Title: The Challenges of Crafting a Literature Review in Urdu

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I do not claim to have covered every grammatical feature of Urdu, but I hope It would help the
learner to get a broad understanding of the Urdu language. Luckily, some websites (such as ), have
proved to be a great treasure for the students, scholars and common readers. In India alone the
number has crossed 60 million speakers, while unofficial sources claim the figure to be much higher.
Hart, Chairman of the Department of Indian Studies of the University of Wisconsin. Dr Hanif
Naqvi’s book Tehqeeq-o-tadveen also appeared from Pakistan but unfortunately Dr Naqvi passed
away on Dec 22. An additional list of contents, arranged chronologically, is provided to enable the
student to place the authors in correct historical perspective. He thinks that Jalibi’s “main fault” is
“his failure to jettison the colonialist-orientalist baggage inherited by him from the nineteen century
modernizers”. Dr Baig in his book Urdu ki lisani tashkeel has suggested that Shorseni Prakrit, a
dialect spoken in the region of Shorsen in the Central India, developed into Shorseni Apbharansh,
which in turn developed into Urdu. An additional list of contents, arranged chronologically, is
provided to enable the student to place the authors in correct historical perspective. Written by
Maulvi Abdul Lateef and published from Hyderabad Deccan in 1917, it describes the Persian words
that are in fact compounds but have become a single word over the centuries. I had myself
attempted a brief historical survey for the Report of the Committee for Promotion of Urdu set up by
the Government of India and it has been included as one of its chapters. It has been my particular
good fortune at the University of Wisconsin to be a colleague of Professor Richard H. Hafiz
Mahmood Sherani too believed in the theory but he thought the dialect that gave birth to Urdu was a
kind of Old Punjabi, spoken in and around Lahore. Some works on Urdu prosody, such as Najm-ul-
Ghani Rampuri’s Behr-ul-fasahat (1885) and Mirza Muhammad Askari’s Aaina-i-balaghat (1937),
explained many other terms too in between explaining the prosodic and grammatical matters. Faruqi
says Russell’s condemnation could very well apply to nearly all histories of Urdu literature. Today,
people do not like to read more rather than rely on watching the stories or listening to poetry, etc
through digital means. Whenever a foreigner came for his interview; he would sit at a high-up place
after getting himself fully spruced up. Dr. M.A.R. Barker of the Institute of Islamic Studies at
McGill University, Mr. Bruce R. Pray of the University of California at Berkeley and Mr. Joseph A.
Reif of the University of Michigan relayed to me the difficulties encountered by their students and
made valuable comments on numerous points. They were written by the compiler of this reader in a
clear and simple style for the purpose of affording the student a smooth transition from elementary
Urdu to the intermediate selections which follow. Some professors from Karachi University’s Urdu
department objected to the incorrect, age-old theory being taught to the new teachers. The volume is
packed with some rare information and interesting opinions of scholars on Iqbal. Addressed to Dr
Rafiuddin Hashmi and discussing the life and works of Iqbal, these letters have been collected by Dr
Khalid Nadeem. One of the many difficulties one encounters in writing the history for English
knowing readers pertains to English renderings of Urdu poetry. Syed Sulaiman Nadvi in his different
works has explained the word histories and especially in Nuqoosh-i-Sulaimani (1939) he has devoted
a full chapter on history of certain words that is as interesting as surprising. Across our borders, it is
used in Pakistan and much excellent literature has emerged, particularly from the Punjab province
which dominated the literary scene even in the pre-partition era. Iran-Pakistan Institute of Persian
Studies, Islamabad, published it. That said, the book has some very interesting entries and their brief
cultural and historical background makes a good reading. Amjad Tufail’s Adab ka aalmi dareecha,
Khwaja Razi Hyder’s Saleem Ahmed and Nasir Abbas Nayyar’s Matn, Siyaaq aur tanazur were
some of the works that caused a stir in literary circles. Pedagogical texts created under “colonial-
imperial agenda” such as material produced by Fort William College were not literary texts but our
literary historians not only treat them as literature, but also insist that those works marked the
beginning of modern Urdu prose. Another new quarterly Ilm-o-fun was launched by Muqtadira
Qaumi Zaban.
