
Give three effects of urbanisation on towns and cities What are the solutions to problems caused by urbanisation in towns and
cities?
Ideas such as
- Provide serviced land / land reform
Positive effects
- Dual roads/flyovers/traffic lights/traffic circles
- Reservoir of cheap labour/provides cheap labour
- Decentralisation of govt. services
- Increase in market
- Creation of jobs (especially in rural areas)
- Emergence of a vocal group in towns
- Extension services
- Urban bias/development of urban areas at the expense of rural areas (allow - Destruction of squatter settlements
one example connoting urban bias)
- Crime prevention committee/neighbourhood watch
Negative effects of urbanisation on towns and cities
- Encourage use of public transport
- Shortage of resources, for example, land, housing, water
- Allow informal sector to accommodate jobless people
- Increase in unemployment leading to crime , for example, prostitution,
selling dagga - Polluter tax (PPP) / proper disposal of litter / elongation of chimneys /
Catalytic converters on car exhausts / use of unleaded petrol or alternative
- Traffic jam/congestion/overcrowding sources of energy
- Pressure on social amenities, for example, schools, clinics, sewage systems - Tax holidays for industries which establish in rural areas
- Pollution (air, water and land) - Rural areas allowance for those who work there (e.g. RASA)
- Squatting [occupying land illegally] - Encouraging trade between rural areas & urban centres
- Acculturation/loss of culture
- Loss of ethnicity/detribalisation
- Street kids / juvenile delinquency

*Observe the 2/1 1/2 marks allocation
91
Study Fig. 1, which shows push and pull factors of rural-urban migration and answer Describe the problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities.
the question (a)
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is pressure on social
amenities, for example, schools and clinics
- Shortage of housing
- Poor sanitation
- Easy spread of diseases, for example, some people may decide to practise
prostitution due to high unemployment rate.
- Pollution for industries that produces goods

Fig.1
Describe the factors that attract people to urban areas. - Traffic congestion due to poor planning of roads.
Ideas such as: - Shortage of jobs

- The factor that attracts people to urban areas is employment opportunities
because there are many industries that provide goods and services. - Crime rate increases
- Better health facilities, for example, clinics and hospital both private and public - Overcrowding due to shortage of land
owned.
- Better educational facilities, for example, public schools and private schools.
- Chances of better relationships
- Better transport facilities
- Low prices of goods
- Better entertainment and recreational facilities
- Security offered in towns
- Modern lifestyle
- Better housing
- Less beliefs in witchcraft
92
What is the formal sector? Define the informal sector
- Formal sector is any economic activity that is registered and legally - Informal sector refers to businesses/economic activities that are non-
recognized by the government and operates in a permanent building taxable/ unregistered/ carried out everywhere.
Give three problems of the informal sector

Suggest three ways in which governments can help the informal sector
Ideas such as:
Describe three solutions to problems of the informal sector
- Market shortage/they face tough competition from the formal sector/face
Ideas such as competition amongst themselves/competition to the formal sector
- License them / Government recognition - Their goods are not insured/uninsured
- Training entrepreneurs / short term technical courses e.g. through Local - They are usually affected by harsh weather conditions
Enterprise Authority [LEA] (in Botswana)
- They lack management and marketing skills
- Give gazetted market places / designated places of operation
- They lack capital to expand their business
- Provide grants/loans and credit schemes, for example, Citizen
Entrepreneurial Development Scheme (CEDA) - They are usually in trouble with law enforcement officers because of
non-compliance
- Regulation
- Pollute the environment
- Promote grouping
- They disturb traffic
- Encourage them to supply what the big companies do not supply
- Competition to the formal sector
- Grants/loans from the government
- Engage in illegal activities, for example, crime increase
- Health hazard/open space/food poisoning
- Lack of places of operation
- Low wages/ irregular wages
- Non-unionised
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Suggest reasons why many women are involved in the informal sector
Ideas such as:

- Women lack education/qualifications/to enter the formal sector
- Women lack capital to establish formal business/women can afford the
little capital in informal activities
- Women are burdened with household chores so they engage in informal
activities right at home, for example, selling fruits on the front of their
home
- Women can cope with flexible working hours
- Women lack the documents required for registration of formal
businesses, for example, bank account and tax registration
- Most women have responsibility to care for children as single parents so
they are forced into formal production
- To supplement low income
Suggest the reasons for the growth of the formal sector in Botswana.
Ideas such as:

- Presence of Multi-National Companies (MNCs)/foreign investors
- Financial assistance , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development

Agency
Describe the characteristics of the informal sector of production such as one - Government takes initiative to register businesses
shown in Fig. 2.
- In some cases registration is a requirement for operation
Ideas such as:
- Tendering process demands registration so businesses are
- The do not belong to a trade union compelled/forced to register
- They operate in small scale
- The work is done in temporary shelter/everywhere/anywhere - Business/entrepreneurship taught in schools motivating students to start
- Payment of taxes is unnecessary formal businesses
- People are often self employed
- The hours of work are flexible - The need to export goods/services/demands registration of business
- People use traditional skills/talents to do work, for example,
weaving and sewing - Tax holiday
- They are unregistered businesses
- Irregular wages/no fixed wages - Government setting up parastatal
94
Describe ways by which formal businesses contribute to the development of a What are the disadvantages of having few women in decision making positions?
country such as Botswana.
- They pay tax to government
- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that
women issues are ignored
- They improve infrastructure by building permanent structures
- Birth rate will be high
- They train workers/skills development/scholarships/sponsor students
- Unequal participation in decision making
- They increase GNP/GDP since they are registered
- Poor status on human rights
- They sponsor social activities, for example, sports/social responsibility
- Domestic violence/ conflict between men and women
- They increase international trade/earn foreign exchange
- Lack of role models for the girl child
- Workers are paid regular wages/their living standards are
improved/employment creation
- Availability of variety goods / services
Suggest reasons for the low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy.
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is due
to lack of education and training or high illiteracy rate.
- Women are less credit worthy
- Societal expectation on women, for example, taking care of children
- Women’s low self- esteem or fear
- Women’s high workload at home especially in agriculture
- Myths or stereotypes about low intelligence of women
- Early marriages
- Lack of capital
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Study Fig. 2, which shows some formal sector activities Suggest reasons why there are few women in the formal sector in Botswana
Ideas such as:
- Low levels of education/illiteracy/lack of skills/lack of

qualifications
- Cultural stereotypes/traditional beliefs/myths [allow one
example such as women are weak etc]
- Societal expectations/practices, for example, women expected to
stay home while men fend for the family/women still expected
to do household chores [accept 1 example]
- Company preferences/some companies are still reluctant to hire
more women
- Lack of job opportunities near home
- Lack of money /capital to start businesses
- Low self-esteem/ lack of confidence by the women
- Lack of female role models
Suggest reasons for the growth of the informal sector in Botswana

With the aid of Fig. 2 describe the characteristics of formal sector of the Ideas such as:
economy
- Shortage of job opportunities/job losses [in the formal sector]
Ideas such as: - Lack of skills to enter the formal sector
- Easier entry requirements [allow one example]
- Work takes place in building/permanent work-place
- High opportunities for self-employment/can be profitable
- Workers have written contracts with their employers
- A chance to use one’s natural skills/craftsmanship
- Jobs require education/training/technical skills
- Cheap to set up/run it/limited overhead costs
- Regular wages are guaranteed
- Easy access to supporting structures, for example, stalls
- There are fixed hours of work
- Access to government initiatives to support informal sectors ,
- Work run according to labour laws/controlled by government
for example, licensing
- Workers can belong to trade unions
- Lack of money to start formal businesses
- Mostly operates on a large scale
- Small/low salaries in the formal sector
- Pays tax
- Flexible working hours
- Use of advanced technology/better technology/capital intensive
- Businesses are registered/licensed
96
Study Figs 1A and 1B, which show the informal and formal sectors of the economy, Using Figs 1A and 1B and your own knowledge, state the differences between the
and answer questions (a)(i) and (ii). informal and formal sectors of the economy.
Ideas such as:
- Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered or

documented or the owners hold licence to do it.
- Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is protected by
the law.
- Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector has fixed
working hours.
- Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses complex
technology
- Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is done on a large
scale
- Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst formal sector
has permanent buildings
- In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal sector people
are trained for the work
- In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored but in the
formal sector tax is paid
- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal sector trade
union exist
- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the formal
sector wages are regular/ guaranteed.
97
Suggest possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector, such as the Explain why the informal sector of the economy is growing rapidly in developing
person in Fig. 1A.
- Lack of capital/small gain/profit - The informal sector requires little capital to start
- Lack of entrepreneurship skills - They utilises natural skills/traditional skills/uses less business skills
- Lack of proper shelter for operation so production is disturbed by harsh weather - There is less requirements for registration and licensing/ less paper work
- Little market/competition for the formal sector/ competition among themselves - There is high unemployment/ little expansion in the formal sector/creation of
employment for the unskilled
- Lack of security so cases of theft are common
- The goods are attractive for their traditional value, for example, arts and crafts.
- Goods of poor quality due to poor technology
- Their operations can be done anywhere.
- Harassment by law officers
- The goods are mostly affordable.
- Lack of credit worthiness
- They Use simple and intermediate technology
- Lack of recognition by the government.
Describe ways by which women in the informal sector contribute to the economic
development of Botswana.
- Dominate specific important enterprises like catering, dressmaking, child care/

provide services
- They utilise their natural skills like cleaning, cooking, weaving/ traditional skills/
use less business skills
- They create jobs for other people/self -employment
- They provide a market for producers of specific materials like cotton, wool, reeds
for weaving/ increases market
- They can develop into cottage industry, for example, making cakes at home for
supermarkets
- They train themselves/ others/impart knowledge and skills to others
- They form self- help group
98
effectiveness;
Module 5: Women in Development
TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES -explain the role of women in
Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to: the formal and informal sectors
Women in Development Develop an understanding and -discuss the role of women in of the economy;
appreciation of the role of traditional societies with
women in development. reference to labour, food -account for the disparity in the
production, arable farming, wealth distribution between
animal husbandry and family women and men in Botswana;
welfare;
-discuss women’s problems in
-discuss the impact of Botswana and suggest possible
traditional values, customs and solutions.
practices, taboos and myth on
women’s position in society;
-assess the impact of

colonialism on the position of
women in society in relation to
education, land entitlement,
wages, labour, migratory labour
and commercial farming;
-discuss issues relating to

emerging roles of women such
as equal access to jobs, new
policies, women oriented
schemes and female headed
households;
-assess the role played by

women in the politics of
Southern Africa with specific
reference to pre-independence
and post-independence eras;
-account for the emergence and

development of the lobbyist,
educational, legal and welfarist
women’s organisations;
-examine the role of women’s

organisations in the prevention
of HIV/AIDS and other
communicable diseases;
-select one of the women’s

organisations in Botswana and
evaluate its role and
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Describe the roles of women in a traditional society. Describe three negative effects of traditional values, customs and practices,
taboos and myths on women’s position in society today
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as;
- Domestic chores
- The disassociation of women from leadership resulted in women’s pre-
- Gathering wild fruits determined destiny that they should be passive in politics and assume lower
position in the workplace
- Bearing/raising children - Their subordination to men brought fear, respect and obedience that man is
indeed the breadwinner in the family
- Labour at community activities, for example, funerals and weddings
- Today there are few women involved in decision making because they had
been made to believe they have smaller brains than men
- Caring for the old/sick/family welfare
- Their full involvement in domestic work or household chores has indirectly
- Food production/arable agriculture/crop farming convinced them that they specialise in domestic work, which is unpaid for.
This has also pre-determined the type of work women do hence their
- Taking care of small livestock
involvement in the lowly paid jobs
- Construct walls of mud hut/house

- Custodians of culture - Their pre-occupation with children & domestic work has also denied women
the chance to advance in public life
- Since land was the property of the husband, women have been denied the
What is a myth? chance to enrich themselves by using this natural resource for commercial
purposes
- Myth is a story based on popular belief
- Women were denied the chance to go to school as they were thought
- Myth is a tale with supernatural characters, usually of how the world and incapable of learning (smaller brain & therefore less intelligent than men)
mankind began and this has resulted in the low literacy rate among women today.
- Women were forbidden to pass through a herd of cattle when on monthly

period. This was a way of discouraging women from owning any cattle and
this has resulted in lower standards of living today/poverty among women
- A woman is oppressed/looked down upon as she is believed to be a product

of man (Eve was made from Adam’s rib)
100
Study Fig.3, which shows some traditional beliefs about women. Suggest the positive effects of colonialism on women in developing countries.
Ideas such as:
- Modern health care/family planning

- Paid employment
- Women became literate
- Improved technology
- Commercial farming/cash crops
- Reduction of abusive traditional practices (due to Christianity)
- Property ownership, for example, land in urban areas.
Describe the negative effect of colonialism on women in developing countries
Ideas such as
Fig.3 - Education, Europeans believed that women’s place was in the kitchen,
and that they had weak brains, therefore educating them was not a
priority.
Suggest how each traditional belief shown on Fig.3 may negatively affect the position
Consequently, they remained ignorant about family planning and
of women in Botswana.
reproductive health. Girls were only given specific training for
Ideas such as: domestic work, especially in the homes of the colonizers.
- Land Entitlement, land was a communal property in pre-colonial
- Eve was made out of Adam makes women inferior to men/ woman to be follower societies. The introduction of the right to individual ownership of land
of man by the colonizers was not extended to women.
This impoverished many as they could not carry out any activity on the
- Women having smaller heads-women denied a chance to go to school/ girls in land without permission from their male counterparts.
school put into easy subjects/ women trained for low paying jobs.
- Migratory labour, when men went to work outside in the mines and
farms in South Africa, their wives were not allowed to join them.
- Women too busy being mothers- women denied high positions/women outside
decision making or leadership/ few women in the formal sector/ women tied to Women thus remained at home and assumed the roles previously done
the home/ women dependent on men/women’s health at stake. by men. In most cases, decisions and thus had to wait for their
husbands. Marriages also broke up.
- Women lose energy in bearing children- women discouraged from attaining high
education/ few role models for the girl child. - Commercial farming, generally there was low agricultural
productivity since the able bodied men were absent.
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What are women oriented schemes? Describe three causes of female-headed households
- Women oriented schemes are development[strategies, measures, Ideas such as;

initiatives]/policies that are directed especially towards female to give
them opportunities to participate and benefit in the process - Marital problems leading to / resulting in divorce / husband or father leaving
family for another woman or family
- Women oriented schemes are official plans that are intended to help - Death of the husband / father / male partner
females participate and /or benefit from the development process. - It might be a result of incest / adultery / illegitimate children
- The ease with which one can have a child out of wedlock or before marriage
Give three reasons why men are wealthier than women in Botswana. - The choice to have a child and remain single
- Economic independence by women / most of them can now work and
Ideas such as support their children
- Men have technical skills for a long time/ when colonialists introduced - Loss of interest in marriage by women
education, more boys than girls were taken to school - Disappearance of male partners
- Education / emancipation of women from sexual bondage
- With education and training , men learnt about ways of accumulating
money [wealth] which they later invested in other areas Describe three problems faced by female-headed families
- Men have always owned property, for example, land, cattle/inheritance Ideas such as:
benefitted men - There is little time to spend with the children at home
- Many years of leadership have made men to be better decision- - Indiscipline of the children especially the boy child leading to a high
makers/has helped them to use their money wisely incidence of juvenile delinquency
What is a female-headed household? - Vulnerability to attack by criminals / abuse
- Female-headed household is a family whose breadwinner or decision maker - Low standard of living due to lower levels of education by women. This
is a woman results in poverty that may lead to engaging in illegal activities by women,
for example, prostitution, selling dagga
- Female-headed household is a family where the mother is the only parent
present and is the breadwinner and decision maker - Women’s low self esteem
- Female-headed household is a family where the mother is taking care of the - Unequal distribution of wealth/property
family alone
- Disrespect by society / tradition or culture militates against emancipation /
discrimination / stigma
[RULE: Award even when men/women terms are used]
102
Define gender equality
What are lobbyist women’s organisation?
- Gender equality is giving females the same/alike opportunities/treatment
as males in the society - Lobbyist women’s organisations is a group that speaks/advocate
for/influence the government to change laws and policies that
- Gender equality is giving both males and females same disadvantages females in society/discriminate/oppress women
opportunities/treatment in the society
Describe three roles played by women in the pre-independence politics of Describe three ways in which the role of women has changed in Botswana
Southern Africa
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- Heads of families/female headed families have increased
- Women occasionally ruled as queens even though most rulers were men,
for example, Queen Mantatisi of Batlokwa - Dikgosi /traditional leaders/managers/parliament/leadership positions
- In some countries women took part in the struggle for independence and
often fought side by side with men, for example, Kenya, Mozambique, - Soldiers/doctors/drivers/politicians/same jobs as men
Angola and Namibia
- Women now make decisions on family planning/contraception
- Some women leaders even fought against colonial conquest, for
example, Queen Ndzinge of Angola against Portuguese - Land/property ownership
- During wars for independence women provided hide-out/protection for

guerrillas or freedom fighters/take care of refugees - Women are in business/have access to credit facilities
- In South Africa, women like Mrs. Winnie Mandela and Mrs. Rose - Participate in kgotla meetings/voting
Sebukwe led other women against discriminatory apartheid laws/ they
instigated other women to stage demonstrations/marches and in the long
run formed Women’s Movements
- They also nursed the wounded soldiers
- Women fomed over 25% of the cadres of the Zimbabwean African

National Union (ZANU)
- Provided food and water for soliders
103
Study Fig.1, which shows selected types of women’s Non-Governmental Organisations in
Botswana. WASBO promotes participation of women in sports
- Lobbyist Women’s Organisation-Emang Basadi
It focuses on influencing the government to remove or change policies or laws

that are oppressive to women/ Advocates for women’s rights
- Legal Women’s Organisation- Women Against Rape (WAR)
It focuses on teaching women about the laws that protect themselves/how to

defend themselves/ensure that perpetrators/rapists are charged.
[1mark for example; 1 mark for description of activities of the example]
Suggest challenges that women’s organisations such as the ones shown in Fig.1 face as
they work to help women in Botswana.
Ideas such as:
- Shortage of funds
-Ignorance of women about their rights

