King of nuts- ALMOND

SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
DR. D.K. DORA
Manas kumar patel
PROF.HEAD DEPT. OF
FSC.HORT.TECH
 SCIENTIFIC NAME : Prunus communis
Prunus dulcis
FAMILY: Rosaceae
CHROMOSOME NUMBER: 2n= 28

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION:

Originated from south west and central Asia
 Major Growing Countries: California, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, India
 California is the leading producer of almond in world with 489,879,76
ton
 India’s production : 1,179,34 ton
 major states in India :
•Jammu and Kashmir (Almond is the state tree of Jammu and Kashmir)
• sub tropical varieties of almond is grown in North Indian conditions.
ALMOND
•Almonds are highly
valued for its distinctive
taste and its pleasant
flavour and extensively
used in baking
products, candies, ice-
creams , confectionary
products.
•Principal flavinoids
present in almond are
catechin, and
epicatechin
Nutritional Profile
Almonds are a very good source of vitamin E, manganese, biotin, and copper.
Almonds are a good source of magnesium, molydenum, riboflavin (vitamin B2),
and phosphorus. Fortunately, although one-quarter cup of almonds contains
about 11 grams of fat, a sizable portion of it (7 grams) is heart-healthy
monounsaturated fat.

HEALTH BENEFITS:
Lower LDL-Cholesterol and Reduce Your Risk of
Heart DiseaseProvide Double-Barreled
Protection against Diabetes and Cardiovascular
Disease

Almonds and Oxalates

Almonds are among a small number of foods that contain
measurable amounts of oxalates, naturally-occurring substances
found in plants, animals, and human beings. When oxalates
become too concentrated in body fluids, they can crystallize and
cause health problems. For this reason, individuals with already
existing and untreated kidney or gallbladder problems may want
to avoid eating almonds
 •Botanically Almond is a Drupe
B •Edible part is nut
•Inflorescence come laterally on
current season growth which

O bear fruit in following season.

T
A
N
Y
Sometimes flower bud comes both terminally and laterally
which is advantageous. Shoot bearing promotes
PRECOCIOUS bearing while spur bearing increase bearing
surface.
 CONTD……

•Almond produces peryginous self-

incompatible flowers.
•It is cross pollinated mainly by Honey bee
•Flower differentiation takes place during
summer and floral development
continues into autum to winter.
•Flowering is determined by the chilling
and subsequent heat requirement.
•Bloosm opening in almond is a typical
sigmoid response curve.
INFLORESCENCE OF TEMPERATE INFLORESCENCE OF SUB-TROPICAL
ALMOND ALMOND
 CONTD……

•Fruit Growth occur in three stages

•STAGE 1: Pericarp, seed, nucellus
develops
•STAGE 2: Endosperm and embryo enlrage
•STAGE 3: Dry weight of embryo increases
•Physiological process which accompanies
fruit ripening includes :
•dehiscence of hull or mesocarp
• Hull split
• Fruit abscission
• Dehydration
 SUBTROPICAL ALMOND
SL NAME OF CULTIVAR DESCRIPTION
NO.
1 Cailfornia Papershell It ripens in the last week of June. The thin-shelled nuts
are bold, weighing about 2.1 g each and the average
yield being 3.8 kg/t

2 Hybrid 15 The thin-shelled variety with bold nuts ripens in the first
week of July. On an average, a nut weight 1.7 g, the
average yield being 3.7 kg/tree.

3 Pethick’s Wonder Thin shelled nuts of this variety are bigger than all other
varieties. On an average, a nut weights 2.5g, the
average yield being 3.7 kg/tree.

4 J K 55 Earliest ripening variety, its nuts are harvested in the

first week of June. The nuts are semi-hard, small –sized,
the average yield being 3.5kg dry nuts/tree.
 CLIMATIC AND SOIL REQUIREMENT:
Fruit and nut trees that originate in cold-winter climates fall dormant in winter,
enabling them to tolerate freezing temperatures in their native habitats . During
plant dormancy, visible growth is suspended and all physiological processes are
halted or slowed. They must be reactivated in spring for trees to produce leaves
and flowers, and ultimately bear fruit . In order to avoid frost damage, it is crucial
for trees to only resume growth when the cold season is over. For determining
this moment, trees have evolved mechanisms to sense temperature, and they
appear to be able to integrate over phases of cold and phases of warm
temperatures . In other words, they can sense ‘how long it has been how cold’
(chilling) and ‘how long it has been how warm’ (heat). Trees must fulfill their
chilling and heat requirements in order to break dormancy .