Addressed to Dr Rafiuddin Hashmi and discussing the life and works of Iqbal, these letters have
been collected by Dr Khalid Nadeem. Special among these are Dr. Zakir Husain, the President of
India; Dr. Sayyid Abid Husain, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi; Professor Rashid Ahmad Siddiqui and
Professor Ale Ahmad Suroor, both of Aligarh Muslim University; and Professor Ehtisham Husain,
University of Allahabad. To meet the above objectives the Council has decided to launch a
Certificate Course for learning Urdu through the distance mode. It is a voluminous translation of
Aksi Mufti’s book from English and has been rendered into Urdu by Dr Najeeba Arif and published
by Al-Faisla Nashiraan, Lahore. Even a cursory glance at the history of evolution of Urdu is
sufficient to convince the reader of its importance as a national language. It is obvious that this is not
a comprehensive grammar of Urdu. Jammu University, Islamabad’s National University of Modern
Languages, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Sahitya Academy, Pakistan Academy of
Letters and many other organisations held seminars on Manto. It was reprinted from Lahore in 1991
by Maktaba-i-Aaliya. Next to English, it covers almost the entire country through its newspapers,
journals and books, which are published in thousands from most of the States and their number is on
the increase, notwithstanding the handicap that it is not the majority language of a compact region
which would entitle it to full State patronage. Interestingly, Urdu existed much before than the
arrival of the Mughals, who took India in the 16th century while Urdu’s earliest versions are as old
as 11th and 12th centuries, albeit with different names. As a result, orders may take an extra 10-14
days for fulfilment. In Urdu, for instance, certain idioms used in certain context reveal our rituals
and cultural practices. In a long historical process it assimilated Persian, Arabic and English
vocabulary and literary styles and enriched its literary tradition by borrowing fresh knowledge and
new trends from whatever quarters they came. But some college teachers insisted that Urdu was a
camp-language and the theory was valid, hence the new curriculum must not exclude it. One of the
articles in the book raises serious objections to what Anne Marie Schimmel had written on Ghalib. It
means, aside from literal meaning (to distribute sweetmeat among fellows), to celebrate, though
laddus have now been replaced by chocolate. Urdu writers of this time have started imitating many
fictions and writings from English literature. Hart, Chairman of the Department of Indian Studies of
the University of Wisconsin. A brief English-Urdu glossary of terms at the back of the book makes it
more useful. In some cases it became necessary to illustrate my ideas with original quotations, for it
would not be possible otherwise to comprehend the changes in language and style that have occured
from time to time. But much has been lifted from different old works on the topic but no
acknowledgement or references are given. One hopes that our teachers would read at least these two
books before debating the origin of Urdu at forums like university academic councils and board of
studies so that their views are not spoofed at. Three volumes are already out and a few more are
expected. With this well researched source of information, the author has turned a new page in the
history of Urdu journalism. Its speakers far outnumber those of Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada,
Kashmiri, Malayalam, Oriya, Punjabi, besides of course Sanskrit and Sindhi. As a result, orders may
take an extra 10-14 days for fulfilment. The learning materials have been specially selected by a team
of experts drawn from different Universities and Institutions as well as the in house experts. I hope
the book will serve the purpose for which it is written. These events led to the adoption of the
predominant language as the regional language of each area. The fact is an idiom is called muhaavra
in Urdu, while a proverb is kahavat or zarb-ul-misal.
Gopi Chand Narang keeping in view the lexical, grammatical and stylistic difficulties of those
learners who have just entered the field of Urdu and have started to read the Urdu language m its
beautiful script. Translated into Urdu by Ather Farouqi, ATUH’s secretary and editor of Urdu Adab,
it raises many questions about the histories of Urdu literature written so far and is bound to raise
many heckles, too. The essays on Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Premchand were written in an easy
style especially for this anthology. One of the many difficulties one encounters in writing the history
for English knowing readers pertains to English renderings of Urdu poetry. A very special feature of
this issue was a section comprising the translations of Miraji’s poems into English, German, Russian,
Dutch, Italian, Arabic, Turkish and Persian and that too in original scripts. A brief description of
grammatical terms is given at the beginning of each Unit so that the learners are acquainted with
grammatical rules while attempting exercises. And the record tells us that Urdu writers and scholars
had begun writing etymologies as early as in the late 19th century. The Panjabi-speaking population
of Pakistan, for example, employ Urdu rather than their own language almost exclusively as a
written and literary medium. After giving some incorrect definitions of idiom as quoted by some
scholars and professors, Khokhar sahib, a young lexicographer from Kamonke, Punjab, has very
plainly and correctly described what a proverb is. Another new quarterly Ilm-o-fun was launched by
Muqtadira Qaumi Zaban. Robinson, whose suggestions helped greatly in making the selections and
in developing the glossary. Mas’ood Sahib also dispelled Sherani’s theory suggesting that Urdu was
born in Punjab. It is basically an English-Urdu dictionary of literary terms and explains the terms at
length. Written by Prof Anwer Jamal, the book gives English equivalents while explaining Urdu
terms in Urdu. Mir Taqi Mir rejected Deccan’s poets and Azad thought if what poets of Deccan wrote
was poetry, even Punjab had many poets, which means, according to Faruqi, even Punjab was
marginalised. According to the 1971 Census, Urdu was the second largest spoken language in
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Mysore and Uttar Pradesh and the third largest in Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan and West Bengal, besides the Union Territories of Chandigarh,
Delhi and Goa, Daman and Diu. Ameer Hussain Farhaad is the writer of this self-published book. In
the present volume, written primarily for the non-Urdu readers, he surveys, evaluates and interprets
the achievements of the language with a rare fairness and understanding. They were written by the
compiler of this reader in a clear and simple style for the purpose of affording the student a smooth
transition from elementary Urdu to the intermediate selections which follow. In more recent decades,
the language has travelled far beyond its traditional frontiers and established active nuclei in Great
Britain, the United States, Canada and some of the Scandinavian, West Asian and African countries.
