GRADE 11

CHEMISTRY
Chemical Reactions
Class 4

Ionization Energy
• Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to
remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its
ground state

Energy + X(g) → X+(g) + e-

• Expressed in kJ/mol
• Easy to remove electron = low ionization energy
• Difficult to remove electron = high ionization energy

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3p+ 4p+ 5p+

Across: Ionization energy increases

• Zeff increases
• More difficult to remove electrons
11p+

Down: Ionization energy decreases

• More energy levels
• More electron shielding

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• First ionization energy (IE1) is the minimum energy
needed to remove the first electron from a gaseous
atom in its ground state

IE1 + X(g) → X+(g) + e-

IE2 + X+(g) → X2+(g) + e-
IE3 + X2+ (g) → X3+(g) + e-

• Successive ionization energies always increase

because each subsequent electron is being pulled
away from an increasingly positive ion

Large jumps in
ionization energy
correspond to the
transition from the
last valence
electron and the
first core electron

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 Checkpoint

Sketch a graph to
show the relative
successive
ionization energies
of boron.

Checkpoint

Using only trends, rank the following elements by

increasing ionization energy:

a) Li, Mg, K, Be, B

b) Xe, He, Ar, Si, P

c) Sn, In, Sb, P, Cl

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Electron Affinity
• Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs
when an electron is added to a gaseous atom

X(g) + e- → X-(g)

• Expressed in kJ/mol

• If electron affinity is high, energy is released when

the electron is added; expressed as a negative
value
F(g) + e- → F-(g) -328 kJ/mol

• If electron affinity is low, energy needs to be

added to force the electron in; expressed as a
positive value
• Group 18 has the lowest electron affinity

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3p+ 4p+ 5p+

Across: Electron affinity increases (more negative)

• Zeff increases
11p+ • Exception: Group 18 has the lowest EA

Down: Electron affinity decreases (more positive)

• More energy levels
• More electron shielding

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 Checkpoint

Using only trends, rank the following elements by from

most negative to most positive electron affinity:

a) C, B, F, O, Ne

b) Na, Si, N, He, Li

c) Al, P, S, Sr, Rb

Electronegativity
• Electronegativity is the ability of an
atom to attract electrons in a
covalent bond
• Elements that have a strong pull of
electron density has high
electronegativity
• Element that have a weak pull of electron
density has low electronegativity
• Not applicable to Group 18 since
they do not form covalent bonds

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 Across: Electronegativity increases
• Zeff increases
• Exception: Group 18 has no EN

Down: Electronegativity decreases

• More energy levels
• More electron shielding

Remember: F > O > Cl > N > Br > I > S > C > H

Checkpoint

Using only trends, rank the following elements by

increasing electronegativity:

a) F, Li, C, O, Ne

b) Kr, Br, Cs, I, Sr

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 Checkpoint

Which of the following single bonds is the least

polar?
a) H-N
b) H-O
c) F-O
d) I-F
e) H-F

Summary of the Periodic Trends

Atomic Electron
Radius Affinity

Ionization Electro-
Energy negativity

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Exception to Periodic Trends
• Red line shows the
increasing trend of
ionization energy
• Green line shows the
actual ionization energy
values

Why is there a
discrepancy?

Electron Configurations
H: 1s1
He: 1s2
Li: 1s22s1
Be: 1s22s2
B: 1s22s22p1
C: 1s22s22p2
N: 1s22s22p3
O: 1s22s22p4

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Orbital Filling Diagrams
Rules:
• s-orbital 1) Fill singly before pairing up
2) Fill from lowest orbital possible
3) Arrows point up first by convention
• p-orbital

• d-orbital

• f-orbital

Exception to Periodic Trends

• Nitrogen has a half-filled stability

so removing its 2p electron is
unfavorable = higher IE

• Oxygen has an extra 2p electron

so removing it decreases
repulsion = lower IE

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 • Carbon wants a 2p electron to
achieve half-filled stability = high
EA

• Nitrogen has a half-filled stability

so adding another 2p electron
would increase electron
repulsion = low EA

Law of Conservation of Mass

• Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter
cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical
reaction but can change forms

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Chemical Reactions
Reactant → Product

Word: Sodium + Chlorine → Sodium chloride

Skeleton: Na + Cl2 → NaCl
Balanced: 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

• Add coefficients to balance chemical

reactions

Checkpoint

Balance the following reactions:

a) P4(s) + O2(g) → P4O10(s)
b) HCl(aq) + Na2SO3(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
c) Aqueous lead (II) nitrate and solid magnesium
react to form aqueous magnesium nitrate and
solid lead
d) Solid barium reacts with solid sulfur to produce
solid barium sulfide

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Types of Reactions
• Synthesis
• Decomposition
• Combustion
• Single Displacement
• Double Displacement
• Precipitation
• Neutralization
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) → 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

Synthesis Reactions

1) Synthesis of Ionic Compounds

• Use ionic charges of the reactants to predict the product
2Li + Cl2 → 2LiCl
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

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2) Synthesis of Molecular Compounds
a) Reactions involving hydrogen
- Treat hydrogen as +1 and still use ionic charges for
nonmetals
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

b) Reactions not involving hydrogen

- Combine the two non-metals to form the compound
- Difficult to predict; requires experiments

P4 + 6Br2 → 4PBr3

3) Synthesis Involving Oxides

a) Acidic Oxides
- Non-metals + Oxygen → Non-metallic oxides
- Non-metallic oxides + Water → Acidic oxides
C + O2 → CO2
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

b) Basic Oxides
- Metals + Oxygen → Metallic oxides
- Metallic oxides + Water → Basic oxides
2Na + O2 → Na2O
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

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 Checkpoint

Predict the products of each reaction and balance

the chemical equations:

a) K + Br2 →

b) Ca + Cl2 →

c) Li + O2 →

Checkpoint

Show the synthesis of calcium oxide and show the

reaction of calcium oxide with water.

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Decomposition Reactions

1) Simple Ionic or Molecular Compounds

• Compound breaks down into its elements
2KCl → 2K + Cl2
2NH3 → N2 + 3H2

2) Decomposition of Complex
Compounds
- Breaks down into simpler
compounds
- Difficult to predict
- Carbonates → Metal oxide + CO2 To detect CO2, bubble the gas
through limewater Ca(OH)2 (aq).

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 Limewater turns cloudy or

Li2CO3 → Li2O + CO2 milky white when CO2 is
bubbled through.

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Combustion Reactions
• Combustion is the burning of a
substance with oxygen to
produce products and energy
• Complete combustion occurs
when there is sufficient oxygen

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

• Incomplete combustion occurs when there is

insufficient oxygen
C4H10 + 5O2 → 2CO2 + 5H2O + CO + C + energy

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 Checkpoint

Write the balanced chemical equation for each of the

following questions:

a) Complete combustion of CH3OH

b) Complete combustion of octane (C8H18)

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