deep, well-drained, loamy soils are ideal. Soils with had pan, water logging
and high water table, should be avoided.
PROPAGATION:
TIME: Late spring, root stock grown in
autum
METHOD: T-Budding
 RAISING OF ROOT STOCK:

•Peach, Plum or almond x Peach hybrids are

taken as rootstocks
•Fruits are collected at hull spilt stage
•Seed extraction is done
•Seed soaking
•Stratification
•Sowing
• fungicide treatment
Cultivation
Planting
•Almond plants are planted in 1m x 1mx 1m sized pits at a distance of
4.5 m x 4.5m in January in square system.
•Most of the almond varieties are self-unfruitful. Therefore to plant
two or more cross-compatible varieties which flower at the same time
in alternate rows are essential.

Training and pruning

•Almond plants are trained according to modified leader system.
•It bears mostly on spurs which live for five years. Thus in young trees,
only diseased, dry wood and the branches which are interfering with
each other should be removed.
•Water sprouts arising on the stem should also be removed as early as
possible.
•In old bearing trees, pruning is done to remove one-fifth of the
growth every year.
FERTILIZATION AND IRRIGATION:

•As mesophytic origin crop it required less water.

• Irrigation should be done thoroughly but not so frquently as it is suseptible to
water logging conditon
•Irrigation should be with holded prior to harvest as the result ing water stress
promotes abscission layer
• It mainly required Nitrogen application.
• Almond removes 45kg of actual N from soil
•Leaf analysis should be done during summer to identify deficiencies
• Under high yield cropping systems pottasium and zinc may be applied as
potassium easilyfixed by clay become unavailable for root uptake
•Zinc or foliar spray of zinc sulphite in autumn helps to remove remaining
leaves on tree as they go into winter dormancy
Harvesting:

HARVESTING TIME: Early August to Late

September
HARVESTING INDICES:
•Hull split of 95% of nuts
• Ripened nuts should be prevented from bird
damage

HARVESTING METHOD:
Almond tress are knocked and falling nuts are
collected in net
HULLING AND DRYING:

Hulling is the method of

removal of hull which can
be done manually or
HULLING mechanically
 To prevant mould
growth during storage
drying is done under sun
bye spreading almonds in
thin layer till they make
brittle sound.

DRYING
STORAGE:

Before going for storage nuts should be treated at -

17.8 *c for 48 hours to destroy the eggs and pest of
previously applied naval orange pest
 Almond can be stored for * months under room
temperature
 It can also be stored for more years if kept at 0 to 7
*C
S NAME OF THE SYMPTOMS VECTOR MANAGEMENT
l DISEASES and
n CAUSAL
o ORGANISM

1 Almond • trees stunted and have pear psylla (Psylla • Remove and
Brownline And leaves that droop and appear pyricola) replace stunted
Decline wilted. trees with replants
Pathogens: Pe •Current-season shoot •use budwood
ach yellow growth absent. sources tested free
leafroll •If bark is removed from the of the pathogen.
phytoplasma graft union, brown necrotic
areas can be seen

2 Crown Gall •Rough, abnormal galls on •careful handling to

Pathogen: Agr roots or trunk. avoid injury as
obacterium •Galls are soft and spongy. much as possible
tumefaciens •The centers of older galls •biological control
decay. agent Agrobacteriu
•Young trees become m radiobacter-84.
stunted; older trees often
develop secondary wood
rots.
Crown gall on the crown and roots of a young
tree.
SL NAME SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
NO

1 Brown Mite •Feeding by these mites can cause
Scientific chlorosis, but leaves rarely drop
name: Bryobia • Less number of these pest are
rubrioculus used in spring as mite predator
2 Navel Orangeworm •First-instar larvae bore into the
Scientific nutmeat, and later instars can
name: Amyelois consume most of the nut,
transitella producing large amounts of
webbing and frass.
•Navel orangeworm larval damage
can also lead to fungal infections
•monitor for brown mite
as part of the dormant
spur sample and treat
with dormant oil if
required.
•The western predatory
mite and brown
lacewing are both
effective predators, but
alone may not control
brown mite populations.
•early harvest—provide
the most effective control
of navel orangeworm
•Parasitic wasps
Copidosoma is used.
Brown mite eggs and adults Older navel orangeworm larvae consume
most of the nut.
 FUTURE THRUST
•As almond has high demand and it
can grow well in both temerate and
subtropical condition we should
consider to cover more area under it
• More sub tropical varieties should be
improved
• Availabilty of planting material
should be taken care of.
THANK YOU……..