Fig.1
-Shortage of skilled people/ dependence on volunteers/ lack of volunteers, for example,
State one example of each type of women’s Non-Governmental organisations shown in bookkeepers
Fig.1 and describe its activities.
-Lack of support from the public
Ideas such as
-lack of buildings for operations
- Welfarist Women’s Organisations- YWCA, BCW, WASBO, Kagisano
Women’s Shelter -lack of public awareness about the NGO/confusion about their objectives/stereotyping
-Selective locations (make them inaccessible)

YWCA: provision of day care centres to allow women to go to work/ school/
-Division among leaders/members/pull her down syndrome due political affiliation
Kagisano Women’s Shelter provides counselling and shelter for abused women
-Lack of continuity (when the leader dies all programmes stop)
Botswana Council of Women (BCW) provided training of women on practical
skills/gives information to women/conducts beauty contents/runs day care centres
104
Describe problems that women in modern Botswana face. - Lowly paid jobs
Ideas such as:  Train/educate women (so that they get qualifications for better jobs)
 Affirmative actions
- Rape /sexual harassment  Provide role models (of women in high posts) for girls)
- Domestic violence, for example, emotional abuse and financial abuse
- Lowly paid jobs
- Lack of capital for investment - HIV and AIDS infection
- HIV and AIDS infection
- Low level of education/illiteracy  Teach women to insist on the use of condoms during sexual encounters
- Cultural stereotypes  Educate/encourage women to use female condoms
- Single parenting/female headed households  Educate women to insist on HIV and AIDS testing before sexual
- Pull her down syndrome encounters/marriages
- Teenage pregnancy
- Low level of education/illiteracy
Suggest solutions to each problem that women in modern Botswana face.
 Adult literacy programmes/distance education
Ideas such as:
- Cultural stereotypes
- Rape /sexual harassment
 Gender awareness workshops/ infusion of gender education in the
 Law against victimising or blaming raped or sexually harassed curriculum
women/make laws that protect women
 Harsh sentences for rapists/sexual offenders - Single parenting/female headed households
 Educate women to avoid situations where they can be raped/sexually
harassed  Women oriented schemes [allow examples]
 Educate women or girls to report incidents
 Educating men
- Pull her down syndrome
 Counselling rape victims
 Encourage change of mind-set
- Domestic violence, for example, emotional abuse and financial abuse
- Teenage pregnancy
 Adjust Botswana laws to punish men who beat women
 Educating men  Avail contraceptives
 Counselling rape victims and perpetrators
 Provide safe houses/shelters for physically abused women [Rule: Allow two examples of education]
 Empower or train women to fight back, for example, teach women
defensive strategies [Solution should be linked to the problem]
105
What is a Women’s Organization? Allow general points such as:
- Women’s Organization is a group of people whose aim is to improve the - Encourage parent-child discussions
status of females and to empower them to fully participate in
development - Counselling the sick
- Women’s Organization is a group of people that advocates or lobby for - Building orphanage centres
the eradication of all forms of discrimination against females / the girl
child - Representing women in National Organizations such as National Aids
Coordinating Agency (NACA)
- Women’s Organization is a group of people that aims to empower
females to fully compete with their male counterparts without prejudice - Raising awareness against abuse and rape
State three roles played by women’s organizations in the fight against [prevention - Mobilising funds for the sick, the needy and the susceptible
of] HIV/AIDS in Botswana
Ideas such as; (Any 3 at 1 mark each)
- The Botswana Council of Women trains female trainers through Describe three problems / challenges that women’s organizations face in
workshops to become peer educators on HIV/AIDS awareness and Botswana
prevention
- Lack of funds
- The Young Vulnerable Women seeks to mitigate the spread of
HIV/AIDS and prevent teenage pregnancies. It engages on basic training - Male stereotypes
on skill development and on the publication of youth magazines that
contain information on HIV/AIDS - Domestic violence
- The Kagisano Society Women’s Shelter Project pioneers community - Shortage of representation in the government e.g. councils, parliament
responses to gender crisis, sexual violence and HIV/AIDS
- Pull-her-down syndrome i.e. jealousy from fellow women
- The Botshabelo Rehabilitation Centre embarks on community
mobilization, education and information on HIV/AIDS and sexual - Susceptibility to diseases due to the female anatomy
violence. It also empowers men to be fully involved in the fight against
HIV/AIDS
106
Name one women’s organization in Botswana What is gender equality?
- Emang Basadi; Metlhaetsile; Women Against Rape, Young Women’s What is meant by equal rights for women?
Christian Association; Botswana Council of Women; Areyeng Basadi
(Tonota), Kgetsi ya Tsie (Tonota) - Gender equality is giving females the same / alike opportunities / treatment as
- males in the society
*local women organizations are acceptable
*Answer should always start with the female
Describe three activities that it performs to empower women Ideas must be developed to get a point
Ideas such as Suggest three ways by which gender equality can be achieved
- Fund raising Suggest three ways by which equal rights for women can be achieved
- Lobbying e.g. Emang Basadi (advocate for 30% women representation in Ideas such as;
parliament; petition the govt. on laws that discriminate against women;
conduct workshops / seminars about universal suffrage & empowering - Education (equal access to all)
women, etc)
- Training (women to venture into careers traditionally dominated by men)
- Education / reversal of stereotypes
- Legal services e.g. Women Against Rape (organises lawyers to represent - Land rights / access to property (women should be allowed to own land)
victims, taking govt. to court etc)
- Legal rights
- Networking: address common meetings & share expertise
- Equal treatment at work place
- Training (in some specific skill/field e.g. bread making, hair dressing)
- Political rights
- Counselling e.g. rape victims
- Through affirmative action
- Involvement of women in decision making
- Sexual freedom / right to say NO to sexual activity
-
*Each point must be fully described, and must always start with the female
and link or move to male. Max of 2 for the same idea
107
What is development for women?
- Development for women is a positive change or improvement which

gives opportunities for females to participate and benefit in the process
Why are some development programmes directed especially towards women?
Ideas such as;
- Educating women will result in healthier children and a drop in infant

mortality rate (IMR)
- Educating women will result in a large number of skilled people
- Women often do most of the farming and development programmes need

to be directed towards them so as to improve food production
- Women should be given equal opportunities
108
Module 6: Population, Health & Education -discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES economic development;
OBJECTIVES
Learners should be Learners should be able to: -discuss how the health system is addressing the
able to: HIV/AIDS scourge in Botswana;
Population Develop an -explain the concept of population;
understanding and -demonstrate the ability to analyse and interpret
appreciation of the -explain the stages of the Demographic Transition health statistics.
effects of population Model; Education Appreciate the role of -explain the concept of education;
on development. education in
-account for the different population structures development in -discuss modern and traditional formal, non-formal
presented by different population pyramids; Botswana and informal education;
-describe and interpret population pyramids for -describe the structure of the formal and non-formal
developing and developed countries; education in Botswana;
-discuss the main factors which influence population -discuss alternative approaches to the provision of
distribution and population density in the world; education in Botswana including vocational
education and job shadowing;
-discuss prospects and challenges presented by rapid
population growth in Botswana and suggest possible -discuss the impact of information technology
solutions; education on the development of Botswana;
-explain the impact of the population growth on -discuss the role of environmental education on
Botswana’s development; development of Botswana;
-explain the role of education in addressing the
-demonstrate the ability to collect, analyse and problems of HIV/AIDS.
present population statistics;
-discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on the population

structure of Botswana;
-explain the effects of overpopulation on the

environment.
Health Explain the role of -explain the concept of health;

health in development.
-discuss factors that influence good health such as
the provision of clean water, sanitation, nutrition,
entertainment, education, availability of personnel,
stress and poverty;
-discuss preventative and curative primary and

secondary health care, traditional and modern health
systems;
-discuss the impact of the health on Botswana’s

development;
109
Define population - Shortage of medical facilities.
- Population refers to a group of people in an area at a given time. - Pollution, for example, due to dysfunctional sewage systems.
Give three benefits/advantages of rapid population growth - Rapid spread of communicable diseases.
- Increased unemployment rate or poverty or underemployment.
Ideas such as:
- Shrinking energy reserves.
- Increased market base. - Increased crime rate.
- Scarcity-induced inflation.
- Increased provision of labour.
Suggest three possible solutions to the problems of rapid population growth rate
- Advanced technology.
Ideas such as:
- Increased military or security superiority - Improving agricultural production.
- Increased understanding of man’s behaviour and a positive development - Creating new settlements, for example, towns, villages, cities.
of humanism as human ideology - Establishing agencies and schemes to help decrease the cost of building
houses, for example, Botswana Housing Corporation (BHC) and Self
Define rapid population growth rate Help Housing Agency (SHHA).
- Rapid Population Growth is the fast increase of the size of a group of - Providing serviced land, for example, in urban areas through such
people. programs as Accelerated Land Servicing Program.
Describe three challenges/problems of rapid population growth - Establishing rainwater and runoff harvesting measures such as building
more dams.
Ideas such as: - Improving schemes aimed at reducing poverty, especially in rural areas,
such as the Drought Relief Programme.
- Depletion of natural resources.
- Train more doctors and nurses who might improve medical technology.
- Food shortage and malnutrition or starvation.
- Train more teachers and lecturers to improve local educational
- Shortage of houses and high rentals, high prices for land and building technology.
materials.
- Establishing more industries to create more job opportunities.
- Shortage of water.
- Increased in illiteracy rate due to shortage of schools and lowered - Implementing population policies to control population growth
educational standards.
110
What is population distribution? Define population density
- Population distribution is the spread of people over an area or where - Population density is the number/average number of people per unit area
people are found and why they are found there
- Population density is number of people per given area [e.g square
*disperse, scatter, settle are acceptable kilometre]
*‘per given area…, per sq. km…, per sq. mile…, per sq. metre are acceptable
Identify three factors that influence population distribution
Describe three factors which influence population distribution State three problems for the natural environment that may result from
Describe three factors that lead to uneven distribution of the world’s population overpopulation
Ideas such as
Ideas such as;
- Soil erosion
- Climate - weather conditions
- Desertification
- Economic activities such as presence of minerals / employment /
industries - Deforestation/loss of vegetation
- Resources – availability of water, food etc. - Pollution (air, water and land)
- Relief of the land - Extinction of species/destruction of the bio-diversity/ecosystem
- Accessibility - Overuse/over-harvest of resources e.g. water, land, minerals
- Fertility of the land [especially people involved crop production] Give three reasons why population density may differ from one place to another
Ideas such as:
- Colonialism / political factors / the drawing of international boundaries - Economic activities such as presence of minerals/employment/industrie
- Resources –availability of water, food [allow examples]
- Historical factors – wars e.g. Mfecane - Relief of the land
- Fertility of the land
- Slave trade - Rainfall
- Temperature
- Wars/conflicts
- Jihads/religion/government policy - Infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Social amenities, for example, schools and hospitals
- Government policy, for example, Central Kalahari Game Reserve - Recreational facilities, parks, gymn rooms and cinemas
(CKGR) - Security
*Ideas need to be developed to earn marks - Schools
*statements connoting migration are unacceptable - Educational services
111
Define overpopulation Describe any three effects of rapid population growth
- Overpopulation is the state of available resources being inadequate to Ideas such as

support the number with a reasonable standard of living. - Increased demand or market for goods and services
- Attraction of investors (Foreign Direct Investment)
Describe the environmental factors that influence population distribution in - Enjoyment of the benefits of economies of scale or promotion of large
Botswana
scale production which is more efficient
Ideas such as: - Full utilisation of transport or communication networks
- People avoid windy areas - Power, water and other services can be operated at a low cost so the
government will establish them
- East has more rainfall/west is dry - Availability of cheap labour
- People avoid areas with high temperatures Define population pyramid
- People are attracted to areas with open grasslands for livestock grazing - Population Pyramid is the structure which shows the age-sex composition
of a group of people
- Availability of water from big rivers attract people
State three negative impact of HIV/AIDS on the population structure of Botswana
- Flat land for agriculture attracts more people Ideas such as:
- Fewer children or reduced birth rates or narrow base.
- Poor/infertile soils in the west lead to sparse population/fertile soils in the - Reduced working-age group.
east lead to dense population
- Reduced life expectancy.
- Northwest sparsely populated due to animal diseases and pests
- High infant mortality rate.
Describe the negative effects of overpopulation on the environment of
Botswana - Increased orphan-hood.
Ideas such as: - High dependency ratio.

- Pressure on vegetation leading to deforestation
- Overworked soils/loss of nutrients/fertility - Increased death rates.
- Depletion of natural resources/extinction of certain species
- Overgrazing/overstocking resulting in soil erosion/soil erosion - Reduced population growth rate or population decrease
- High demand/high extraction of minerals leading to ugly landscape
- Pollution
- Disturbance of the ecosystem
- Desertification/land left bare
112
Study Fig. 1, which is the population pyramid for Botswana in 2014. Describe ways by which rapid population growth may promote development
of a country
Ideas such as:
- Increased demand or market for goods and services

- Attraction of investors (Foreign Direct Investment)
- Enjoyment of the benefits of economies of scale or promotion of large
scale production which is more efficient
- Full utilisation of transport or communication networks
- Power, water and other services can be operated at a low cost so the
government will establish them
Fig.1 - Availability of cheap labour
Describe the population structure shown by the pyramid. Describe five strategies which governments may use to reduce population growth.

- Introducing laws restricting number of children per couple, for example,
- Many youth or high number of young people China’s One Child policy
- Few members of the work force or few economically active people
- Fewer women than men among the workforce - Offer of incentives for families with few children, for example, if couple
- Few old people have two children are exempted from paying school fees
- More old women than men
- Family planning programme or contraceptives, for example, provision
With the aid of Fig. 1 only, suggest why Botswana could be viewed as a
free condoms in clinics and hospitals
developing country.
Ideas such as: - Promotion of general education
- Botswana pyramid has a wider base or high birth rate - Public education on population issues or sex education
- Botswana pyramid has a reducing middle section
- Botswana pyramid has very narrow top or apex or low life expectancy - Provision of old age pension
- Botswana pyramid has a triangular shape
- Botswana pyramid has concave sides - Increasing marriageable age to reduced early marriages
- High dependency ratio
- Women empowerment
113
Study Fig. 2, which shows a population pyramid for Botswana in 2001. - More females than males
The 0-4 age group is similar than the 5-9 and 10-14 age groups. Suggest reasons for
this reduction.
Ideas such as:
- Increased use of contraceptives/family planning/provision of free

contraceptives.
- More women are educated so they are empowered/ are aware of their
reproductive health.
- More career women so they lack time to care for babies.
- People are afraid of pregnancy because of HIV and AIDS
- High infant mortality rate due to HIV and AIDS/ Other diseases
- High cost of living discouraging birth rate/Highly ambitious people

control birth rate to maintain high living standards.
Fig.2 - Laws against child labour/ improved technology

Describe the population characteristics shown by the pyramid. - Change of traditional mindsets on the size of the family.
Ideas such as:
- Reduced infant mortality rate/ improved health facilities
- High birth rate
- Government pension reduces the need for a large family
- Birth rate is beginning to reduce
- High death rate (Rule: Award once for issues on high Infant Mortality Rate. Marks allocation 5/5 6/4
4/6)
- Low life expectancy/ few old people
- Life expectancy for females is higher than that of males/ more old
females than males
- High dependency ratio.
114
Describe the problems that Botswana is experiencing as a result of its population Suggest actions that the government of Botswana could take to solve problems
structure. resulting from its population structure.
- High taxation of workforce to cater for many youth/ too many - Introduce family planning/ birth control/ contraceptives/ few children/
dependants/ government burdened on welfare programmes. one child policy.
- Overload of social services e.g. schools and hospitals. - Law restricting number of children.
- Unemployment due to expanding population. - Promote formal education to change the traditional mind set on large
family.
- Deforestation due to high demand for trees (from expanded population)/
depletion of natural resources. - Improve health service to reduce death rate or increase life expectancy.
- Poor sanitation/ littering/pollution. - Improve agricultural methods to ensure high yields from small fields/
agricultural extension service.
- Starvation/ hunger/ poverty
- Encourage reforestation/ afforestation
- Shortage of farm land /grazing land/ land
- Introduce environmental laws
- Train people for self-employment/employment creation/financial

assistance
- Recognition of the informal sector by the government.
- Provide more social services to reduce overload (on social services)
- Land redistribution/resettlement programmes.
- Welfare programmes/food baskets for the destitute/ government help the

poor with basic needs.
- Women empowerment/ skilled manpower
115
Study Fig. 3 which shows a demographic transition model and use it to answer the Describe three benefits for a country of having a large population.
questions that follow.
Ideas such as:
- Increased market base.
- Increased provision of labour.
- Advanced technology.
- Increased military or security superiority
- Increased understanding of man’s behaviour and a positive development

of humanism as human ideology.
Suggest three ways by which governments can achieve low population growth rates.
Fig.3 Ideas such as:
What is a demographic transition model? - Introducing laws restricting number of children per couple, for example,
China’s One Child policy
- Demographic Transition Model is a diagram which shows how population
changes over time.
- Offer of incentives for families with few children, for example, if couple
Which stage has the lowest birth rate? have two children are exempted from paying school fees
- Stage 4
- Family planning programme or contraceptives, for example, provision
Suggest reasons for the falling death rate at stage 2. free condoms in clinics and hospitals
- The provision of clean water to reduce water borne diseases such as cholera. - Promotion of general education
- The provision of good nutrition, for example, supplementary feeding for babies in
clinics such as Tsabana, cooking oil and beans. - Public education on population issues or sex education
- The provision of improved hygiene and sanitation prevent the spread of diseases.
- Provision of old age pension
- The provision of better health care, for example, training of more doctors and
nurses. - Increasing marriageable age to reduced early marriages
- The improved literacy levels, for example, building of more schools and training
of teachers. - Women empowerment
116
Study Fig. 4, which is an extract on population characteristics of Botswana in Apart from HIV and AIDS, suggest other reasons why Botswana had a low
2012. life expectancy in 2012.
The World Economic Forum (2012) reports that in 2012, Botswana’s life Ideas such as:
expectancy was 53.1 years and that the country was at position number 132 out of
144 countries. Infant mortality rate was 36.1 per 1000 live births, putting - High incidents of alcohol consumption/smoking/drug abuse/life
Botswana at position number 104 out of 144 countries. threatening habits
- Poor nutrition/people eating unbalanced diets/underfeeding/starvation

