BIOT SAVART’S LAW: Let us consider an infinitesimally small element, 𝑑𝑙 of conductor XY having a current, 𝑖 flowing

through it. Consider a point P at distance r from this current element.

According to Biot Savart law, the magnetic field (Magnetic field Induction) 𝑑𝐵 at point P due to current element 𝐼𝑑𝑙
is

(i) i.e. 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑖
(ii) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑑𝑙
(iii) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ sin 𝜃 where θ be angle between ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 & 𝑟.
1
(iv 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑟2 (inverse square law)
𝑖𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
Combining all above factors, 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑟2
𝑖𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
 𝑑𝐵 = 𝐾 𝑟2
Where K is a constant of proportionality. Its value depends upon medium.
𝜇
For free space, 𝐾 = 4𝜋𝑜 = 10−7 𝑇𝐴−1 𝑚

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×𝑟)
𝜇 𝑖(𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑜
In Vector Form, 𝑑𝐵 4𝜋 𝑟3

Direction of magnetic field: The direction of 𝑑𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to both 𝑑𝑙

⃗⃗⃗ & 𝑟 given by
following rules:
1. Right hand rule: Point your index finger of right hand in direction of first vector, 𝒂⃗ and
⃗
turn your middle finger in direction of second vector, 𝒃 then extended thumb will point in
⃗ × ⃗𝒃.
direction of 𝒂
To use right hand rule, point your index finger of right hand in direction of ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 and turn your
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
middle finger in direction of 𝑟 then thumb will point in direction of magnetic field, 𝒅𝑩

⃗ to
Easy way to use right hand rule is to curl the fingers of right hand from first vector ,𝒂
second vector,𝒃⃗ then thumb points in direction of 𝒂 ⃗ ×𝒃 ⃗.
2. Right hand thumb rule/Right hand grip rule/ Right hand curl rule: if we imagine holding the wire in your right
hand with your extended thumb pointing to direction of current. Your fingers will curl around in direction of
magnetic field.

3. Maxwell’s cork screw rule/Right hand screw rule: If a right handed cork screw is rotated so that it moves in
direction of flow of current through conductor, then direction of rotation of screw gives the direction of magnetic
field lines.