This liberal temperament has helped it to retain its vitality and to mature into a modern language
with a magnificent literature, fully responsive to changing times and yet maintaining its own identity
and Indianness. Being “oriented towards Delhi” and ignoring Dakkani and Gujari is another blind
spot. I have tried to borrow a few translations from others to whom my thanks are due for having
very kindly agreed to the reproductions. He has a great contribution to Pakistani literature, although
he had been a writer before independence as he was born in 1912 and died in 1955, after a few years
of the inception of the country. One hopes that our teachers would read at least these two books
before debating the origin of Urdu at forums like university academic councils and board of studies
so that their views are not spoofed at. Kidwai has creatively nurtured the critical analysis of the top
critics in the book and has brought it into a brand new light. First published in 1923 and reprinted in
1969, this interesting and valuable book was published again in 2008 by Islamabad’s Poorab
Academy. Just as in the previous years we witnessed centenary commemorations for Muhammad
Husain Azad, Mir Taqi Mir, N. M. Rashid and Faiz Ahmed Faiz’s, a number of conferences and other
literary gatherings took place in 2012 to mark the 100th birth anniversaries of Manto and Miraji.
There are always several meanings of each word in Urdu, the correct meaning of Literature in Urdu is
???, and in roman we write it Ilm. Pakistan has been publishing several Urdu fictions and Urdu
poetry and many other things in digests since the 1960s but leading publishing in it has always been
pulp fiction.
Further research took the figure to 1673 languages and dialects in the census of 1971. And the record
tells us that Urdu writers and scholars had begun writing etymologies as early as in the late 19th
century. Though the book may be helpful for students, it would have been more so had the literary
terms listed been in alphabetic order. Despite pressure on space in the brief survey, essential
specimens of poetry have been added in the original along with prose renderings in English, to mirror
the conflicting demands of a vibrant tradition of lyricism, fervor of nationalism and a resurgence of
social realism. Although a few histories are doubtful, on the whole it is a useful book. It was the
writings of scholars such as Hafiz Mahmood Sherani and Dr Mohiuddin Qadri Zor that drove home
the fact about Urdu. Even some academics teaching at the college level are so naive that they believe
a new language can be formed by mixing the words from different languages. The project has been
undertaken also in Pakistan, under the supervision of the Jamil Jalibi. Some digest writers shifted to
television drama script writing like Umera Ahmed. This represents a remarkable process of creative
synthesis and assimilation. With all this, it faces the predicament of not getting a regional language
status in any State or Union Territory other than Jammu and Kashmir, because of the wide dispersal
of its speakers. Muhammad Husain Azad had said in addition to repeating camp-language theory that
Urdu had developed from Brij Bhasha, a dialect spoken around Agra and Mathura, UP. In the
present volume, written primarily for the non-Urdu readers, he surveys, evaluates and interprets the
achievements of the language with a rare fairness and understanding. The orthographical conventions
used are those favoured by leading Urdu scholars. It has inherited the mood, the sentiment and the
cultural inspiration from Sanskrit and the folk traditions from its cousins, the numerous Indian
dialects. What causes Faruqi most displeasure is the acceptance of some stories without any
examination or inventing a story to serve “some chauvinistic motive”, as put by Faruqi. Special
among these are Dr. Zakir Husain, the President of India; Dr. Sayyid Abid Husain, Jamia Millia
Islamia, Delhi; Professor Rashid Ahmad Siddiqui and Professor Ale Ahmad Suroor, both of Aligarh
Muslim University; and Professor Ehtisham Husain, University of Allahabad. All returned items
must be in new and unused condition, with all original tags and labels attached. Mas’ood Sahib also
dispelled Sherani’s theory suggesting that Urdu was born in Punjab. As a result, orders may take an
extra 10-14 days for fulfilment. But the same is true the other way round: culture reflects language
and is, in fact, a part of the language. Based on some valid accounts by contemporary writers,
Kidwai has drawn a crystal clear frame that both Dr Sir Mohammad Iqbal and Tagore influenced
each other. You can select express shipping while checking out on the website. The sun shone
brightly on Urdu and its literature last year and literary circles were abuzz with a flurry of activities.