Fig.4
- People drinking contaminated water
Describe the actions that the government of Botswana is taking to address the
problem of high infant - People living passive lives/lack of exercise
Mortality rate.
- People stressed by challenges of life
Ideas such as:
- Shortage of health facilities/medication
- Provision of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)
programme to stop or curb mother to child HIV infection/ provision of - Ignorance or lack of cooperation resulting in missing medical check ups
milk formula/ART/HAART
- Monitoring of under 5 years growth, for example, provision of
supplementary feeding such as Tsabana, vaccination of babies against - Back-breaking jobs
killer diseases such as polio and measles, weighing
- High rate road accidents.
- Medical care for pregnant mothers/ antenatal care
Describe how HIV and AIDS might affect the population structure of
- Education of mothers/parents/guardians on baby care Botswana.
- Public education, for example clean environment, delivering at health Ideas such as:
facilities, boiling water before giving to child
- Reduced Birth Rate as people fear unprotected sex/ fewer babies/reduced
- Training/employing specialists/health personnel such as nurses and youth
doctors - Increased Death Rate/reduced population
- Few old people/ low life expectancy
- Provision of health facilities - Reduced workforce/bread winners/death of active members as they are at
the highest risk
- Few women in the workforce group
- More orphans
117
Suggest challenges faced by hospital and clinics in the fight against HIV and Fig. 5 Shows the Demographic Transition Model.
AIDS.
Ideas such as:

- Lack of funds/high expenses of purchasing Anti -Retroviral (ARVs)
- Stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS
- Traditional practices that promotes HIV and AIDS such as a brother

inheriting a dead brother’s wife regardless of HIV status and polygamy
- Overcrowding in health facilities, for example, shortage of beds
- Shortage of the health personnel or overworked health personnel
- Ignorance/illiteracy, for example, people ignore the PMTCT programme

or refuse to use condoms
Fig.5
- Culture/Religion which counter HIV/AIDS fight, for example, which
discourages open talk about sex especially children Name Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model.
- Poor disposal of clinical waste/health personnel at risk. - Late expanding
At what stage does the total population start to rise?
- Stage 2
Give two reasons for the high death rate in Stage 1.
- Infant mortality rate is high so there is need to have more babies

- Provision of labour/children used as source of labour in agriculture
- Religious beliefs, for example, Children are a gift from God
- Low levels of literacy
- Traditional beliefs and customs/ children as a form of prestige
- Old age security
- Early marriages
- Chasing for a boy/girl
- Poverty so children expected to work for their families/parents expecting
bride price
118
Give three reasons for the high birth rates in developing countries. Study Fig.6 which shows the Demographic Transition Model.
- Lack of knowledge and improper use of contraceptives and poor family

planning methods.
- A lot of children were needed for old age security, to provide labour, as a
sign of prestige, to replace those who are dying, to continue the family
name, for religious purpose, etc.
- Early marriages also led to high birth rates.
- Low levels of literacy also led to high birth rates.
Suggest three measures that developing countries can use to reduce their birth
rates.
- Introducing laws restricting number of children per couple, for example,

China’s One Child policy
- Offer of incentives for families with few children, for example, if couple
have two children are exempted from paying school fees Fig.6
- Family planning programme or contraceptives, for example, provision Describe the relationship between the death rate and the birth rate from
Stage 1 to Stage 4.
free condoms in clinics and hospitals
Ideas such as:
- Promotion of general education
- In stage 1 they are both high.
- Public education on population issues or sex education
- In stage 2 the death rate drops while the birth rate remains high.
- Provision of old age pension - In stage 3 the birth rate begins to drop while the death rate is low.
- Increasing marriageable age to reduced early marriages - In stage 4 they are both low.
- Women empowerment
119
Suggest reasons for the high death rate in Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Explain the negative effects of HIV and AIDS on economic development in
Model. Botswana.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- Outbreak of killer diseases such as polio.
- Death of skilled manpower.
- Poor diets/famine/low calorie intake
- Loss of production time as people spend time in funerals and caring for
- Poor medical technology/ lack of health facilities/ poor health/ lack of the sick.
immunisation programme.
- High government expenditure on health which means that funds are
- Lack of safe water supplies diverted from development projects to support health care
- Low levels of formal education. - Less tourists visit the country for fear of HIV and AIDS.
- Wars - Low productivity at work because people are sick or stressed by HIV and
AIDS
- Poor sanitation/ hygiene
- High expenditure by families on funerals
Describe actions that hospitals and clinics take to fight HIV and AIDS.
Ideas such as:
- Health talks on HIV and AIDS at hospitals and clinics/ public education
- Display of HIV and AIDS posters in hospitals and clinics/ surrounding

areas.
- Counselling of HIV and AIDS victims and the affected family members.
- Testing people for HIV and AIDS
- Proper disposal of used hospital equipment , for example needles
- Provision of Anti Retro Viral Drugs (ARVs) to HIV and AIDS patients
- Running the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)

Programme to protect unborn children
- Distribution of free condoms
- Encourage/ conduct male circumcision

120
Study Fig. 7 which shows population characteristics in Botswana in 1981, 1991 and Describe the factors that could have caused the high general fertility rate in
2001 1991
Ideas such as:
- Culture, for example, high number of children used a proof of

womanhood/cultural stereotypes, for example, women seen as child
bearer/source of pride
- Parents chasing after a boy/a girl/striking gender balance/gender
preference
- Need for labour
- Old age security
- Bride price
- Lack of family planning
Fig.7 - Poor education/illiteracy
Describe the changes in population characteristics between 1991 and 2001 - High infant mortality rate (IMR)
- Early marriages
Ideas such as: - Teenage pregnancies
- Crude Birth Rate was higher in 1991 than 2001/Decrease/Declined
- Crude Death Rate was lower in 1991 than in 2001/Increase/Accelerate Suggest actions that the government of Botswana can take to reduce the
- Infant Mortality Rate was lower in 1991 than in 2002/Increase/Accelerate dependency ratio
- Life expectancy was higher in 1991 than in 2001/Decrease/Declined
- General Fertility Rate (per woman aged 15-49) was higher in 1991 than Ideas such as:
in 2001/Decrease - Family planning campaigns/provision of contraceptives/population
- Urban population was lower in 1991 than in 2001/Increase reduction
- Dependency Ratio was higher in 1991 (93) than in 2001 (71.5) Decrease - Promote women empowerment/education for women
- Promote general education /vocational education
Suggest reasons for the increase in life expectancy from 1981 to 1991 - Financial assistance/grants for the unemployed/youth grants
- Provision of Old age pension
Ideas such as: - Employment creation/internships
- Improved health facilities/medication - Provision of food baskets/rations
- Eating balanced diet/supplementary feeding/better nutrition - Business training/entrepreneurial skills
- Better employment opportunities/higher income levels
- Provision of safe water
- Improved sanitation/hygiene
- Immunisation programmes
- Health education/education
- Training of health personnel/availability of health personnel
- Improved technology(reduced back breaking jobs)
121
What is good health? Identify three factors that influence poor health
- Good health is the sound physical, mental and social wellbeing of people Ideas such as;
- Good health is the absence of / freedom from diseases, poverty and stress - Lack of clean water / using / drinking contaminated water / unclean water
- Poor diets
- Lack of health education
*The definition must have the three aspects of a person’s wellbeing i.e. - Frustration
physical (Disease), mental (stress) & social (poverty) - Irregular exercises
- Low income / lack of alternative sources of income
- Lack of / shortage of clinics & hospitals
How does good health contribute to the development of Botswana? - Unhygienic conditions
- Poor shelter
Ideas such as - Medical costs / expenses
-
- Saves time for production / when people are healthy they will focus *Answers to show influence on poor health
attention on work thereby increasing production time, for example, not
waste time on sick leaves and visit to clinics Study Fig. 1 which shows factors that influence good health.
- High productivity / students and workers concentrate much better when

they are healthy
- Less spending by families and government on buying medicines, paying

for medical bills etc.
- Labour availability / pool of healthy workers
What is meant by ‘poor health’?
What is poor health?
- Poor health is the presence of disease, poverty and stress
Fig1
122
Explain how each factor in Fig. 1 helps people to have good health. Suggest ways by which people in Botswana could be encouraged to eat
balanced diets.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- Clean water helps to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera / clean - Supplementary feeding is provided in schools and clinics
water helps to facilitate proper functioning of body system, for example,
digestive system/ clean water prevent skin diseases - Posters to teach people the importance of eating balanced diet
- Sanitation controls breeding of germs in the environment /sanitation - Media nutrition programmes, for example, television, radio and print
prevents diseases media
- Agriculture extension workers help people to grow various types of food

- Entertainment lowers stress/ lowers blood pressure as people are happy
- Community Based Organisations could teach or encourage people to
- Balanced diet helps to repair ageing tissues/ balance diet protects the grow vegetables or raise chickens
body from diseases/ balanced diet provide energy
- Destitute/orphans given food baskets
- Fitness programmes improves the immune system/ fitness
Describe how any three development indicators are used to measure health.
programmes lowers stress/ fitness programmes increases heart rate to
Ideas such as:
optimum level
- Morbidity – The higher the morbidity the lower the health
- Hospitals and clinics treat people when ill or injured/ Hospitals and
- Doctor-patient ration- The higher the ratio the lower the health
clinics counsel people to reduce stress/ clinics and hospitals helps to
control the spread of infections, for example, distribution of condoms to
- Population per hospital bed- The higher the population per hospital the
reduce HIV infections
lower the health
- Infant Mortality Rate- The higher the IMR the lower the health
- Calorie intake- The higher the calorie intake the higher the health
- Life expectancy-The higher the life expectancy the higher the health
- Maternal death- The higher the maternal death the lower the health
123
Explain challenges encountered in setting up and running hospitals and State three reasons why investing in modern health care is difficult for Botswana
clinics in developing countries.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as: - Hospitals are expensive to build/shortage of health facilities/poor health
- Shortage of trained personnel, for example, doctors and nurses facilities
- It takes long to train doctors/health personnel expensive to train/shortage
- Very high population so facilities are overloaded of training facilities
- Health personnel expensive to train, for example, nurses and doctors
- Health personnel are overworked - Drugs are costly to make/to buy
- It is complicated /needs expensive complex technology/poor technology
- Dealing with high number of incurable diseases - Health personnel leave the country for greener pastures/shortage of
skilled labour/brain drain
- Very expensive to build hospitals and clinics
What is meant by traditional health care?
What is traditional health care?
- The training of personnel is lengthy and expensive
- Traditional health care is an unscientific or craft way of establishing causes,
- Communicable diseases, for example, TB/put health personnel/ other providing treatment and preventing of ailments
patient at risk
- Traditional medicine is a cultural approach to prevention, diagnosis and
- Traditions/some religions stop people from receiving medical treatment treatment of diseases.
Give three advantages of traditional health care

- Very expensive to run
What is primary health care?
Define modern health care
Define the term primary health care system
- Modern health care is scientific approach to prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of diseases - Primary health care is when one concentrates on preventing diseases
- Modern health care is a systematic way of diagnosing and treating - Primary health care is a preventive system where aim is to avoid people
diseases/ preventing diseases using scientific means/methods getting sick
- Modern health care is a way of diagnosing and treating diseases using
scientific methods
124
Describe any three features of Botswana’s primary health care system Give three reasons why educating women is important for family health
Ideas such as: Ideas such as;

- Traditional health mostly operates at the healer’s home.
- Educated women understand good nutrition better / they cook & feed the
- In traditional health treatment is based on belief, hence unscientific, and family properly
conservative.
- Educated women take their children to health clinics / know the importance
- Simple technology is used. of immunisation
- The healing materials is acquired from the environment, and mostly - Educated women will keep better standards of hygiene thereby reducing
used in their raw form. IMR( Infant Mortality Rate)
- It is usually hereditary, and within family or relatives, hence it is - Educated women plan their families better / have smaller families
surrounded by mystery.
Describe three other advantages (not connected with health) of educating women
- The information is memorised.
Ideas such as;
Give three ways by which Botswana government promotes better nutrition
- Half of the skills of the population is utilised (does not go to waste in
How does the government ensure everyone has access to adequate food? uneducated/untrained women) / more skilled people
- Supplementary feeding at clinics, hospitals [e.g. tsabana] & schools - Women can get good jobs & earn money to improve the family standard of
- Food basket for the orphans living
- Old age pension
- Destitute funding - Educated women will be in a better position to help their children with
- Drought relief school work (homework) and this will encourage the children to be
- Education educated
What are proteins? - Women can participate in the decision-making process and make some
meaningful contributions towards the country’s development
- Proteins are chemical substances found in food
- High biological value food made up of amino acids
-
Explain with examples why proteins are important for human health
- E.g. eggs, milk, meat, fish
- Body building
- Repair worn out tissue
- Source of energy
125
Fig. 2 shows the Primary Health Care Umbrella. Use it to answer question
below (RULE: Any three from the umbrella at 2 marks each- 1mark for mentioning
and another 1 mark for description)
Describe the differences between a traditional and a modern health system.
Ideas such as:
- In traditional medicine, healing/diagnosis is based on the beliefs of

the patient/people whilst in modern medicine it is based on scientific
causes of the diseases.
- In traditional medicine, healers are people who have acquired skills

handed down by their forefathers whilst in modern medicine healers
Fig.2 are nurses and doctors trained in colleges and universities.
Using your own words, describe three different elements of a primary health care - In traditional medicine, herbs/roots/ other natural products are used
system for treatment whilst in modern medicine drugs/ other medicines are
Ideas such as:
used.
- Water and sanitation is the provision of safe water eliminates or
reduces waterborne diseases whilst hygiene removes breeding places for
- Traditional medicine is conducted in the homes/forestry/ any suitable
pests.
place whilst modern medicine is conducted in clinics and hospitals.
- Health education is informing people about diseases and their
prevention maintains good health. - Traditional medicine healing/consultation is oral whilst in modern
medicine there is documentation/ records kept.
- Nutrition promotion is encouraging people to eat balanced diets - Traditional medicine uses simple skills/ technology to heal whilst
improves their health. modern uses advanced skill/technology to heal.
- Basic education is provision of literacy- because literate people learns

simple ways of avoiding diseases.
-
- Food security is ensuring that people have enough food to eat helps
them to be healthy.
- Immunisation is provision of vaccines prevents diseases such as polio.

126
Explain how HIV and AIDS negatively affect development in Botswana. Describe ways in which health care services and women’s organisations are
helping in the prevention of HIV and AIDS in Botswana.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- Loss of foreign direct investment (FDI)
- Dissemination or passing of information/teaching people about HIV and
- Reduce productivity AIDS.
- Over expenditure on health, for example, money used on for Anti Retro - Preventing transmission from mother to child/ provision of milk formula.
Viral drugs (ARVs)/ orphanage/ food baskets/ research
- Home based care activities promoting safe handling of patients.
- Reduced workforce
- Counselling for prevention
- Diversion of development funds into the health sector stall other vital
developments - Care for orphans to free them from abuse and infection.
- Traumatised society due to AIDS deaths affecting money aspects of - Researches, for example, TDF 2 programme, Botswana and Harvard
development collaboration.
- Reduced domestic market due to loss of active people with purchasing - Provide routine testing
power
- Distribution of free condoms
- Underutilisation of resources/ facilities due to decrease in population
size. - Promotion of female condoms
- High dependency ratio/increased poverty rate due to loss of - Workshops on changing male perceptions/ attitudes towards women.
breadwinners.
- Women empowerment on resisting decisions imposed on them.
- Reduced earnings from tourism.
- Lobbying for harsh punishment on rapists.
- Commemoration of World Aids Day
- Safe male circumcision
Rule: Emphasis should be on prevention.
127
Study Fig.3, which is an extract from Botswana’s 2015 budget speech . Suggest ways by which provision of water promotes development.
Ideas such as:

The budget is intended to address key priority areas of human capital, the fight
against HIV and AIDS including elimination of mother to child transmission, - Water use for irrigation in agriculture
poverty eradication, provision of water and power supply, employment creation
as well as maintenance of existing infrastructure.
- Control waterborne diseases, for example, diarrhoea and cholera
Fig.3 - Water used as raw material in industries/cleaning (for beverages)
Describe each key area mentioned in Fig.3 - Water used for cooling purposes in thermal power production/ air
conditioning
Ideas such as:
- Human capital is when the government will train workers or people to - Water used for steaming the thermal power production
work in various production activities
- Water used for domestic purposes/promotes good health
- Fight against HIV and AIDS is when the government will control or
prevent the spread of the HIV and AIDS diseases, for example, by - Water used for swimming pools/ in tourists industry/hotels/holiday
providing free condoms and Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission resorts/water sports
(PMTCT)
Describe how good health promotes the development of Botswana.
Ideas such as:
- Poverty eradication is when the government improve people’s standards - Healthy/fit workers are more productive
of living or provision of people’s basic needs.
- Healthy students do well at school
- Provision of water and power supplies which the government carry out
through connection of water pipes and electric lines/ drilling boreholes - A healthy nation cuts expenditure on health services(so more money for
development projects)
- Employment creation which will be done by the government through
the establishment of activities that will provide jobs for people - Good health attracts tourists who bring foreign exchange
- Maintenance of existing infrastructure in which the government will - Healthy people are happy people so they cooperate with the government
repair roads and bridges that are already there or existing infrastructure ( they spend less time complaining/relate well with others)
- Healthy environment attracts investors

128
Suggest challenges that developing countries might meet as they work to With the aid of Fig. 4, describe the benefits of healthy people to the
provide primary health care. development of a country
- Shortage of volunteers to work on primary health care  Healthy people are productive/mass production
programmes/health personnel  Healthy people are innovative/quality labour/availability of labour force
 Healthy people cause less conflicts with the government
- Lack of funds to run primary health care programmes/people lack of  Healthy people work well with others [on the community projects]
funds to support primary health care programmes  Healthy students succeed in school [as they concentrate]
 Healthy people save /reduce government expenditure on health
- Illiteracy/ignorance of the people causing lack of support for primary  Attracts investors
care programmes, for example, some parents refusing to take children for  Attracts tourists
vaccinations/ people refusing to use condoms Explain the importance of water supply to the health of people in Botswana
Ideas such as:

