OPERATING SYSTEMS
MODULE 1
Lesson 1: Definition, Function, and Goals of
Operating System
What is Operating System?
Operating System
- is a pre-installed software that manages
and communicates with all the hardware
and allows other software to run on a
computer.
- users can interact with the OS through
GUI (Graphical User Interface)
Functions of Operating System
1. Memory Management (Receptionist)
- keeps track of primary memory, the
memory addresses that have/not been
used.
2. Processor Management (Traffic
Officer)
- decides which process gets the
processor when and for how long
(process scheduling); keeps track of
processor status (traffic controller);
allocates and deallocates the processor.
3. Device Management (Dispatcher)
- keeps track of all devices (I/O
controller); decides which process gets
the device when and for how long;
allocates and deallocates devices.
4. File Management (Resource Manager)
- keeps track of info, loc, status, etc;
decides who gets the resources;
allocates and deallocates resources.
5. Security (Security Officer)
- protects the data stored on the computer
from illegal user, modification or
deletion.
6. Control over system performance
- recording delays between requests and
response.
7. Job Accounting (Accountant)
- keep track of time and resources used by
various jobs and users.
8. Error detecting aids
- protection of dumps, traces, and other
debugging detecting aids.
9. Coordination between other software
and users
- coordination and assignment of
compilers, and other software to the
users.
Goals of the Operating System
• Convenience
• Efficiency
Lesson 2: History of Operating System
The first computer (Analytical Engine) was
designed by Charles Babbage (the Father of
Digital Computer).
The First Generation (1945-1955)
There were no operating systems, all
programming was done in absolute machine
language; to perform simple mathematical
calculations.
Vacuum tubes were used and the machine GUI. Steve Jobs, co-inventor of Apple
language was binary language. Computer, adapted GUI and Apple Macintosh
became a huge success; Windows was also
created.
The Second Generation (1955-1965)
General Motors created the first operating
system called GMOs, and is used to run single Lesson 3: Types of Operating System
IBM (International Business Machines)
mainframe computers; only huge corporations
and government agencies could afford it.
Transistors were introduced, operating systems
were present, and the first operating system
Fortran Monitor System was introduced in
computers. High level languages of this
generation are COBOL and FORTRAN. Printers,
tape storage, and memory were started from
the second generation of computers and also
processing speed improved to microseconds.
Batch System (all magnetic tapes mounted on
a tape drive) was used, and to execute the
program two commuters were used IBM 1401
for reading cards, copying tapes, and printing
output, and IBM 7094 for real computing.

The Third Generation (1965-1980)

The third generation was from 1965-1975 where
technology was integrated circuits,
minicomputers (DEC PDP-1) were introduced,
and the language used is high level language.
In this generation, computers are based on
Integrated Circuits and were invented by
Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby in 1958-1959.
Integrated Circuits are single components
containing several transistors. A few examples
of this are PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360,
IBM 370, and many more. In this generation, it
uses the concept of time-sharing and multiple
programming in operating systems.

The Fourth Generation (1980-Present)

PCs were popular. Microsoft began to emerge,
MS-DOS was widely used. Doug Engelbart of
the Stanford Research Institute invented the