With this well researched source of information, the author has turned a new page in the history of
Urdu journalism. A brief English-Urdu glossary of terms at the back of the book makes it more
useful. Its secondary purpose is to integrate with the language instruction an appreciation of those
features of culture and literary tradition which are most pertinent to the Urdu language. The fact is:
Urdu does have books on etymologies and word histories. Written by Prof Anwer Jamal, the book
gives English equivalents while explaining Urdu terms in Urdu. It appears on pages facing the Urdu
text, with items arranged in the order in which the student working through the text will need them.
It is suggested, therefore, that they be read in the order in which they appear in the table of contents.
Translated into Urdu by Ather Farouqi, ATUH’s secretary and editor of Urdu Adab, it raises many
questions about the histories of Urdu literature written so far and is bound to raise many heckles,
too. They were written by the compiler of this reader in a clear and simple style for the purpose of
affording the student a smooth transition from elementary Urdu to the intermediate selections which
follow. What causes Faruqi most displeasure is the acceptance of some stories without any
examination or inventing a story to serve “some chauvinistic motive”, as put by Faruqi. All returned
items must be in new and unused condition, with all original tags and labels attached. There are
always several meanings of each word in Urdu, the correct meaning of Literature in Urdu is ???, and
in roman we write it Ilm. For this reason it is the preferred medium of the Indian film industry, to
which many well-established Urdu writers contribute scripts and especially songs, the lyrics of which
frequently follow the conventions of classical Urdu poetry. Hart, Chairman of the Department of
Indian Studies of the University of Wisconsin. Just as in the previous years we witnessed centenary
commemorations for Muhammad Husain Azad, Mir Taqi Mir, N. M. Rashid and Faiz Ahmed Faiz’s,
a number of conferences and other literary gatherings took place in 2012 to mark the 100th birth
anniversaries of Manto and Miraji. Faruqi is not any less annoyed with the literary histories of Urdu
than Russell was. One hopes that our teachers would read at least these two books before debating
the origin of Urdu at forums like university academic councils and board of studies so that their
views are not spoofed at. Amjad Tufail has been working on the complete works of Manto and has
published three volumes of his work. An Indian linguist, critic and academic, Dr Baig has taught
linguistics at Aligarh Muslim University and has the honour of working with Dr Mas’ood Hasan
Khan, Urdu’s towering personality who was first to say unambiguously that Urdu was born in and
around Delhi and had its roots in dialects spoken there. Ameer Hussain Farhaad is the writer of this
self-published book. The theory is incorrect because the family of a language is decided on the basis
of its syntactical and morphological structure and not on its vocabulary, as words travel to different
regions and are absorbed into other languages quite easily. Special among these are Dr. Zakir Husain,
the President of India; Dr. Sayyid Abid Husain, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi; Professor Rashid
Ahmad Siddiqui and Professor Ale Ahmad Suroor, both of Aligarh Muslim University; and Professor
Ehtisham Husain, University of Allahabad. In Urdu, for instance, certain idioms used in certain
context reveal our rituals and cultural practices. Yeah, and a changing culture, too, you may add,
since language reflects culture. He is a prolific writer and has compiled and written about 100 books.
Of course, care was taken to see that the changes did not alter the original meaning of the selections,
or style of the author. Also, no proper references are given and a list of works cited is missing
altogether. And the structure of Urdu shows it has its roots in Vedic dialects; so it is purely a local,
sub-continental language with a huge vocabulary from Arabic, Persian and some other languages. I
have tried to borrow a few translations from others to whom my thanks are due for having very
kindly agreed to the reproductions. The sun shone brightly on Urdu and its literature last year and
literary circles were abuzz with a flurry of activities. Translated by Shiraz Raz, the book was
published by Lahore’s Mash’al Books. Most literary periodicals appeared fairly regularly and a few
new ones were also launched. It was the writings of scholars such as Hafiz Mahmood Sherani and
Dr Mohiuddin Qadri Zor that drove home the fact about Urdu. During these thirty tee years it has
been widely used globally in places as far apart USA. Hart, Chairman of the Department of Indian
Studies of the University of Wisconsin. Robinson, whose suggestions helped greatly in making the
selections and in developing the glossary.