- Strong beliefs in secondary health care/hospitals/injections and pills
 Need for sufficient water to prevent dehydration/proper running of body
- Traditional medicine sometime works against primary health care, for systems [allow one example]
example, traditional doctors may advise people to stop bathing as a
 Clean water to ensure non-transmission of diseases [ allow one example
procedure
such as cholera/Covid-19]
- Large population making programmes difficult to manage
 Clean water needed for hygiene [ allow one example such as
bathing/washing/cleaning/cooking]
- Political instability
 To use for watering crops/irrigation for higher yields/for more food
Study Fig. 4 which is an extract on good health
 Clean water to mix with powdered baby milk
Good health means more than simply absence of disease. Health includes
physical, mental and social wellbeing. Healthy, well-adjusted people are cheerful,  Good sanitation
confident and active. They get on well with people around them.
 To use watering livestock/more milk/meat
Fig.4
 Provides minerals/nourishes the body
5/5 6/4 4/6
129
Explain how any three development indicators are used to measure health Suggest ways by which the community can participate in primary health care
delivery
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
 High life expectancy indicates good health/low life expectancy indicates
poor health  Attend pre/post-natal clinics
 High infant mortality rate shows poor health/low infant mortality rate  Forming [village] health committees
shows good health
 Digging [protected] wells/bore holes
 High calorie intake shows good health/low calorie intake shows poor
health  Giving families balanced diets
 High death rate shows poor health/low death rate shows good health  Use of contraceptives
 High maternal death rate shows poor health/low maternal death rate  Taking their children for immunization, for example, polio and
shows good health measles/people taking themselves for immunization/ taking part in
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission [PMTCT]
 High morbidity rate shows poor health/low morbidity rate shows good
health  Taking part in clean-up campaigns/submission of waste for
collection/pay for waste collection
 High population per hospital bed shows poor health/low population per
hospital bed shows good health  Health education by the community, for example, community members
teaching on TB control and malarial prevention
 High doctor-patient ratio shows poor health/low doctor-patient ratio
shows good health  Backyard gardening/people taking part in food production
[RULE: Award 1 mark for mentioning a correct indicator and 1  Digging pit latrines/rubbish pits/kraals
mark for its usage]
 Exercising
 Complying with health protocols, for example, Covid-19
 Attending health related meetings/workshops/seminars

 Breastfeeding
 Testing for diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS
130
Define education Define traditional education
- Traditional education is teaching and learning that is done mainly

- Education means imparting and acquiring knowledge. through speech and demonstrating.
Give three purpose of education Give three advantages of traditional education
- It keeps people informed. - Traditional education helps preserve cultural heritage of the society.
- It is cheap to run.
- It enhances political association. - Traditional education helps the learner to have a sense of belonging in
the community.
- It encourages technical advancement.
- It helps the learners to associate with the local environment, and hence
- It provides economic training. conserve it.
- Traditional education enables learners to acquire survival skills since it is
- It transmits culture. more practical.
- It improves people’s self- esteem. Define formal traditional education
- It helps people to be more adaptable to change. - Formal traditional education is the organised instruction which takes
place through initiation schooling for boys and girls.
- It improve literacy rate.
What is meant by informal traditional education?
- It produces productive workers.
- Informal traditional education is generally family, and gender-based.
- It helps in the comprehension of the importance of conserving nature.
State three disadvantages of traditional education
- It increases people’s awareness of health issues.
Ideas such as:
- Traditional education is conservative; it fails to accommodate innovative
ideas.
- Instruction in initiation schools sometimes involves harsh treatment
which leads to injury or even death.
- Knowledge can be distorted or even lost since it is imparted orally.
131
Study Fig. 1 which shows traditional informal and modern formal education. Suggest ways by which a country can promote traditional education.
Ideas such as:
- Inviting elders such as Dikgosi to address students on cultural issues/ traditional

values
- Hold kgotla meetings to motivate parents to send their children to initiation

schools
- Conduct drama or plays on traditional or cultural issues or dikhwaere
- The government or ministry of sports and culture to fund initiation schools
- Celebrating cultural days in schools or communities for people to learn or

appreciate culture
Fig.1
- Construction of traditional structures or houses in government institutions
With the aid of Fig. 1, describe characteristics of traditional informal education.
Ideas such as:
- Teachers are parents or elderly people
- It takes place at any suitable place/sometimes done at initiation schools
- Children learn by copying or observing their parents or elders
- Teaching is done orally or through word of mouth or stories, poetry and riddles
- It focuses on teaching culture or values or beliefs
- Children are taught survival skills
- It is gender based/ girls are taught by female relatives whilst boys are taught by
male relatives
132
Study Fig. 2, which is about traditional education in South Africa, and What are the disadvantages of traditional education?
answer questions that follows.
Ideas such as:
- The disadvantage of traditional education is that it focus on the past or

lacks dynamism or promote rigidity.
- The traditional education is restrictive due to its being gender based or

discriminating.
- The disadvantage of traditional education is that information gets

Fig.2 distorted due to its being oral or lack of record keeping.
Describe the main features of traditional education. - The traditional education discourages industrial initiative or creativity
and innovation.
Ideas such as:
- The main feature of traditional education is that it takes place in initiation - The disadvantages of traditional education are that emphasises on skills
schools, for example, bogwera and bojale. out of touch with the modern world or low literacy rate.
- The main feature of traditional education is that it is oral, for example it - The traditional educational uses unethical teaching methods.
uses stories, dance and songs.
- In traditional education teachers are all elderly people who are

experienced.
- The main feature of traditional education is that it prepares boys and girls
for adulthood.
- The traditional education is based on culture.
- The main feature of traditional society is that learning is by hands on or

practical.
- The main feature of traditional society is that learning is continuous.

133
What is formal education?
What is modern formal education?
- Formal education is the type of learning which takes place in special built
institutes with special rules and regulations - Modern formal education is the teaching and learning that takes place in
schools and colleges offered by qualified personnel
- Formal education is the type of learning which focuses on reading and
writing, thus has great emphasis on literacy and numeracy skills - Modern formal education is the type of learning which takes place in
schools/colleges
Give three characteristics of formal education
- Modern formal education is the acquisition of knowledge and skills
Ideas such as; based on reading and writing / literacy
- Has specialised personnel / trained teachers - Modern formal education is the acquisition of knowledge and skills
which focuses on reading and writing/ literacy and numeracy skills
- Has fixed time of learning
- Modern education is the type of learning which focus on reading and
- It is syllabus based writing/ literacy and numeracy
- Examinations determine progression to the next level / certification Describe three characteristics of modern formal education
- There is use of official language Ideas such as:

- Modern formal education takes place in schools
What is informal education?
- Modern formal education has specialised personnel/trained/qualified
- Informal education is the everyday learning we get through observing or teachers
interacting with others be it our peers or the elderly
- It has fixed time of learning
Give three characteristics of informal education
Ideas such as: - It is syllabus based/curriculum/different subjects
- Learning is everywhere and at any time - Examination determine progression to the next level/certification
- It is continuous and often by word of mouth - There is use of an official language
- Informal education is based on trial and error - There is age restriction
- Informal education is non-examinable and non-certificated - It teaches literacy and numeracy skills
- Emphasis on conformity to one’s social group

134
Define academic education Explain the importance of modern formal education to a country.
- Academic Education prepares learners mostly for clerical/ white collar Ideas such as:
jobs
- National building
Give three advantages of modern education
- Career training
Ideas such as:
- Gives people self-confidence
- It is innovative.
- Improves literacy rate
- It widens the scope of thinking of an individual.
- Develops peoples potential
- Increases skilled labour force

- It enhances productivity at work.
- Encourages participation in politics
- It equips learners with skills for their careers. - Improves health awareness or understanding of local or global issues
- Offers peaceful resolution of conflicts
Define modern informal education What is meant by job shadowing?
- Informal Education is gained through life experience. Learning takes - Job shadowing is a work based learning where learners visit the
place within the surrounding. workplace to observe and copy workers as they perform their tasks
State three disadvantages of modern education Give three importance of job shadowing

- It prepares learners for employment
- It leads to inequalities since it creates a lot of competition.
- It provides a link between school learning and the world of work.
- Most of its curricula are Eurocentric, hence upholds that culture at the
expense of others. - It stimulates career selection process.
- It is expensive to run.
- It generates skilled workforce
- It emphasizes acquisition of certificates at the expense of acquisition of
practical skills.
- Lack of basic resources may lower educational achievements in the
country.
135
What is meant by vocational education? What is meant by non-formal education?
- Vocational Education is the type of education that equips learners with - Non-formal Education takes place outside the school set up.
skills that will help them perform specialised tasks.
State three characteristics of non-formal education
- Vocational Education equips learners with skills that will help them
perform specialised tasks. Ideas such as:
Describe three ways by which a country can benefit from vocational education - The characteristic of non-formal education is that learner’s progress at
their own pace.
Ideas such as:
- In non-formal education there is self-learning.
- The way by which a country can benefit from vocational education is that
the country will have skilled manpower/skilled people/generate skilled
workforce - The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners of all ages are
accepted.
- It improve literacy rate in a country
- The non-formal education takes place at any convenient place or
- It prepares learners for employment anywhere.
- Stimulates learners career selection - The characteristic of non-formal education is that certification is optional
or examinations are optional.
- The non-formal education can take place through distance learning or

there is distance learning in non-formal education.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that sometimes there is

emphasis on teaching practical skills for improving people’s standard of
living.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners are taught or

tutored by experienced workers with some educational training.
136
Compare formal education with non-formal education Study Fig.3, which is an extract on education and answer question that
follows
Formal education Non-formal education
- Carried out in learning institutions - Carried out anywhere
- There are specialised buildings e.g. - Learning takes place anywhere, even
classrooms, Art & HE labs, etc. under a tree
- Enhances knowledge, skills and values - Meets specific needs e.g. literacy,
numeracy
Fig.3
- There are examinations and certification at - Certification is there and determines
end of programme one’s progression to the next stage Describe any three kinds of formal education provided in the Botswana system of
education.
- School fees paid - School fees paid
Ideas such as:
- There is a syllabus - There is a syllabus
- The kind of formal education provided in the Botswana system of
education is that of education with production where learners carry out
NB: Do not use a table when asked to compare in an examination productive work as part of their lessons.
- The formal education provided in the Botswana system of education is

that of vocational training where learners are taught practical skills so
they can get jobs, for example, plumbing and brick laying.
- The technical training is where learners are given technical knowledge

to work as technicians, for example, in agriculture, industry and
telecommunications.
- The kind of formal education provided by Botswana education system is

that of job shadowing or apprenticeship where learners works with
experienced workers in order to learn from them hands on.
137
What are the characteristics of non-formal education? What challenges do governments of developing countries face in their efforts
to provide formal education?
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learner’s progress at
their own pace. - The challenge government of developing countries face in their efforts to
provide formal education is that of lack of funds/ it is expensive.
- In non-formal education there is self-learning.
- The governments of developing countries face the problem of increased
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners of all ages are numbers of enrolment in their efforts to provide formal education.
accepted.
- In developing countries the governments are faced with the challenge of
- The non-formal education takes place at any convenient place or resistance from some religious and tribal groups in their efforts to
anywhere. provide formal education.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that certification is optional - The challenge government of developing countries face in their efforts to
or examinations are optional. provide formal education is that of high drop-out rate, for example,
teenage pregnancy.
- The non-formal education can take place through distance learning or
there is distance learning in non-formal education. - The governments of developing countries are faced with the challenge of
lack of qualified teachers in their efforts to provide formal education.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that sometimes there is
emphasis on teaching practical skills for improving people’s standard of - The challenge faced by developing countries in their effort to provide
living. formal education is that of lack of educational resources, for example,
teaching equipment.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners are taught or
tutored by experienced workers with some educational training. - Developing countries governments face the challenge of lack of
infrastructure such as buildings in their effort to provide formal
education.
138
Define information technology Suggest factors that might slow down the introduction of Information Technology
(IT) in Botswana schools
- Information technology is the computerized production, storage and
dissemination of data Ideas such as:
- Shortage of information technology (IT) teachers to teach information technology
Give three advantages of using information technology (IT)
Ideas such as: - Information technology equipment are also to expensive, for example, computers
- Stores a lot of data

- Large populations of students in schools/lack of IT equipment
- Easy analysis of complex information

- Some schools are located in remote areas or places without proper supporting
- Easy/fast transfer of information from one source to another infrastructure, for example, electricity and telephone connections
- Promotes international trade by linking countries/electronic payments made - Information technology [IT] equipment is easily stolen/theft
possible
- Some students/teachers have a phobia for electronic machines
- Increased productivity
Describe the importance of Information Technology (IT) in the development of
Botswana.
- Development of infrastructure to suit information technology (IT)
Ideas such as:
- Improvement of technology/skills development
- Stores a lot of data
- Easy analysis of complex information
- Easy/fast transfer of information from one source to another
- Promotes international trade by linking countries/electronic payments made
possible
- Increased productivity
- Development of infrastructure to suit information technology (IT)
- Improvement of technology/skills development
139
What is environmental education? Suggest ways in which environmental education can be promoted in
Botswana.
- Environmental education refers to raising awareness on issues related to
the natural surroundings. - The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana
is by including it in school curriculum.
State three ways in which environmental education is important to the
development of Botswana
- In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through
Describe the importance of environmental education to the development of billboards and posters.
Botswana.
- The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana
Ideas such as: is by publishing books on environment.
- The importance of environmental education to the development of - In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through
Botswana is that it encourages use of appropriate technology. television and radio programmes, newspapers and magazines.
- In Botswana environmental education improves health through - The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana
prevention of diseases or primary health care. is through clean up campaigns.
- The importance of environmental education to the development of - In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through
Botswana is that it will promote the conservation of natural resources. workshops, for example, kgotla meetings.
- The environmental education in Botswana will encourage tourism which - The way in which environmental education can be promoted is by having
generates income for the government. school environmental clubs and through community based organisations
(CBO’s).
- The importance of environmental education in Botswana will promote
awareness of global environmental agreements. - In Botswana environmental education can be promoted by celebration of
environmental days, for example, tree planting day.
- The environmental education in Botswana will empower locals or
leadership. Explain ways by which environmental educational education promotes development.
- The importance of environmental education to the development of - Job creation

- Capacity building- people develop leadership skills
Botswana is that it enables community based organisations (CBO’s) to
- Promotion of health- waste management promotes good health
generate income for locals.
- Environmental activities- beautiful environment relieves stress thereby improving
the health workers
140
What is the meaning of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome? - Discourages tourism / scares away potential investors
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus (HIV) - High pension, medical aid, insurance claims
that reduces the body’s ability to defend itself against infections
- Reduce market base/reduce the population
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus that
attacks the body’s defence mechanism
Describe three positive effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a state in which the body’s development
defence mechanism has been defeated leaving the body vulnerable to
infections Ideas such as;
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a health condition marked by a - Establishment of training centres
severe loss of resistance to infection
- Networking
Describe three negative effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic - A change of attitude

development
Ideas such as; - Trained personnel, for example, nurses, doctors and laboratory technicians
- Loss of skilled manpower - Research and development
- Leads to a decline in production / low productivity - Infrastructure development, for example, construction of clinics and hospital
- Loss of breadwinner(s) - Fewer mouths to feed
- Increased expenditure on health and community projects / re-direction of - Creation of employment, for example, lay counsellors
government funds to care for the sick and orphans / welfare department
overburdened - Inflow of capital / earning of aid (forex)
- Possible decreased level of international investment - Improvement of technology
- Decline in the population, thereby reducing the pool of labour - Encourages use of contraception and thus helps reduce population growth
among others
- Time wasting on caring/worrying about the sick
- Mushrooming of businesses
- High funeral costs incurred by families
141
Explain how schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS. Explain the role of education in addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through infusion in the - School curriculum
syllabus.
- Educational programmes, for example, television programme such as Talk
Back and Re Mmogo
- In school HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by clubs such as PACT.
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through provision of - Allows students’ participation in extra-curricular programmes such as
counselling. PACT
- In schools HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by having essay - Media [ for example, newspapers, radio, television, magazines, ]
competition on HIV/AIDS themes.-Schools can raise HIV/AIDS
awareness by encouraging voluntary testing. - Billboards
- Meeting with other stakeholders

- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through posters,
billboards and pamphlet development. - Research and development
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through drama, songs, and - Creating awareness
dance and beauty contests.
- Training personnel, for example, nurse, doctors and laboratory technicians
- In schools HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by commemorating World - Change of attitude / stigma
Aids Day, Month of Youth Against AIDS, and prayers for HIV and
AIDS. - Inflow of information
- Protecting the innocent
- Convince people to go for HIV/AIDS testing
- Essay competition with HIV/AIDS themes
142
Non-Governmental Understand the -explain Non-Governmental
Module 7: Politics & Development Organisations;
Organisations in dynamics of Non-
Development Governmental
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES -account for the existence of Non-
Organisations and their
OBJECTIVES Governmental Organisations in
Learners should be able Learners should be able to: impact on development Botswana;
to: in Botswana and in
Government and Explain different forms -explain the concept of politics, state Southern Africa. -discuss the work of lobbyist,
Development of governments and and government; welfarists, conservationists and
their influence on developmental Non-Governmental
-discuss and evaluate types of Organisations;
development.
governments;
-examine and evaluate government
and Non-Governmental Organisation
strategies for development in
-discuss ways in which social, Botswana.
economic and political aspects Community Based Understand the nature -identify and describe types of
interact to change society; Community Based Organisations;
Organisations of Community Based
Organisations and their
-account for the existence of
-identify and explain decision impact on development
Community Based Organisations;
making processes with specific in Botswana and in -select and describe the work of one
reference to Botswana; Southern Africa. Community Based Organisation;
-discuss the role of government in -discuss the impact of Community

the economy with specific reference Based Organisations in the
to Botswana’s role in the provision development of Botswana.
of social services and the The Private Sector Understand the nature -identify types of private sector;
mobilisation of resources;
and impact of the
private sector on -account for the existence of the
-discuss the social structures such as private sector in Botswana;
class, ethnicity, status, and development in
profession/trade; Botswana and the -discuss and assess the role and
Southern African impact of the private sector on the
-discuss challenges of nation Development development of Botswana and other
building on the basis of tension, Community (SADC) countries in the SADC region;
conflict resolution and consensus;
-compare government and private
-evaluate any one of the following sector strategies for development in
Acts: Chieftainship Act, Citizenship Botswana.
Act, Marriage and Property Act and
Tribal Land Act.
143
Define the term politics
Define government
- Politics involves decision making and distributing resources, it is about
- Government is group of people who control a country/make decisions dealing with conflict and disagreements.
and distribute country’s resources
Define state
- Government is all the departments/machinery which operate/execute the
decisions made by the people who control the country - State is an organised political community controlled by one government
- Government is the system of controlling a country/city/group of people Political systems – characteristics
- Government is the activities involved in controlling a country/city/group Monarchy

of people
Ideas such as;
- Government is administrative group of people with authority to rule a - A system in which the country ruled by a King / Queen / Emperor
political state/country/political authority within a clearly defined territory - King/Queen/Emperor traditionally has divine power/divine right of kings
- S/he personally made laws & administered justice
- Government is a system of controlling a country. - Gains position through inheritance
- Constitutional monarchs represent country as Head of State, but role is
Give three reasons why it is important to involve all the people in governing a mainly ceremonial
country Parliamentary Democracy
Ideas such as Ideas such as;

- To get different ideas
- A system where political authority lies with the people/govt. of the people
- Ownership of projects since they had input/to ensure acceptance of what by the people
is happening - There is voting for parliamentary reps. in free elections / universal adult
suffrage
- Accountability/ checks and balances - Political party with largest number of votes forms govt.
- Ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes
- For transparency/encourages peace and harmony - Parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the
judiciary
- To address needs of the community/accurate/relevant needs identified
and addressed Republic
Ideas such as;
- To empower people/capacity building - This is where Head of State is a president elected directly by the people or
their elected representatives
- President can only hold office for a limited number of years
144
Dictatorship What are the disadvantages of multi-party democracy / representative
democracy?
Ideas such as;
- When one person or a group of people control the government Ideas such as;
- No elections held, so people have no power over the government. - Waste through campaigns/elections/expensive to conduct regular elections
- There is use of force/army/secret police - Decision making is slow due to consultations / consultation of people at
grassroots is time consuming / little consultation at grassroots
- Opposition is highly suppressed
- It can lead to ethnic conflicts/parties can be formed along tribal, ethnic,
- Human rights not respected religious, racial, political ideologies and other divisive tendencies
Describe the characteristics of multi-party democracy / representative - Majority could be wrong

democracy
- Possibility of disruption of continuity e.g. development plans change with
Ideas such as; new government.
- Regular elections at regular intervals, for example, every 4 / 5 years
- Possibility of dominance of one party / development projects used by ruling
- Secret ballot party as election bait / use of national resources to canvass for support
- People elect representatives - Rigging of elections / cheating
- Consultation / people involved in decision making - Abuse of freedom of speech into character assassinations
- There is a number of political parties / opposition parties exist / opposition - Clientalism: gives unfair advantage to the ruling party
is legal / pressure groups are allowed
Why is it important to involve people in decision making?
- Universal adult suffrage (right to vote in all elections) / 18+ allowed to vote Ideas such as;
- To get different ideas
- Freedoms are guaranteed e.g. freedom of speech, opinion, association, etc. - Ownership of projects since they had input
- Accountability / checks & balances
- Equality before the law / there is rule of the law; everyone follows an - For transparency
agreed procedure - To address needs of the community/accurate/relevant needs identified (&
addressed)
- Party with majority forms government / executive - To empower people/capacity building
- The leader of the party with majority becomes the president / head of govt. - To ensure acceptance of what is happening
is the president
- There is limited use of force
145
What is a monarchy? State three advantages of a monarchy
- Monarch is a system in which the country is ruled by a King, Queen and Ideas such as:
Emperor.
- It maintains tradition-that is, in a monarchy culture is maintained, kept
Describe three characteristics of a monarchy and followed.
Ideas such as:

- It creates an unchanging and stabilising influence.
- The king/Queen is the ruler/ The leader is a king or queen
- The position of King/Queen is hereditary/ The positions of monarch are - It is not as easily corrupted as political Heads of States.
hereditary as it passes from King to the eldest son or eldest daughter/
Leadership is hereditary or leaders inherit the position from their parents/ Describe three disadvantages of a monarchy form of government.
The new leader takes over upon the death of the King or Queen
Ideas such as:
- The King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have divine powers
- It is undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen
- The rulers are for life
- Possibility of getting an incompetent successor since it is hereditary
- The monarch is a ceremonial figure.
- There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made
- In a constitutional monarchy, there is a Prime Minister who is the head of
the government. - King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation
- The King or Queen makes laws - The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power
- The ruler has absolute power - Fights for succession within the royal family/ succession disputes
146
What is ‘representative democracy’? State three disadvantages of multi-party democracy
Define democracy Ideas such as:
- Democracy is a system of government where people elect representatives - There might be a problem of bureaucracy/ delay in decision making
or councillors to represent them in parliament
- It is very expensive to implement, that is, they are time consuming and
Give three characteristics of a democracy.
financially waste.
Ideas such as: - There can be tribal or religious conflicts as political parties may be
- A system where political authority lies with the people/govt. of the formed along tribal or religious lines.
people by the people
- Some government officials are corrupt, they accept bribes to make
- There is voting for parliamentary representatives in free elections / decisions that favours certain people
universal adult suffrage/ All citizens who are 18 years or older have a right to .
vote ( This is called universal adult suffrage) - Sometimes government officials run unfair elections, and pretend they
- Political party with largest number of votes forms government. have won many votes when they actually lost the elections and this may
lead to political turmoil or crisis.
- Regular elections are held, for example, in Botswana every 5 years
- Ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes - Some people may abuse freedom of speech into character assassination
and mud slugging.
- Parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the
judiciary
- Consultation of people at grassroots level is a delay and a financial waste.
Describe three advantages of multi-party democracy
Ideas such as:
- Development projects become election baits than genuine people wants.
- There is joint decision making as everyone has a say in making decisions.
- People elect representatives to represent them in parliament.
- There is transparency regarding decision making because everyone is
involved or consulted.
- Generally there is peace and stability which can lead to economic
prosperity.
- People can elect a different government into power if they are not
satisfied with the current one.
- People are free to form different political parties.
- There is usually social justice and equity as everyone is treated equally.
147
Study Fig. 1, which shows a kgotla meeting in Botswana, and use it to answer Describe the disadvantages of representative democracy.
questions that follows
Ideas such as:
- Elections are costly because a lot of money is used during campaigns and
to prepare materials.
- Development projects become election baits/use of natural resources to

canvass for support
- Parties formed along tribal, ethnic, religious, racial and other divisive
tendencies
Fig.1 - Consultation of the people at grassroots is time consuming/ little

consultation at grassroots
What are the characteristics of representative democracy?
Ideas such as:

- Abuse of freedom of speech into character assassination
- People can choose their leaders
- Majority can be wrong/irresponsible leaders can be chosen looking at
- Universal adult suffrage (all citizens who are 18 years or older have a their riches
right to vote)
- Basic freedom, for example, freedom of speech
- Changing governments disrupts development plans
- Equality before the law
- More than a single political party exist - Possibility of dominance by one party/ give unfair advantage to the ruling
party
- Regular elections held, for example, Elections are held every five years
in Botswana
- Party with the majority forms government
- Consultation before decisions are made
- Leaders are accountable to the people
148
What is meant by a dictatorship? Describe three advantages of dictatorship
Ideas such as:
- A dictatorship comes about when one person or small group of people
control the government - People have no power over the government.
- A dictatorship form of government which is even less democratic - The government simply dictates to people, telling them what to do and
when to do it.
What is a coup d’état?
- There is no freedom of neither speech nor press.
Coup d’états means to overthrow /take over power by force and rule by an “iron fist”.
Study Fig.2, and answer the question below.
Give three characteristics of a dictatorship.
In a dictatorship, the people have no power over the government. The government simply
tells the people what to do. Hastings Banda in Malawi was a dictator who even dictated
Ideas such as:
- Dictatorships are normally set up by military leaders through a coup what clothes people should wear.
d’états. Adapted from: Development Studies 1 by Mweti and Van Wyk
- Power is in the hands of a few individuals.
Fig. 2
- Political parties are not allowed.
Describe the characteristics of a dictatorship.
- Dictators make their own laws called decrees and have them carried out
as they wish. Ideas such as:
- Dictators control courts of laws.  Use of armed forces/secret police
 Irregular elections/ elections prohibited/illegal/ never held

- Murders, asylums, exiles and mysterious disappearances are common in
 Leaders make laws alone/consultation is minimal/lack of consultation
such countries especially to people who pose as threats or who are seen
an ‘enemies of the state’.  Leaders are above the law/ leaders lack accountability
- Opposition is ruthlessly or brutally suppressed or forbidden.  People can be imprisoned without trial
 Opposition is prohibited/ group of few people/ individual rules

- Elections are never held.
149
Describe the disadvantages of a dictatorship form of government. Describe the ways of changing a dictatorship into democracy
 Power is in the hands of one person/few people/people are powerless - Increase political parties or offer money for new political parties to be formed or
promote formation of political parties.
 Government rules without the mandate/ consent of the people
- Consult people or get people’s opinions before decisions are made.
 Abuse of power is rife/rampant/ it is oppressive in nature/ there is no regard for
the rule of law
- Hold regular free and fair elections
 Leaders claim monopoly of wisdom
- Persuade people or negotiate with people to comply on issues rather than apply
 Irrelevant development to the people/wrong decision making since there is lack force.
of collective /consultative decision making.
- Respect the rule of law
 Corruption is widespread due to lack of accountability and transparency/ leaders
are self- seeking and generally greedy/ nepotism - Uphold human rights or give people their freedoms, for example, freedom of
speech
 The word of the leader is supreme/ opposition is silenced.
 Rulers can stay in office indefinitely- no room for change of government
 Dictatorship are usually sustained at the expense of human life
 People are deprived of freedom/ the right to express their opinion/ freedom is
curtailed, for example, freedom of worship , freedom of speech and freedom of
association
 Political instability/ wars are common
 Bad international relations/ bad publicity/ sanctions/ low scores under human
rights ratings
150
Describe the main features of the following forms of government: Define top down approach decision making (Centralised)
Dictatorship - Top down approach decision making is when the national government/
central government makes all the decisions, here decisions are made at
- Decisions are made by one person/the ruler/a small group of people
the top and passed down to the people who are expected to carry them
- Elections are ignored/ elections are irregular out.
- The leader is above the law State three advantages of top-down decision making process
- Force is used to silence opposition Ideas such as:

Democracy
- Elections are regular - Decisions can be made in the best interest of the whole country.
- Many political parties exist
- There is the rule of law/ the law applies to everyone - Governments have access to large sums of money and to Multi-national
- People are consulted before decisions are made/ there is consultation
companies, hence can finance the decisions.
Monarchy
- The king/Queen is the ruler

- The position of King/Queen is hereditary - Developments are directed along the lines of the nationally agreed
- The King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have divine powers policies.
- The rulers are for life.
[RULE: 2 characteristics for each form of government at 1 mark each] Give three disadvantages of a top-down decision making process
Describe the disadvantages of a monarchy form of government. Ideas such as:

It is undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen
Possibility of getting an incompetent successor since it is hereditary

- The majority of citizens may not play a part.
There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made - It may be controlled in the interests of politicians and large companies.
King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation
The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power - It may be contrary to local interests as the people in most cases are not
involved in decision making processes that directly affect them.
Fights for succession within the royal family/ succession disputes
151
What is meant by bottom-up (Decentralisation) decision making process? Describe the role of the government in the economy
Ideas such as:

- Bottom-up decision making process means planning which involves
sharing and transfer of decision making power from the top to the middle
- The government role is to stimulate economic growth through developing
and lowest levels.
infrastructure such as roads, railways and telecommunications.
Give three advantages of bottom-up decision making process
- The government role in the economy is to provide social welfare
services, for example, Government can give people access to health and
Ideas such as:
education, building health centres such as hospitals, clinics, building schools,
paying doctors, nurses, and teachers
- Most people participate in the decision making process.
- It encourages self-reliance and commitment as everybody is involved. - The role of the government is to keep peace in the country, for example, the
government must avoid the use of force.
- The development of the country is usually supported by the communities. - The government role is to plan for development, for example, Government must
try to draw up national development plans, usually for a period of 5 years.
- It targets all people including the poor and disadvantaged.
State three disadvantages of bottom-up decision making process - The government is responsible for Nation Building, for example, Government
must try to create a feeling of national unity and belonging among all citizens
Ideas such as:
- The role of government is to represent people abroad, for example,

- The local people’s plans are not always welcomed by government ambassadors, joining United Nations and SADC.
officials.
- The representation of people’s views at the parliament may be
ineffective. - The role of government is caring for the environment through conservation.
- Projects may encounter shortage of money.
- The government role is to provide social justice, for example, magistrate courts
and high court.
NB: The role of government as seen above is to enhance social, economic and political
development.
152
Describe ways in which the government of Botswana raise capital/ generate Describe the ways by which the national government of Botswana generates revenue.
revenue
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as: - Taxation, for example, income tax paid by workers and value added tax
paid by consumers
- The government can generate revenue through taxes, for example,
- Licensing, for example, business and drivers licenses.
income tax paid by employees to the government and Value Added Tax
paid by consumers.
- Fine, for example, traffic offenders such as over speeding and driving
- Another way of raising capital or income by the government is through
without licence.
licensing, for example, business and hunting licences.
- Production and sale of goods and services/ parastatals/ export of goods
and services/ joint venture
- Penalties are paid by wrong doers are often charged and their money put
in the government revenue. For example, Offenders here include careless
drivers, those who fail to pay for licences in time and many others.
- Tourism/fees, for example, when entering a game reserve and parks.
- The government borrows money from other countries both locally and
- Auctions, for example, selling of government property and goods no
overseas. The international banks include the World Banks. This money
longer in use.
is then used as part of the government revenue.
- Advertising charges in state media, for example, Daily News and

- The government also raises money through state owned companies Botswana Television
(parastatals) such as the railways, electricity and water supply networks.
- Privatisation of parastatals/ sale of shares in parastatal organisations
- The Botswana government also gets a lot of income from partnership

which are jointly owned companies such as De Beers and others. - Foreign investment
- The Botswana government keeps part of its money overseas as foreign

reserves which generate a lot of interest. This income is used in times of
emergencies such as famine, drought and other incidents.
153
Study Fig. 2, which shows levels of government and ways of decision-making Provincial/Regional government
in a democratic country.
- Implement government policies
- Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national government, for example, run
schools and hospitals
- Makes regional development plans
- Pass suggestions from local government to national government
- Develop and maintain infrastructure in the region/ public works
Local government
Fig.2
- Implement government policies
Describe two functions of each of the three levels of government shown in Fig. 2.
- Planning of local services
National government
- Plan/ implement development of the country/budgeting for the country - Provision of local/social services
- Formulate government policies - Collect local taxes/rates
- Make decisions in the national interest/make priorities to benefit the - Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national/regional government
country/nation building
- Support community-based organisations/projects
- Makes laws
- Consult the people/Needs assessment
- Promote social justice/ reduces inequalities between people
- Pass suggestions of the community to regional/national government
- Provide social welfare services
- Develop and maintain infrastructure
- Develop the infrastructure.
[RULE: 2 functions for each level at 1 mark each]
154
Study Fig. 3 which is an extra on politics. Suggest two political activities that are done by members of the following
institutions:
Politics is about making decisions and distributing resources. It is also about
dealing with conflict. We usually think that politics is the concern of only the The family
government and the political parties. In fact, small scale political processes
happen around us all the time in families, school, churches, clubs and associations. - Decision/debate on how family income should be used/ allocation to
members
Source: Development in Context Book 2 - Decision on how family assets, for example, cars, houses should be used
Fig.3 - Decision on where to go for holidays
- Decisions on which school children should attend
Describe resources that the government of Botswana distributes among the The school
people in the country.
- Settling quarrels/disputes between parents, teachers, children/students etc
Ideas such as: - Prefect selection/selection of class monitors/Student Representative
Council
- Land for settlement or production - Choice of various committees
- Decision of school menu
- Provision of health services/medication/Anti Retro Viral - Decision of school curriculum/subjects offered
drugs(ARVs)/Clinics - Decision of number of students per class
The church
- Education service/schools books/schools
- Decision on how money/offerings/tithes are used
- Service workers, for example, teachers, nurses, doctors, engineers - Election of church officers
- Decision on times for meetings
- Animal control disease control medication - Decision on how church assets, for example, cars, buildings and other
equipment are used
- Provision of Old age pensions - Settling disputes between church members.
- Transport infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Communication, for example, television, radio and internet

- Water
- Electricity
- Scholarships/bursaries among students
- Paid jobs in the government/civil service
- Security services
155
Describe actions that the government takes to promote economic Suggest ways by which income generating projects can help people to achieve
development in Botswana. social development
- Keep peace and security - People use income gained to buy food or increased calorie intake
- Provision of infrastructure, for example, electricity and serviced land - People can use income gained to pay for health services/ increase life
expectancy through better health
- Skills development or imparting of entrepreneurial skills
- Money used for better baby care/reduced infant mortality rate
- Provision of financial assistance, for example, CEDA loans, youth grants,
young farmer’s grant - Increased self- reliance/ reduced dependency ratio
- Marketing of locally made goods - Income can be used to get safer water supply and improve health/reduced
Death Rate
- Invitation of foreign investors
- Money gained can be used to pay for school/lessons to increase literacy
- Policies to relax registration/licensing of businesses rate/education
- Relaxed foreign exchanged regulations for easy import of raw materials
156
Describe the role of government in the economy Study Fig.4 which shows social divisions among people in Botswana.
Ideas such as;
- Manpower development
- Economic planning
- Raising revenue
- Provision of infrastructure
- Setting quality standards
- Licensing of businesses
How can developing countries governments encourage self-reliance?

