MODULE 9 – Problem Solving among the three integers to formulate the equation.

Problem Solving Strategies: 𝑥 – first integer

1. Draw a Picture/Diagram - is used when we can make a visual 𝑥 + 1 – second integer
representation of the problem 𝑥 + 2 – third integer
2. Guess and Check or Guess and Test - reasonable guess based on the
Step 2. Devise a plan. (Translate.) five times the third is equal to eighteen
given information and then check to see if your guess is correct
more than the sum of the first and the second 5(𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1) + 18
3. Use a table or make a list - sort out and organize
Step 3. Carry out the plan. (Solve.)
4. Find a Pattern - look for a pattern from the given information 5(𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1) + 18
5. Working Backwards - when the outcome of the problem has 5𝑥 + 10 = 2𝑥 + 19
already been given 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 19 − 10
MODULE 10 – Solving Worded Problems 3𝑥 = 9
Example 1. Three times the difference of a number and two is the same as 3𝑥/3 = 9/3
the number increased by 8. Find the number
Step 1. Understand the problem. Read the problem carefully and analyze 𝒙 = 𝟑 (the first integer)
what is given and what is being asked in the problem. Since we are looking 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟒(the second integer)
for a number, we can represent that number by 𝑥. 𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟓 (the third integer)
Step 2. Devise a plan. (Translate.) Step 4. Look back. (Check.)
Three times the difference of a number and two is the same as the number 5(𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1) + 18
increased by 8. So, 3(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 + 8 5(5) = 3 + 4 + 18
Step 3. Carry out the plan. (Solve.) 5(5) = 25
3(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 + 8 25 = 25
3𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥 + 8
3𝑥 − 𝑥 = 8 + 6 Example 6. Emer John is five years less than twice Edward’s age. Three years
2𝑥 = 14 ago, Emer John’s age was 8 years more than Edward’s age. How old are they
2𝑥/2 = 14/2 now?
Step 4. Look back. (Check.)
3(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 + 8 Three years ago, Emer John’s age was 8 years more than Edward’s age.
3(7 − 2) = 7 + 8 2𝑥 − 8 = 𝑥−3+8
3(5) = 15 Solve the equation.
15 = 15 2𝑥 − 8 = 𝑥 − 3 + 8
Example 2. Find three consecutive integers if five times the third is equal to 2𝑥 − 𝑥 = −3 + 8 + 8
eighteen more than the sum of the first and the second. 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟑 (Edward’s age)
Step 1. Understand the problem. There are three consecutive integers. We 2𝑥 − 5 = 2(13) − 5 = 𝟐𝟏 (Emer John’s age)
can represent them by 𝑥, 𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2. Understand the relationship given
 MODULE 12 – Organizing Data
MODULE 11 – Collection of Data Ways of Organizing Ungrouped Data
1. Primary data - first-hand sources, like government offices, private 1. Array - arrangement of numbers in increasing or decreasing order
organizations, business establishments, or individuals with first-hand 2. Stem-leaf plot - split into two parts: the stem is the first digit or digits
information about the needed data. while the leaf is the last digit.
2. Secondary data - obtained from published or unpublished sources like 3. Frequency distribution table - table showing the data and its frequency
newspapers, magazines, journals, books and theses, and other republished
materials Frequency Distribution for Grouped Data
Methods of Collecting Data Determine the Range (R) Determine the Class size (C)
1. The Direct or Interview Method - opportunity to ask more questions R = Highest – Lowest c = Range / number of classes
2. The Indirect or Questionnaire Method - less time-consuming
3. The observation method – behaviour Class interval refers to the grouping bounded by the lower limit (LL) and the
4. Experimentation Method - effect of a variable on other variables upper limit (UL).
Class size (c) is the length or width of the class.
Class frequency (f) is the number of observations falling within a class
Determining the Sample Size
interval.
Sample - the representative of the population Class boundaries refer to the true boundaries (true limits) of a class interval
Population – entire
MODULE 13 – Measures of Central Tendency
n = sample size Mean – average
N = population size
Median – middle value
e = margin of error
Mode – most frequent
Sampling Techniques Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data
The two kinds of selecting/drawing samples are: Computation of the Mean
1. Probability Sampling (or random sampling) - equal chance of being X = Mean
selected 𝑓 = the number of occurrences of a value
 Simple Random Sampling – simplest, numbers are assigned then drawn,
fX = the product of each value (X) and its frequency
also known as the fishbowl or lottery technique.
 Systematic Random Sampling - every nth or kth element (may interval) 𝑛 = represents the total number of observations
 Stratified Random Sampling - splitting the population into groups
 Cluster Sampling - randomly select Computation of the Median
 Multi-Stage Sampling - combination of sampling techniques arrange the data in ascending order or vice versa
2. Non-Probability Sampling - not all the members of the population have a
chance
Computation of the Mode
 Quota Sampling - divided into categories, no required sampling frame
find the most frequently used number
 Purposive Sampling - based on the purpose or needs of the study
 Incidental/Accidental/Convenience Sampling - easy to reach Measures of Central Tendency for Grouped Data
The Mean
𝑓 = represents the frequency of each class
MODULE 14 – Other Measures of Location
𝑋𝑖= represents the class mark (class midpoint)
Computation of the Quantiles for Ungrouped Data
𝑛 = represents the total number of observations
Step 1. First, arrange the scores in ascending
The Median
10 11 13 17 21 22 25 27 30
Step 2
𝑷𝒊 = the given percentile
𝒏 = the total number of observations
We have 𝑷𝒊 = 20 and 𝒏 = 9.
20 (9 +1) / 100 = 2
Step 3. Locate the score in the position
10 11 13 17 21 22 25 27 30

The Mode Computation of the Quantiles for Grouped Data

 Range – simplest yet unstable
Outliers – affects the range
Interquartile range (IQR) – between third and first quartiles
Quartile deviation - semi-interquartile range
mean deviation (MD) or the average deviation (AD) - sum of the absolute
deviations
Variance - measure that is obtained by getting the average of the squared
deviations from the mean
Standard deviation - shows the spread
The Mean Deviation or the Average Deviation

MODULE 15 – Measures of Variability

The Variance

Step 1. Arrange the values in ascending

Step 2. Find the sum of the values.

Step 3. Square each value and write

the results under column 2.

Step 4. Get the sum of the squared

values in step 3.

Step 5. Substitute the values in the

formula and solve.

The Standard Deviation

A: 10, 8, 6, 5, 12, 11, 13, 7

B: 9, 4, 8, 6, 10, 9, 10, 17