Fig.4
Ideas such as;
Describe each social division shown in Fig.4.
- Financial assistance to local producers / subsidies
Ideas such as:
- Protect infant industries (from local giants)
- Ethnicity is the situation where people of the same tribe or customs or
- Impose quotas on imported goods & services traditions are grouped together.
- Encourage people to buy locally produced goods & services

- Profession /Trade is the situation where people of the qualification or
- Offer good prices to local manufacturers training separate themselves, for example, lawyers, teachers, accountants
and engineers.
- Tax holidays for local entrepreneurs
- Social status is the respect that people demand or are given based on
- Education with production / improve education their possessions /wealth, for example, people are divided into high status
and low status.
- Infrastructure development
- Establishing industries which utilise locally available raw materials - Social class is the grouping that society allocates people based on their
- Not to borrow from outside income or wealth.
157
Suggest how each of the following aspects of a person’s life may be related to his Describe the steps involved in each of the following processes in nation building:
or her social class.
 Conflict resolution
 School attended
Children of people in high class attend expensive private schools whilst There is tension between high class and low class/ the high class
people in low class can only afford cheap public schools. promotes its interests creating unhappiness for the low class, for
example, religion and tribal
 Residential area
People in high class stay in high residential areas or suburbs whereas The low class rebels against the high class through strikes/ other social
people in low class stay in low cost residential areas/ high density areas/ upheavals
shanty towns.
A resolution takes place to bring some equality among the people.
 Hospital attended
High class people go to expensive private hospitals whilst low class The society is united
people go to government or public hospitals when ill.
 Consensus
 Holiday Society develop a set of shared values.

High class people go on expensive holidays, for example, Sun City,
Durban but low class people rarely go on holiday because they cannot In a traditional/primitive society, the group is more important than the
afford/ they just visit the village or cattle post. individual so the common set of values is respected.
 Food consumption In a complex society, division of labour promotes interdependence.

High class people eat more food because they have money to buy but low
class people eat less food because they produce less/are many/they lack The society is united.
money to buy food.
Or
 Means of transport
High class people own private cars but low class people use public The ruling class imposes its rules on the rest of the society.
transport/ walk very long distances
The low class and their children accept their position and the rules.
The society is united.
158
Suggest ways by which the government helps to promote nation building in Study Fig. 5 which shows social structures among people of Botswana
Botswana.
Ideas such as:
- The adoption of Setswana as an official or national language.
- Introduction of the topic of Nation Building in the school’s curriculum
- The promotion of the national flag, national colours and symbols.
- The celebration of various cultures for understanding or cultural festivals

such as Domboshaba.
- The Nationa Anthem is sung at important occasions
- The use of one currency

Fig.5
Describe each of the social structures shown in Fig.4
 Status is the position one holds in the society/level of respect people

within the society give to an individual
 Profession/Trade is the division or classification according to job one is

doing/ People who have been trained in the same field or area grouped
together according to their field
 Class is the division of people according to their wealth or the amount of

property one has in his or her possession
 Ethnicity is the division or classification of people according to the

tribes/ethnic group they belong to
159
Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana can promote ethnic State problems faced by developing countries in promoting nation
tolerance building
 Allocation of land anywhere in the country  Lack of tolerance/many different ethnic groups or tribes
involved/multiplicity of languages/cultural diversity
 Encouraging/allowing inter-marriages amongst Batswana
 Influx of migrants from other countries
 Using indigenous languages in schools/mother tongue/national
anthem/community radio stations  Past conflicts between tribes
 Promoting/ celebrating indigenous cultures, for example, Domboshaba,  Religious differences/internal conflicts/civil wars or strife
Dithubaruba/attires/food/festivals
 Corruption/nepotism/misappropriation of funds for nation building
 Use of literature in schools written in indigenous languages activities
 Cultural competitions [during president’s day celebrations]  Unbalanced development between regions in the country/people may
be uncooperative
 Government officers posted anywhere in the country/ policies that all
organizations post officer anywhere  Increasing number of political parties/discrimination along party
lines
 Students admitted for studies across the country
 Failure to relinquish power by leaders
 Teaching tolerance through the media, for example,
television/radio/newspapers/billboards  Lack of funds for initiatives
 Infusion of cultural studies in the school curriculum  Superior against inferior ethnic groups/ colonial legacy
 Removal of ethnic/tribal names, for example, tribal barricades such as  Increasing population/high population involved- not easy to manage
Bangwato and Bamalete large numbers
 All tribes to be represented in parliament and house of chiefs
160
Suggest ways of promoting nation building in Botswana
Suggest problems that the government of Botswana might faces as it tries to
Ideas such as: unite people in the country and build the nation.
 Emphasizing the importance of Setswana language/mother tongue Ideas such as:
 High population/ increasing population
 Celebration of independence day
 Many different tribes involved/ diversity/ multiplicity of languages
 Respect of national symbols
 Past conflicts between tribes
 Singing of national anthem
 Exploitation of ethnic differences, for example, formation of cultural
 Celebration President’s Day groups
 Promotion of culture  Unbalanced development between regions in the country/ people in the
areas that are neglected feel betrayed by the government/ may be un
 Encouragement of celebration of indigenous activities, for example, cooperative
Dikhwaere
 The HIV and AIDS scourge depleting funds which are required to carry
 Holding general elections at regular intervals/allowing out nation building activities, for example, national celebrations
consultation/participation in decision making
 Involving the House of Chiefs/Ntlo ya Dikgosi in decision making
 Affirmative action, for example, women, youth, people living with

disability and rural dwellers
 Reserving certain percentage of seats for women/disadvantaged groups in

parliament/ gender equality
 Government initiative to equalize tribes/respect for human rights
 Sports competition, for example, Botswana games
 Conflict resolution
161
What is a Non-Governmental Organization? Describe three functions of Non-Governmental Organisations
- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent body of Ideas such as:

people/institution helping in development without the aim of making profit
- Help in the management and utilisation of a country’s
- Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making independent resources/encourage environmental conservation
institution
- Finance development/supplement/compliment government/private
- Non-governmental organisation is an autonomous /privately set up non- sector[ Allow specific examples such as project development]
profit making institution that supports/ manages and facilitates
development actions - Help shape national policies
- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent body of people/ - Advocate for just development/popular participation
institution helping in development without the aim of making profit
- Provide for the marginalized/ serving the poor/they identify themselves
- Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making independent with the disadvantaged/local communities/poverty alleviation/ to help
institution poor
Account for the existence of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in - For the transfer of skills/development of skills/ train farmers/introduce/
Botswana offer extension services/technology transfer/empowerment
Ideas such as; - Humanitarian assistance

- Complement government./private sector
- Help the poor - Create employment especially for the marginalized/ disadvantaged/
empowerment
- Target micro level/small projects
- Target micro level/small projects
- Awareness campaigns
- Popularise themselves - Awareness campaigns
- To access foreign funding
- Negative attitude from the government, for example, Survival

International
162
Give three benefits of NGOs to Botswana What are the weaknesses of NGOs?
Describe three ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in Ideas such as;
rural areas to solve their problems
- Rigidity /conservatism – does not want to change how they do things
Ideas such as;
- They create employment - Duplication of roles/repetition of some services offered by the government
- Help in the management & utilisation of a country’s resources / encourage - Leaders enrich themselves/ leaders use the funds for their own benefit
environmental conservation instead of helping those in need
- Finance development/supplement/complement govt. (Allow specific - Create dependency syndrome/they do not teach people to be independent
examples such as projects development) but to depend on them
- They identify themselves with the disadvantaged/local communities - Interference in internal affairs
- Emphasise efficiency & proficiency/development of skills - Lack of originality (bring ideas from outside)
- Offer training to farmers - No impact assessment done
- Introduce/offer extension services
- Buy veld products from rural people / promote commercialisation of veld

products
- Humanitarian
- Emphasis efficiency and proficiency/ development of skills
163
What is a Non-Governmental Organisation? - Protecting women’s rights and discouraging violence against them/
equality in power sharing and decision making, for example, Emang
- A Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making/ charity Basadi
independent institution
- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent/private, group of - Engaging women in education and training , for example, Botswana
people/ body/ institution helping in development without the aim of Council of Women
making profit. - Help improve living standards of marginalised people, for example, The
First People of Kalahari and disabled people
What is the importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the - Capacity building in communities/ leadership development
development of Botswana? - Provide employment
Ideas such as:
- Deal with social problems such as drought relief, HIV and AIDS /poverty Describe the problems faced by NGOs in Botswana.
Ideas such as:

- Promote environmental conservation, for example, Kalahari - Leadership problems whereby NGO staff usually resent strong leadership
Conservation Society
- Irreplaceability of charismatic guru-like leaders which leads to NGO
- Promote proper disposal of obsolete pesticides/ used oils, for example, collapse/ personalized
Somarelang Tikologo
- NGOs often criticize each other which foster isolationism/ lack of
- Help market local products, for example, Thusano Lefatsheng market coordination
devil’s claw
- Sometimes there is inter staff rivalry between local and foreigners
- Fund development projects, for example, construction of dams/
infrastructural development - Sometimes projects benefit the easiest to reach rather than the most
deserving people
- Promote good governance
- Usually the local elite dominate decision making
- Encourage the use of appropriate technology
- Limited innovativeness/ resistant to change or new ideas
- Improve the status of women by economically empowering them - Limited funds to cover activities
- Duplication of activities
- High staff turnover leading to poor continuity/ retaining workers very
difficult
164
What is meant by a Community Based Organisation? Describe three functions of Community Based Organisations.
- Community Based Organisation is a group of people that help to improve Ideas such as:
the living standards of people in their area.
- Vehicles through which community participation takes place/promotes
Describe three types of community based organisations. community involvement/participation through cultural preservation,
environmental education, waste management
Ideas such as:
- Technical skill provision, for example, bee keeping and brick laying
 Developmental community based organisations are those that focus on
improving the infrastructure of the community/ promote the use of - Administrative skill dispensation, for example, keeping proper records,
appropriate technology. conducting meetings and time management
 Conservationist/Environmental are those that focus on caring for the - Teaching and learning to resolve conflicts and solve problems together
environment, for example, clean up campaigns or protecting nature
resources. - Provision of primary action in community
 Welfarist /charities are those that focus on improving living conditions of

people such as giving food, shelter to the destitute/ orphans/ disaster victims - Improvement of standard of living
 Economic are those that focus on income generating activities for profit
making.
 Educational are those that focus on disseminating information on various

societal issues.
RULE (Award 1 mark for type and 1 mark for description: award a mark even when
type is given without description or vice-versa: NB marks should be given for type of
CBOs not their names)
165
Describe the activities carried out by Community Based Organisations Describe common weaknesses of community based organisations in
(CBOs) within the community. Botswana.
 The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana
Ideas such as: is shortage of funds
- Encourage local communities to come up with their needs and wants
(Bottom-up)/ identification of community needs  Lack of support from people
- Locals given chance to plan and monitor their development  Lack of skills
projects/capacity building
 Sometimes CBOs are politicised
- Engage in income generating activities to alleviate poverty, for example,
 CBOs are usually personalised by leaders or founders
Growing of vegetables, keeping poultry, oil processing to ensure food
security  Misuse of funds by leadership
- Carry out activities to enhance awareness in HIV/Aids/health issues  Lack of shelter for operation
- Information dissemination/ announcements  Labour provided by volunteers who may quit anytime
- Open up market centers for local produce  Poor technology/lack of tool/ equipment
- Crime prevention/ neighbourhood watch
- Utilization of local resources
- Creation of employment
166
Study Fig. 1 which is an extract on Community Based Organisations (CBOs) Home Based Care
- Provide medicines for terminally ill

- Cleans up the terminally ill patients
- Counsels patients/family members
- Provides health education
- Provides food baskets for patients/prepare meals/grow vegetables
Fig. 1 - Provides protective materials to care givers, for example, gloves
Describe the activities of any one Community Based Organisation which you - Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)
have studies
Conservation of natural resources
Ideas such as
Village Development Committee - Harvesting of natural resources
- Environmental education
- Domestication of veld products
- Fund raising activities to carry out projects - Setting up crafts projects
- Conducts needs assessment - Sourcing funds for community projects on natural resources
- Give feedback to government on development matters - Provision of scholarship for people in the community
- Makes important announcements - Create employment
- Represents people in official meetings/ speak on behalf of the people
- Provides employment Burial Society
- Trains people in various skills/capacity building
- Provide accommodation
- Provides transportation during funerals
Neighbourhood watch - Provides food during funerals
- Provides airtime during funerals
- Controls crime - Provides labour during funerals, for example, cooking
- Conducts needs assessment - Provides equipment during funerals, for example, plates and pots
- Give feedback to government on development matters - Provides coffins during funerals
- Makes important announcements - Provide counselling/prayers
- Represents people in official meetings/ speak on behalf of the people
- Provides employment
- Trains people in various skills/capacity building [Rule: Accept any suitable CBO and its activities. Award 1mark for naming
- Fund raising activities and 5 points at 1 mark each]
167
Describe the challenges facing Community Based Organisations (CBOs) as Suggest ways by which the challenges faced by CBOs can be addressed.
they work to improve people’s lives in the community
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as
- Limited funds to cover all projects/needs/ financial support from
- Lack of buildings for operations
government and other others/ private sector
- Shortage of funds for activities

- People lack of interest on community mobilization- community to be
mobilized through training, workshops and kgotla meetings
- Shortage of skills (for smooth/effective running)/management skills
- Lack of training- skills development should be carried out on COBs staff
by stakeholders
- CBOs are easily politicised
- Lack of co-ordination of CBOs- CBOs should have a mother body and

- They may be dominated by some groups, for example, old/elite people work together etc
- Misuse of funds by leadership - Dominance by the elderly should be discouraged by quota systems which
creates room for youth
- They are looked down upon by people/lack of support - Alignment to political parties should be discouraged by the government
or stakeholders. For example, through workshops.
- Dependence on volunteers (unreliable labour)
168
What is meant by the term ‘private sector’? Study Fig. 1, which shows types of enterprises in the private sector.
- Private sector refers to businesses that are owned by individuals and by a

group of individuals.
Describe the importance of the private sector in the development of

Botswana.
Ideas such as:
 Employment creation
 Skills development
 Technological advancement Fig.1
 Infrastructural development
State the differences between a sole trader and a private limited company.
 Ensuring quality production
Ideas such as:
 Sponsorship of community activities, for example, sports and social
 Sole trader is owned by one person whilst a private limited company is
responsibility
owned by many individuals/ shareholders
 Relieves government of burdens of running the economy
 In a sole trader funding is provided by one person(owner) whilst in a
private limited company funding is provided by shareholders
 Fast decision making
 A sole trader operates on a small scale whilst a private limited company
 Empowerment of the local entrepreneur
operates on large scale
 Boosts foreign exchange/ foreign direct investment
 In a sole trader the owner manages the business whereas in a private
 Pay tax/ improve government revenue limited company shareholders choose a board of governors to manage the
business
 Quick response to the demands of the market
 In a sole trader, all profit belongs to the owner whereas in a private
 Availability of goods and services limited business, profit is shared by shareholders.
 Diversification of the economy  The sole trader has limited liability whist private limited company has
unlimited liability
169
What are the benefits of the private sector in Botswana? State the benefits of private sector in the development of Botswana
Ideas such as Ideas such as:
 Technological development
 Employment creation
 Acquisition of skills  Employment creation
 Technological & infrastructure development  Acquisition of skills
 Empowerment of local entrepreneurs  Development of infrastructure
 Foreign exchange generation  Empowerment of local entrepreneurs who own businesses
 Govt. revenue from taxes  Growth of GDP/GNP/economic growth/GNP per capita
Why would government take over some businesses?  Foreign exchange generation/exportation of goods
Ideas such as
 Availability of Quality of goods and services/variety of goods/
 For strategic reasons services are provided by locals
 To sustain non-profit making businesses thereby avoiding mass layoffs or  Government get revenue from taxes
retrenchments
 Social responsibility [ allow one example such as football, donates to
 Provision of affordable goods & services orphans ]
 For political reasons  Attract Foreign Direct Investment [FDI]/ Multi-National Companies
 To generate income  Helps with economic diversification
 Compete against each other than rather than working together.
170
How does the private sector lead to development in the SADC region?
Ideas such as;
- Create employment
- Investing in regional economy
- Efficiency / increase in production / quality goods
- Drive towards self- reliance, a relief on govt. reliance
- Training (human resource development)
- Increase participation in international trade
- Pay tax to the govt.
- Sponsorship of social activities
Describe the problems caused by the private sector in the SADC region
Ideas such as;
- Retrenchments
- Irrelevant services
- Exploitation of human labour / pay low wages
- Depletion of natural resources because of fashion/competition
- Profit driven than socially inclined
- They may bring foreign expertise than hiring locals
- Pollution / harm to the environment
- Greed by big investors
- MNC’s profit repatriation
- Brain drain from govt. to private
- Closing down of private companies / liquidation of companies
171
Module 8: Regional Co-operation, International International Trade Develop an -explain international trade;
understanding and
Trade & Foreign Aid
appreciation of the -account for international
dynamics of trade;
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES international trade.
OBJECTIVES
- describe global trade
to: patterns (a) developed
Regional Co- Develop an - explain regional co- countries, (b) developing
operation understanding of the operation/integration; countries and (c) between
nature of regional co- developed and developing
operation and its impact - identify and classify countries ;
on the development of regional co-operation as
Botswana and other political, social and -discuss free trade and
Southern Africa. economic; protectionism
.
- discuss and assess the role -discuss the challenges of
played by regional co- international trade.
operation or communities Foreign Aid Understand the concept -explain the concept of
in the development of the of foreign aid and its foreign aid;
Southern African region; impact on development.
-describe the types and
- evaluate the successes and forms of foreign aid;
challenges faced by such
regional communities as -account for foreign aid;
Southern African Customs
Union (SACU), Southern -evaluate the implications
African Development of foreign aid on
Community (SADC). developing countries.
- Suggest ways of
strengthening regional co- -discuss the roles of the
operation in the Southern specialised agencies of the
African region. United Nations
172
What is regional cooperation? What are the aims of the Southern African Development Community
(SADC)?
- Regional cooperation is when countries of the same area come together Ideas such as;
to address common needs
- To achieving regional cooperation
Study Fig. 1 which is about types of regional co-operations
- To reduce poverty / improve quality of life
- To promote common political value systems/institutions
- To promote and defend peace and security
- To promote self -sustaining development
- To harmonise national & regional development strategies/programmes
- To achieve economic growth
- To achieve regional trade

Fig.1
Describe each type of regional co-operation shown in Fig. 1 and give an example for
- To be able to attract foreign aid
each.
Suggest ways by which membership of a regional community may help a country to
- Economic regional co-operations focus on improving trade between
develop economically.
members, for example, Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and
European Union (EU) focus on wealth creation. - expanded markets/ access to the sea by landlocked countries
- Revenue from import duty/ from outside the region
- Social regional co-operation focus on promotion of culture in the - Infrastructural development such as tarred roads link capital cities of member
region, for example, Sothern African Development Community (SADC) states and improved telecommunication networks
- Large scale economic ventures, for example, trans-frontier national park between
Botswana and the Republic of South Africa/ large industries
- Increased production due to specialisation
- Political regional co-operation focus on getting independence for
- Technology transfer between member states
members or maintenance of peace and security, for example, Economic - Labour movement helping countries with less skilled labour
Community Of West African State (ECOWAS) - Employment creation
- Availability of goods and services
RULE: SADC can be awarded once. 1mark for description and 1 mark for - Aid from other members, for example, loans/ financial assistance.
example
173
Describe the economic, social and political activities of Southern African Suggest ways by which regional co-operation could operate in bringing development
Development Community (SADC) to its region.
Ideas such as Ideas such as:
Economic activities - Treat all countries equally/ sharing income equally
- Creation of a free trade area/expansion of markets for members - Members could share production responsibilities based on comparative
- Establishment of new large scale manufacturing industries
advantage
- Joint planning for industries/joint funding of projects
- Collection of customs duty on goods entering the region from non- - Conduct regional heads of state and ministers meetings
members
- Infrastructural development, for example, , construction of Kazungula - Establish regional projects at large scale, for example, construction of the
bridge between Zambia and Botswana to facilitate easy movement of Kazungula bridge between the government of Botswana, Zambia and
goods Zimbabwe to ease trade between member states
- Free movement of labour
Political activities
- Give preferential treatment to citizens from within the region/ school fees
- Speaking with one voice on international issues for citizens of member countries to be lower than the fees for citizens of
- Peace keeping (when a member suffers political turmoil) for example, non-member countries
Lesotho
- Provision of guidelines on the conduct of elections/SADC observer - Establish a regional army for security or peace keeping
mission during election of a member state
- Increase of women participation in politics
- Establish specialised committees or inter-parliamentary committees
Social activities
- Promotion of culture - Establish crime fighting agencies

- Creation of oneness among people in the region/emphasis on one
goals/fight against common challenges
- Improvement of education and training/exchange of students/sharing - Allow free trade
institutions
- Improvement of people standard of living/emphasis on food security - Improve regional infrastructure, for example, telecommunication
- Fight against HIV and AIDS/other diseases/sharing of health facilities
networks and construction of tarred roads that link major cities
- Allow free movement of people from member countries
174
Describe the success of the Southern African Development Community Give three challenges faced by Southern African Development Community
(SADC) (SADC) in achieving its objectives
- Assisted Lesotho to avoid overthrow of the government - There is no common currency/lack of a common currency
- All capital cities linked by air routes and road networks - Difficulty to reconcile different political systems / ideologies
- Language barrier
- SADC has been able to attract financial aid as a region - Overlapping objectives with other organizations
- Interpol is reducing crime across borders - Economic disparities amongst member states
- Political instability in some member countries

- Sharing of water from the Zambezi River
- Financial constraints / outstanding debts by member countries
- Establishment of Trans-frontier National Park between Republic of South
Africa and Botswana - Ineffective political wing
Explain how any three actions can improve regional co-operation in Southern
- Quick response to crisis or emergencies, for example, Mozambique Africa.
floods Ideas such as:
- Relaxed regulations on labour - Establish SADC army for keeping peace and stability
- Establishment of one common currency- This can facilitate payments
between members or trade
- Ability to speak with one voice - Establishment of one common language- This can unite the region or
give the region a strong identity
- Monitoring of elections in member countries - Discipline of unco-operative leaders- This can promote achievement of
SADC objectives
- Removal of trade barriers- This can increase trade between members
- Sharing of energy resources - Disease control- This can save financial and human resources
- Control of animal and crop diseases RULE: Allow 1 mark for mentioning 1 mark for explanation
175
Describe the achievements of SADC What are the advantages of regional cooperation?
What are the successes of SADC?
Ideas such as;
Ideas such as;
- It promotes trade / trade fairs
- Defence & security e.g. intervention in Lesotho and Democratic Republic
of Congo - Exchange programmes / share expertise
- Establishment of the political wing

- Assistance in times of need, for example, war, drought etc.
- Inflow of aid into the region - Competitions in sports / cultural exchange and development
- Helped each other in times of catastrophes / emergencies , for example, - Widens market
fuel to Zimbabwe from Botswana
- Improvement of infrastructure, for example, tarred roads linking cities in
the region
- Cities and major towns linked by tarred roads, for example, Trans-Kalahari
Highway – from Cape town to Walvis Bay via Botswana
- Better representation internationally / better bargaining power
- Energy protocol signed
- Cost sharing of the project, for example, the Kazungula Bridge which cost
are shared between Botswana and Zambia governments/countries
- Signing protocol in shared water course systems
- Establishment of training centres e.g. SACCAR in Sebele & Meat - Improved security
Inspection College in Lobatse
- Free movement of labour [people allowed to work anywhere among
member states]
- Sending observer missions to member states’ elections
- Establishment of Trans-Frontier National Park between Botswana and - Improved international relations
South Africa
- Recognition in international community because they speak with one voice
176
Suggest challenges that countries such as Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland Study Fig. 2, which is an extract on regional cooperation.
may face as members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).
Ideas such as:
- South African goods pose stiff competition to local goods in Botswana
- They benefit less because of less exports whilst Republic of South Africa
is more industries/ one benefit more by exporting more goods and
services/ unfavourable balance of trade Fig.2
- They have immediate needs but to wait for 2years before sharing custom Suggest ways in which regional trade associations such as SADC help in the
duty revenue development of their member countries.
Ideas such as:

- They are excluded from sharing interest accrued on the customs revenue
(in South African banks over 2 year period)/ custom duty collected is - They attract foreign investment to the region
only kept in South African banks and yet interest on the money remains
in South Africa at the time of sharing - Expanded market
- Funding development projects
- Decision are dominated by Republic of South Africa since she is the
richest members state - Election monitoring
- Use of different currencies - Sharing of information, for example, low cost technologies
- Language barrier - Infrastructural development, for example, road network to link capital
cities
- Research and development, for example, in health and agriculture
- Quick response to member county’s emergencies
- Sharing natural benefits, for example Trans-frontier National Park

- Relaxed regulation on labour
- Efforts to increase trade between member countries
- Improved defence/security/ resolve inter- state conflicts
177
Describe factors that make it difficult for the Southern African Community Describe ways by which regional communities such as Southern Africa
to achieve its aims. Development Community (SADC) and Southern African Customs Union
(SACU) can be strengthened.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- Lack of funds to carry out some projects
- Fair or equal sharing of customs duty, for example, Southern African
- Protectionism that slowed down SADC regional trade Custom Union members
- Persistent droughts
- Poverty alleviation/reduce poverty
- Rapidly growing populations than resources
- Improved infrastructures such as roads and telecommunications networks
- Heavy external debts/foreign debts - Establishment of a common currency
- Civil wars, for example, Democratic Republic of Congo - Adoption of one common official language
- Maintenance of peace and security

- HIV and AIDS depleting both human and financial resources
- Speedy sharing of custom duties for Southern African Customs Union
- Failure to discipline some members by SADC (SACU)
- Control of HIV and AIDS scourge, for example, providing citizen in

- Dominance by rich members , for example, Republic of South Africa
member states with free condoms and Anti Retro-Viral drugs (ARVs)
- Difficulty in choosing location of SADC projects

- Imposing sanctions on uncooperative member countries/ stop trading
- Poverty
with uncooperative member states
- Sovereignty of countries, for example, SADC policy vs members
countries policy/ different development strategies
- Establishment of a common passport
- Diverse cultures/ language barrier

- Removing all trade barriers/promote free trade for goods produced by
- High unemployment rate
member states
- Corruption/ crime
178
Describe ways by which regional cooperation can be strengthened in Suggest ways in which the formation of Southern African Development
Southern Africa Community (SADC) has contributed to the development of the Southern
African region.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- Members adopting a policy to give priority to member states in trade and
other activities/ members only allowed to get goods / services form - It has promoted trade/ trade fairs
outside the region only when such goods are not available in the region
- Exchange programmes/share expertise
- Each member should have a voting right (on every important issues
affecting the region)
- Assistance in times of need, for example, wars and drought
- Intensify road, air, rail construction/ telecommunication (to connect all
major centres and sea ports) - Cultural exchange
- Establish industries in less industrialised countries of the region

- Widens market
- Serious monitoring of the implementation of policies/agreements
- Development of infrastructure, for example, construction of Kazungula
Bridge by Botswana and Zambia governments
- Establishment of a disease control prevention unit for the region (to
monitor the fight against the disease), for example, HIV/AIDS
- Better representation internationally/better bargaining power/speak with
- Generate savings from the region (to avoid too much borrowing)/ one voice
establishing regional banks
- Cost sharing/sharing of resources
- Common currency
- Improved security/peace keeping/policing, for example, Lesotho and
- Common language Mozambique
- Establish mechanisms to disciple uncooperative members - Signing of the energy protocol/signing of water protocol
- Election observer missions - Free movement of labour
- Common official documents, for example, passports, driver’s licences/ - Improved international relations
educational qualification classification
- Mobility of labour/ free movement of labour/ people - Monitoring of elections
- Sharing natural resources, for example, Trans Frontier Park - Securing financial assistance
- Encourage sporting activities among member states/culture - Employment creation
179
Define international trade Study Fig. 1 which shows an example of international trade
- International trade is the importation and exportation of goods and

services
- International trade is buying and selling of goods between countries
- International trade is the exchange of goods between countries
Describe three reasons for international trade
Ideas such as
- A country can get goods/services it is unable to produce/balance of trade

Fig.1
- It creates a good international relationship between countries Describe each aspect of international trade shown in Fig. 1.
- It helps countries to gain access to international markets for their primary - Imports are goods or services a country buys from other countries
products
- Exports are goods or services a country sells to other countries
- It generates income for countries involved in trade/a source of foreign
exchange/generate money
- It increases industrialisation/promote infrastructural development - Inflows are sums of money or money that comes into the country, for
example, payments of exports and foreign aid.
- It allows for continuous availability of seasonal goods
- Outflows are sums of money or money that leaves the country, for
- It is cheaper to buy from outside than produce locally example, payments of imports and tourists expenditure out of the
country.
- It helps to correct negative balance of trade/promote balance of trade
- International trade make it possible to utilise immobile resources, for

example, land/ share of resources - Invisible trade is the buying or selling of services which are intangible
and unseen, for example, tourism and education
- International trade helps with exchange of technology
- Visible is the buying or selling of tangible goods or goods that can be
seen/touched.
180
Study Fig. 5 which shows trade patterns between countries Suggest reasons why Botswana buys goods from other countries
Ideas such as
- They could be cheaper to buy than to produce
- The goods are out of season at home
- The goods are unavailable at home/other countries have comparative

advantage
- Tied aid forces a country to buy goods from donor country
Fig. 2 - The need to prolong colonial ties/friendship
Describe the trade patterns shown in Fig. 2. - Imported goods are of better quality than locally produced goods
Ideas such as:
- Developed countries mostly export manufactured goods
- Developed countries mostly import raw materials
- Developed countries export value to developing countries is

high/developing countries export value to developed countries is low
- Developing countries mostly export raw materials
- Developing countries mostly import manufactured goods
- Developed countries trade more with each other
- Developing countries trade less with each other
181
Describe difficulties experienced by developing countries when they try to Suggest ways by which developing countries can increase trade amongst
take part in international trade themselves
Ideas such as Ideas such as
- Low prices for raw materials/low income/low profit - Remove tariffs/import duty
- Brain drain - Remove quotas/ number of goods entering a country/promote free trade
- Huge debts as they import expensive manufactured goods/negative - Abolish quarantines/use of embargoes
balance of trade/weak currencies/debts
- Make trade agreements with each other
- Dependency on rich countries/tied aid
- Form regional/trade blocks/common market
- They fail to industrialise as they always buy manufactured goods from
developed countries - Adopt common currency
- They are too attached to colonial powers/neo-colonialism - Diversify their economies/produce variety of materials
- Prices controlled by developed countries - Improve research/technology/quality
- Establish supporting infrastructure between cites, for example, railway

- Developing countries produce poor quality goods/poor technology used line, tarred road links/network
to produce goods/competition
- Fluctuation of prices for raw materials
182
State three features of the trade pattern of developing countries Suggest three ways by which developing countries can solve their problems
associated with trade
Ideas such as:
- export primary products/raw materials Ideas such as:
- Economic diversification [stop producing and exporting one product to
- import secondary products/manufactured goods/finished goods boost economic growth]
- fetch little foreign exchange/sell cheap raw materials - Import substitution industrialisation/reduce imports
- spend more on import, for example, machinery/import more than they - Export oriented industrialisation/increase export trade
export/negative balance of trade/expensive imports
- Use local alternatives/encourage local inventions
Describe three challenges faced by developing countries that rely on a single
export commodity - Regional cooperation/re-negotiate terms of trade
Ideas such as: - Save and invest locally

- fluctuating world prices/demand/competition
- Cut/break links with the North
- import duty/tariffs [it is a form of tax paid for goods before entering a
country] - Restricting trade with developed countries
- Quotas [means allowing certain number of goods into a country] - Devaluation of currencies
- Prices of raw materials generally low compared to finished products/low - Improvement of infrastructure
prices of exports
- Prices set by consumers/developed countries controls prices/exploitation Describe the typical trade pattern of a developed country
- Natural disasters, for example, weather adversity Ideas such as:

- Export finished goods/products
- Bulky transportation/handling costs/access to sea ports
- Import raw materials/primary products
- Quarantine system
- High prices of imports - Spend less of imports/positive balance of trade
- Seasonal products
- Substitute products/synthetic products - The generally these countries trade products that both of them
- Countries of the South are equally affected when countries of the North manufacture but which one of the countries produces at a lower price or
go through recessions higher quality.
- Dumping of used goods/machinery
183
Describe three way used to control trade Describe the challenges faced by developing countries in international trade.
Describe three ways by which a country can protect its trade Ideas such as:
Ideas such as - Poor infrastructure

- The way by which a country can protect its trade is through import
duty/tariffs (which are form of taxes put on imports to increase their - Developed countries put trade barriers/ protectionism
prices so that imports are more expensive to buy)
- Quotas is a measure that limits the quantity/number of imports that can - Declining terms of trade
be brought into a country by importers’ every year.
- Less control in international trade/ only 20% access to international trade
- The government can decide to use health and safety regulations to limit
the type and quantity of imports. For example, the government refuse to - Weak currencies/ low purchasing power/ lack of capita
allow cattle from Zimbabwe into Botswana because of the Foot and
Mouth disease that is prevalent there. - MDCs produce synthetic products/ changes in fashion/tastes
- The political boundaries generally regulate the easy flow of goods and
services into a country. Traders cross at certain points in order to declare - Stiff competition from the MDCs/ small markets
their goods at the border
- Produce substandard goods/ poor quality goods/ less preferred by MDCs/
poor technology/skills
- Prices for raw materials are low/ fluctuating
- Gives room for dumping of goods from MDCs to developing countries
184
Study Fig. 2, which shows a trade situation for country X and answer the Define protectionism
question that follows
- Protectionism is a system whereby trade policies are imposed to

safeguard local industries from foreign competition by raising import
duties or tariffs.
- Protectionism refers to restricted trade
Describe the advantages [benefits] of international trade.
Ideas such as:

- Income generation/ earns foreign exchange
- Encourages production/ production efficiency/ increases GDP/GNP/GNP

Fig.2 per Capita
Suggest ways by which country X could correct its negative balance of trade. - Countries acquire goods and services they are unable to produce
Ideas such as: - Globalisation/ friendship between countries

- Protectionism
- Increased variety of goods and services
- Import substitution industrialisation
- Export oriented industrialisation/ foreign investment
- Transfer of skills and technology
- Invitation of Multi-National Companies
- Stimulates production of quality goods and services
- Beneficiation/ value addition to raw material, for example, cutting and
polishing of diamonds
- Increases access to bigger markets
- Foreign aid
- Ensures continuous supply of seasonal goods
- Devalue the currency
185
What are imports? Study Fig. 3, which is a cartoon about trade between developing countries
and developed countries.
- Imports are goods and services bought into the country / outside the
country
Describe three ways in which a country can correct a negative balance of payment
Ideas such as;
- Fixed quota systems / fixed amount /number of goods imported /

exported
- Setting up Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI) / government

subsidies
- Devaluing the currency/devaluation of the currency(is the most common

solution especially in developing countries as this helps a country to sell
more exports and buy fewer imports)
- Exporting more / Export Oriented Industrialisation (which is setting up of Fig.3

factories that produce goods that a country outside the country/for Describe the ways through which rich countries protect their industry from
international market) cheap imports.
- Custom duties / tariffs/import duty ( is a form of tax paid for goods Ideas such as:
entering a country) - They limit quantity of goods from poor countries through quota system
- They charge high tariffs on goods from poor countries to discourage
entrance
- Coming up with local substitutes - They subsidise their own goods to make them cheaper than imported
goods to discourage imported goods
- Quarantine system (to control the influx of goods into another country or - They demand high technological requirements so that poor countries fail
region)
to attain the high standard
- They put exchange control measures to limit foreign exchange (forex) for
- Exchange control (how much money one is allowed to use in a foreign import
country) - They impose high health standards on foreign goods and services
- They form cartels which restrict imports from outside the cartel
- They demand import licences/ permits/ legal agreements
186
Suggest actions which poor countries could take, so they benefit more from What is meant by a positive balance of trade/favourable balance of trade?
international trade.
- Positive or Favourable balance of trade is when a country exports more
Ideas such as: goods than importing them in money terms
- Less Developed Countries(LDCs) should turn raw materials into finished Give three different ways by which money can come into a country
products/ add value to raw materials
Ideas such as:
- Exports/foreign exchange/raw materials
- LDCs should form regional co-operations to create a market for
themselves - Loans/borrowing for other countries and international financial
institutions, for example, World Bank and International Monetary Fund
(IMF)
- LDCs should improve their technology to ensure high quality goods/
invite Multi- National Companies to improve technology/ quality goods - Grants/gift
and services
- Foreign aid (which is the assistance given to a country)/Donor agencies
- LDCs should form producer cartels to control prices and avoid low
- Tourism
fluctuating prices
- LDCs should appeal to World Trade Organisation to make developed

countries to relax trade barriers
- LDCs should promote research on their products
- LDCs should devalue their currencies to attract customers
- LDCs should diversify their economies/ should avoid dependence on few

commodities
187
Describe barriers in international trade How have Southern African countries improved their trading position by
forming SADC?
Ideas such as;
Ideas such as;
- Quotas (number of goods allowed into a country) - Encouraging free trade amongst themselves
- By removing tariffs between them and opening up their markets to each
- Customs duties / tariffs (tax paid for goods entering a country) other
- Protecting their members from outside competition by imposing collective
- Exchange control tariffs
- Mobility of resources
- Health restrictions (quarantine) - Inflow of foreign currency / foreign investment
- Integrated transport network
- Political differences/understanding - Technology transfer
- Labour laws Suggest benefits that people of Botswana may enjoy for international trade
Ideas such as:
- Devaluing of local currencies (to allow a country export more goods and - They get goods/services made in other countries, for example, cell
import less goods) phones/electronic goods
Why do countries come up with trade barriers? - They earn income/foreign exchange/ from selling their products outside
the country, for example, beef and diamonds
Ideas such as;
- To earn some revenue/raise govt. revenue - Local producer have expanded market
- To prevent dumping - Local producers are likely to be trained to improve their quality of their
goods/skills transfer/ to meet global standards
- To protect/promote local employment
- People enjoy increased variety of goods and services (so that people have
- To encourage local inventions more freedom of choice)
- To prevent spread of diseases - People have access to seasonal goods throughout the year, for example,
fruits
- To control effects of general depression
- People enjoy improved infrastructure, for example, better roads network,
- To protect infant industries/Import substitution Industrialisation (ISI) telecommunication in areas of production
- Improves infrastructure, for example, Trans Kalahari highway/ road for
- To reduce imported goods Republic of South Africa to Maputo/ Proposed railway from Namibia to
- To eliminate balance of payments deficits Botswana
- To cut on indebtedness
188
Suggest benefits that people in Botswana may enjoy from international trade.
Ideas such as:
- The get goods and services made in other countries, for example, cell
phones or electronic goods
- They earn income or foreign exchange from selling their products outside
the country, for example, beef
- The local producers will have expanded market
- Local producer are likely to be trained to improve the quality of their

goods to meet global standards
- People will enjoy increased variety of goods and services(so that people
have more freedom of choice)
- People have access to seasonal goods throughout the year, for example,
fruits
- People enjoy improved infrastructure, for example, better road networks

and telecommunication in areas of production
- Technology transfer
- Job creation
189
Define foreign aid Give three disadvantages of foreign aid
- Foreign aid is the help / assistance obtained from outside the recipient Ideas such as;
country / region - Encourages waste of resources / extravagance / often misused by corrupt
politicians and dictators
- Foreign aid is any help from outside given to a country
- Irrelevant projects
Describe three forms of foreign aid
- Indebtedness / neo-colonialism
- Monetary aid (allow loans and grants separately)
- Tied aid
- Technical aid
- Environmental unfriendly
- Humanitarian (food, medicine, clothing, tents, etc)
- Urban bias
- Military aid
- Interference in domestic politics
- Aid for specific projects e.g. Ebola, AIDS, Research
- Encourages dependency & encourages laziness / reduces desire to work
- Emergency aid e.g. floods, drought/famine, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. hard
Give three advantages of foreign aid - Sometimes reduces a country’s sovereignty or independence
State three benefits of foreign aid Define the term tied aid.
Ideas such as; - Tied aid is the help or assistance that comes with “strings attached”. This
- Provides much needed technology for Less Developed Countries(LDCs) means that the aid is given with certain instructions about how it may be
/ high level of knowledge used.
- Provides capital for investment State three reasons for giving foreign aid.
Why do countries give Aid?
- Creates employment Ideas such as;
- Humanitarian reasons
- Improves relations between countries - For development
- Trade links
- Relieves hardships in times of disaster - Economic gains
- Creation of political satellites
- Improves recipient country’s GDP / GNP - Creation of employment (Donor countries)
- Bring foreign exchange
190
Study Fig. 1, which shows direction of foreign aid. Suggest ways by which developing countries can use foreign aid to achieve
higher levels of development.
Ideas such as:
- Use donated funds to invest in industries or production activities

- Use foreign experts to train locals / to work in the country.
- Send students to overseas institutions where doors have been opened.
- Use donated funds to construct or improve social services, for example,
schools, hospitals and libraries.
Fig. 1
- Use foreign loans to construct transportation routes or use them on
Describe five different types of foreign aid donors development projects, for example, building of highways.
- Use funds to import machinery for production.
Ideas such as: -
Describe five different forms of foreign aid
- Rich individuals, for example, Bill Gates who help developing countries
to fight diseases such as HIV/AIDS through his foundation called Bill Ideas such as:
and Melinda Gates Foundation.
- Gift of consumer goods, for example, food
- Charities , for example, the Red Cross/ Red Crescent which sometimes - Financial or monetary, for example, loans and grants
help people affected by natural disasters such as flood by providing them - Direct investment which involves establishment of production activities,
with shelter and food. for example, factories, farms and mines in poor countries.
- Technical assistance where developed countries provide expertise to
- Developed countries or rich countries, for example, giving out advise poor countries.
assistance in the form of funds to developing countries to carry out - Education where rich countries sponsor students from poor countries to
development projects. study overseas and send teachers to teach students in poor countries.
-
- International Non –Governmental Organisations (NGOs) working in - Specialised services where specialised agencies of the United Nations
specific areas or helping people and countries in those areas, for example, Organisation, for example, World Bank or other agencies carry out
Survival International advocating for minority ethnic groups. research for the benefit of the poor country.
-
- Less Developed Countries (LDCs) which are well off offering to help - Trade where rich nations give poor countries opportunities to sell their
other countries, for example, Botswana giving fuel to Zimbabwe products on the world market or them.
- Military where rich countries give weapons or solider services to poor
- Agencies of the United Nations ones.
191
Suggest ways by which the act of giving may benefit the donor country. Describe the forms of foreign aid received by Less Developed Countries.
- Protection of donor investments or interests in the recipient country. - Technical assistance, for example, experts sent to work in a developing
country
- Creation of employment for the donor country’s citizens.
- Financial help, for example, interest free loans and grants/ monetary
- Recipient country becomes a secure market for donor country’s goods
and services.
- Gift of consumer goods, for example, food aid/ humanitarian
- Donor country gains prestige or publicity.
- Military aid, for example, soldiers sent to keep law and order in a
- Donor country gains support of recipient country in international debates. country
- Donor country satisfies international requirements, for example, rich

countries are required by the United Nations Organisations to give out - Emergency aid, for example, help given during floods and drought
percentage of their GNP to help poor countries.
Suggest problems that a Less Developed Country, which receives foreign aid,
can experience.
Describe possible problems that foreign aid can cause to countries receiving
it. Ideas such as:
- Corruption, for example, money misused by leaders
Ideas such as: - Reinforcement of master-servant relations/ foster superiority-inferiority
ideology
- Encourages resource wastage
- Aid is often tied/ conditional/ benefiting the developed countries/ neo-
- Recipients fall into debt crisis
colonialism
- Encourages corruption among government officials
- Creates dependency syndrome/ loss of self-reliance
- Encourages inappropriate technology/ irrelevant projects
- Some aid encourages inappropriate technology
- Recipients become dependent/ expect handouts/ laziness
- Less Developed Countries end up in debt crisis
- Increases inequality within the country when it benefits only selected
- Encourages wastefulness
groups.
- Less Developed Countries become dumping grounds for developed
- Donors may interfere in recipients politics
countries
- Tied aid
- Less Developed Countries turned into marketing area for donor products/
- Promotes dumping of discarded resources from donor countries
creates competition with local products
192
Describe the problems faced by poor countries as a result of receiving aid Suggest ways in which rich countries may help poor countries to speed up
from rich countries. development.
- Aid encourages corruption among government officials - Developed countries (DCs) should send exports to help development in
Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
- Aid encourages laziness among locals/ dependency syndrome
- DCs can sponsor LDCs’ students to gain skills/ scholarships/ skills
development
- Aid encourages wastage of resources - Technology transfer to LDCs
- Aid cause debt crisis - Send Multi-National Companies to LDCs/ Foreign Direct Investment
- Aid increases inequality within the country when it benefits selected - Provide financial assistance for development projects, for example,
groups schools and roads construction/ monetary aid
- Aid promotes dumping of discarded resources form donors/ inappropriate - Provide emergency/ reconstruction aid when crises occur, for example,
technology/ environmental unfriendly the Haiti example and Doctors without borders
- Donors may interfere in recipients’ politics - Developed countries should relax trade barriers so that poor countries can
participate in international trade/ provide reliable market
- Developed countries should facilitate research for development in Less

- Aid may be tied/ strings attached
Developed countries
- Reinforces master-servant relationship.

- Developed countries can send peace keepers to war torn countries to
stabilise political environment
- The rich countries can reduce interest rates/ debt cancellation of poor
countries
193
Fig. 2, shows the United Nations Specialised Agencies. Use it to answer question below - UNCHR looks after refugees/ comes up with the criteria to identify
refugees- to improve refugees’ welfare.
RULE: (Award 1mark for description of what the agency does and another 1 mark for
Why do countries of the North give aid to the countries of the South?
Ideas such as:
- Humanitarian reasons, for example, during emergencies such as floods

and drought/ sympathy
Fig.2
- To encourage more trade between donor and recipient countries
Explain the function of any three of the specialised agencies on the diagram.
Idea such as:

- Protect donor investments in countries of the South/ interests
- FAO collects and disseminates information on food and nutrition -to
improve nutrition/ Advises member states on food production- to fight - Gain support of recipient countries against other countries/ political
hunger/ improve nutrition/ Provides food for victims of droughts/ civil reasons
wars- to fight hunger/ Encourages soil conservation- to improve food - Prestige/publicity/friendship
production - Donors may wish to exercise control over recipient countries
- WHO helps fights diseases/ Encourages research in medicine/ Sends - Donors creating employment for their own people
medical supplies to victims of malnutrition/ civil wars-(all these to
promote good health)
- To satisfy international requirements/redistribution of world’s wealth
- UNICEF: Supports children welfare/ cares for children during national
disasters- to improve living conditions of children/ improve children’s
- To support their own industries/ open up markets for their own
education
industries.
- ILO investigates working conditions and security of workers- to improve
workers welfare.
- World Bank gives financial assistance/ technical advice to countries/
compile population and development records- for reconstruction and
development purposes.
194
Describe effects of foreign aid on developing countries. Arguments for:
Ideas such as: - Aid relieves in terms of hardship/help in emergencies such as floods and
drought.
Arguments against:
- Corruption/money misused by leaders/ politicians - Infrastructural development for developing countries such as roads and
schools
- Reinforces master servant relations/ foster superiority-inferiority
ideology
- International relations, for example, friendship
- Aid is often conditioned/ tied and benefiting MDCs mostly/ Neo - Developing countries gets technology/ skilled labour for development/
colonialism technological transfer
- Brings in foreign currency/ creates balance of payments
- A developing country may get used to handouts instead of self-reliance/ -
dependency syndrome
NB: effects of foreign aid on LDC should be both positive and negative. Should
be balanced, the candidate only scores half the marks, for example, 3 to 2 for
giving one side only.
- Some aid brings in inappropriate technology
- Developing countries are usually turned into marketing area for donors
products
- Encourage wastefulness
- Developing countries used as dumping grounds
- Debt crisis for developing countries
195
Study Fig. 3 which shows specialised agencies of the United Nations Suggest challenges that the World Food Programme faces in developing countries.
Organisation.
Ideas such as:
- misuse of donated food/ people sell donated food for personal gain
- Cultural barriers where people reject food from other cultures
- Large population to feed
- Wars/conflicts disturbing food distribution
- Uncooperative leaders/ dictators wanting to control the duties of WFP
Fig.3 - Leaders wanting to use WFP food aid for political gains
Describe ways by which each of the specialised agencies shown in Fig. 3 helps
countries to develop.
Ideas such as:

Define bilateral aid
- World Health Organisation (WHO) helps to controls diseases
- Bilateral aid is help/assistance from one country to another/government
/Promotes people’s health
to another
- World Food Programme (WFP) distributes food to starving people or - Bilateral aid is any help from one country to another/ government to
those suffering from disasters/ Advice on nutrition another
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) restores
dignity to refugees/ helps to provide basic needs/safety for refugees/
Provides shelter
- World Bank provides loans to countries for development or

reconstruction/ Provide economic advice to countries
- United Nations Education Scientific Organisation (UNESCO) helps

to fund research in education
196
Study Fig. 4 which shows specialised agencies of the United Nations - UNHCR (lead and coordinate international action) to protect refugees/
resolve refugees’ problems (worldwide)/ to safeguarding the rights/
wellbeing of refugees
- WHO help in the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of
health/ diseases control/ approve vaccines/ conduct research on diseases/
medicines/ vaccines
- World Bank helps to eliminate poverty/to provide financial assistance to

poor governments/ to offer loans/ policy advice/ technical assistance to
poor governments/ keeps (financial) data
- IMF helps to ensure the stability of the international monetary system/

the system of exchange rates/ international payments that enables
countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other/ control
exchange rate / provide technical assistance/ provide policy advice to
governments/ provide financial assistance/lend money to developing
countries
Fig.4
Describe the roles played by any five of the specialised agencies of the United
Nations shown in Fig. 4
Ideas such as:
- UNICEF advocate for the protection of children’s rights/ to meet the

children’s basic needs/ to expand children’s opportunities to reach their
full potential/promote children’s education/ funding children’s
programmes/organisations
- FAO ensure that there is enough food for all/ to eliminate

hunger/malnutrition/ to collect, evaluate and disseminate information
relating to nutrition/ agriculture/ nutrition research
- UNESCO contribute to the building of peace/ eradication of poverty/

sustainable development/ intercultural dialogue through education, the
science and culture/ develop/ distribute educational materials
197
Suggest challenges that the UNICEF is facing in carrying out its role in less
developed countries.
Ideas such as:
- Ignorance of children’s rights/ cultural/ religious practices against

children
- Food shortages (leading to malnutrition in children)
- High population of children/ too many children
- Shortage of safe water
- Inadequate health care
- Shortage of trained health personnel such as nurses and doctors/

unskilled labour
- Shortage of trained education personnel, for example, teachers
- Limited budgets/ lack of funds
- Shortage of educational facilities
- Shortage of volunteers
- Political unrest/wars/political instability/ civil wars
- Uneducated adults
- Lack of political will/countries failing to support

UNICEF/Cooperation/misuse of funds by governments
198

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DEVELOPMENT

Masunga Senior Secondary School

Ideas such as:

- Most countries prohibit human rights groups from monitoring human

Why is it difficult to measure political aspects of development?

Ideas such as;

- Most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human

- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their

- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs,

Rule: Do NOT accept South of Brandt line

- High development of transport networks/telecommunication/high

- High share of international trade/they dominate or control international

- High income levels/high wages

- High energy consumption

- High industrialisation/mass production/high manufacturing

- They export finished goods/they import raw materials

- Low percentage of population depending on agriculture

- High GNP/High GNP per capita/High GDP/High GDP per capita

Ideas such as:

- The LDCs can adopt import substitution industrialisation (ISI) to speed

- The LDCs can adopt export oriented industrialisation (EOI) to speed up

- They are found in North/Northeast of South America, for example,

- They are located in South Asia, for example, India

- The Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia and Turkey

RULE: Award mention of appropriate examples

- Depletion of the natural resources/damage to the environment

- Fast growth of the private sector which is becoming difficult to be

- Exploitation of workers by the employers

- Urban drift/urban poverty

- Declining exports/tough competition from Multi-National Companies

- Declining real income

- High expenditure on imports and less on exports

- Huge debts by developing countries from developed countries

- Political instability/civil wars/ civil strife in developing countries and

 Mono-economies - Legacy of colonialism by developed countries

- Developed countries policies directed to high infrastructural development

Ideas such as:

- Percentage of the population in agriculture: The higher the percentage

Rule: Award 1mark even if only one side is given

*The following are acceptable

- Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary

- Availability of wide variety of food[ to choose from]

- High level of education/more knowledge on nutrition

- Better social welfare services/supplementary feeding

- Low dependency ratio

- Occupation/employment that exposes them to danger

- Traditional roles that exposes them to danger

- More men are suicidal than women

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or out-dated

 Incidents of discrimination/inequality (times when people are treated

 Incidents of conflict- If the occurrence of serious disagreements, for

 Peace –If there is calmness in the country or the absence of wars or

Ideas such as: - Invest a lot in industry

Ideas such as:

- Human resource development/high literacy rate

- Improved standard of living

Fig.9 - Improved service delivery through research and development

Ideas such as: - Employment creation

N.B. Ideas must be developed to get a point

- Use of catalytic converters

- Industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc) Define land pollution