R COLLOQUIAL BULGARIAN George D. PapantchevThe Colloquial Series **Colloquial Albanian *Colloquial Arabic of Eeypt *Colloquial Arabic (Levantine) *Colloquial Arabic of the Gulf and Saudi Arabia *Colloquial Bulgarian *Colloquial Cantonese *Colloquial Chinese *Colloguial Czech *Colloquial Danish *Coltoguial Dutch Colloquial English *Colloquial Estonian *Colloquial French Colloguial German Colloquial Greek *Colloguial Hungarian *Colloquial Italian *Colloquial Japanese **Colloquial Persian *Colloqual Polish Colloquial Portuguese *Colloquial Romanian *Colloquial Russian *Colloquial Serbo-Croat Colloguial Spanish *Colloquial Swedish *Colloquial Turkish * Accompanying cassette(s) available Colloquial Bulgarian George D. Papantchev London and New YorkFirst published 1994 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 (© 1994 George D. Papantchev ‘Typeset in Times by Transet Typesetters Lid, Coventry, England Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Lid, St Ives ple All sights reserved. No par of tis book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known of hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage of retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data ‘A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-415-07963-2 (book) ISBN 0-415-07964-0 (cassetes) ISBN 0-415-07965-9 (book and cassettes course) Contents Introduction 1 Nosqpasu, senpocn u orrosopy Greetings, questions and answers 2 Bcamonera m na aeporapa Corban On the plane and at Sofia aixport 3 Sanoshasane u npeacranane Meeting and introducing people 4 Crpanu, Haynonannoctn wnpodecun ‘Countries, nationalities and professions 5 Bxorena At the hotel 6 O6ukHoBeH gex ‘An ordinary day 7 BcnagKapHnyara Inthe café 8 Bpectopanra In the restaurant 9 Pasrosop 3a Heuja MuHanoto Talking about things from the past 10 Hosata ctaa ‘The new room 11 Perucrpayvonnata kapra ‘The registration card 16 31 16 ut 12 132vi 12 Nocetutenute The visitors 13 Tom He e Ao6pe Tom is not wel Nip se6oneKapa At the dentist 14 Cocbniicxuat rpaqcKn Tpancnopt Sofia's public transport 15 Mexayrpackusr tpaxcnopr 8 Benrapua Intercity transport in Bulgaria 16 Nogrotoska 3a nbtysave c Kona Preparations for travelling by car 17 Pasnw4Hv marasnHn Different shops B 6pechapo-ppnabopcKus canon [Atte barber's andthe hair salon 18 Mounexa, cnoptysave # paspnevennn 8 Benrapusi Leisure, spots and entertainment in Bulgaria Grammatical summary Key to the exercises English—Bulgarian glossary Bulgarian-English glossary Grammatical index 143 154 164 175 183, 191 Introduction Bulgarian and English Bulgarian is a Slav language and like some other Slav languages (for instance, Russian and Serbian) uses the Cyrillic alphabet, This must be leamed first, However, as soon as you have Jeamed the alphabet, you should be able to read and write with confidence because Bulgarian spelling (unlike English) is phonetic: most words are pronounced the way they are writen and Bulgarian does not present the student with the problems of written English, Bulgarian is also the easiest Slav language for any speaker of English to Jeam as its structure is very similar to English. There are no declen- sions, Bulgarian has a definite article and the word order in a Bulgarian sentence is similar to that in English. However, there are also essential differences between the two languages and you should be aware of them before you take your first steps in Bulgarian. The main differences between English and Bulgarian, other than their use of different alphabets, are their differing sound systems, differing systems of verbs, nouns and adjectives and the existence of grammatical gender in Bulgarian,The Bulgarian alphabet ‘The Bulgarian alphabet has thirty letters. With the exception of the letters 44 G kratko), » (er golyam) and s (er malak), Bulgarian letters have no special names. Letter ‘Approximate sound in English Aa (@) @ a in Manchester B,6 (6v/6e) be) in baby Bip (wu/ne) ve) in vegetable Tr (w/v) @e) eg in go Wa wise) ee) in did Be © © e in let XK, x (ew/xxe) (he) in pleasure 3,3 GB/s) fe) in ero Hn oi in bit Wei (axperro) y ieee Kx (b/xa) ka) kk in kind Ja Galery) in lot Mm (sto/em) (em) sm in me Hox (/en) (en) in no Oo ©) @ 0 in odd Tm (m/e) @e) op in pepper Pp (pe/pe)e) ork in room Ge (lee) (e) ss in 0 Tr (re/re) we) et in too vy w oo in put Db — (bv/de) (fe) t in fit Xx (xb/xe) he) in hot Lu (ww/ue) (se) tz in quartz Ux (ufo) Ge) chin chip I,m —(ur/ime) (she) shin. shop Um —(ure/ute) (she) sti ash tee B® (ep roms) a in aboy Bb (ep mame) y in beyond (never at the beginning) 10,10 (0) ow ou fn tune Aa (a) ya in yard |As soon as you have leamed the alphabet you should actually be able to read Bulgarian. Try to read the following: Visdni e muxér (Ivan is a pilot). Toit seri 0 Amépixa (He is ‘lying to America). Tlécne toit nevit 0 Adppuxa (Then he is flying to Africa). Téene no Anerpémix (Then to Australia). TIéene (then) 40 (to) Aurdperuxa. [dene 10 Adrasmerax. TIéene 110 Banépus. Mécne 10 Baxima. Mécxe 20 Bepmgaa. [dca 20 Bonvisns. TIéene 20 Buarépus. [dene no Barnrana. Méene 10 Ta6éx. Mécne 10 Paisroy. Tidene 10 Ipkaxépra. TMéeae 20 ‘AgGmm. Téene no Eerouns. Téere 10 3arpe6. Tiécne 10 Bum64Gne, Tiéene 10 Minami. Téere no Ka6yn. Téene 20 Kéiipo. Téexe 0 Kamepju. Tée1e 0 Kapaxac. Técse 10 Kénna, Téere 10 Kéxro. Téexe 20 Jla Banéra. Tiécne 20 Mérous. Técne a0 Jlecéro. Tiéene 0 Jima. Téene 0 Jlyanaa. Téene x0 IIycéxa. TIéene 0 Manpiia. Téere 0 Maxéo. Tocne 20 HaxaiGus. Hécne 10 Oma, Tide 0 Ocso. Tidcxe 10 Ordsa. Téene 10 Taxa. Tiécne 0 Tlepy. Tléeae 0 Tiperépus. Tiéene 10 Pélixasux. Méene 10 Caxépa. Méene Ho Cefn, Tiéene a0 Cémm6epu. Tiéere 20 Tatiana, TMéere 0 Tausdnus. Tiéene x0 Ten Anis, Tiéene 10 Toxuo. Tiéene 110 ‘Tptinosm. Héene 10 Yan Batép. Técne 20 Paépaza. It is equally easy to read and understand some other words that are similar in both English and Bulgarian: anapranéur, apryMéHt, apncroxpér, Gawén, caxdva, Ganzi, BaxyyM, napnanr, nanzazitsen, ranépus, neMoKpat ‘As you can see, itis perfectly possible to leam how to read and write Bulgarian even in this casual way and if this suits you, fine. But if you ‘want to approach Bulgarian in a more systematic way, you may find it ‘more useful to go through the remaining part of this Introduction and practise (preferably with the help of the tapes) the pronunciation drills that follow.Printed and handwritten letters A Aa 1 oo Tn B56 BS Pp Pap Bs £86 Ge Ce ror Se Tr Dm Aa Dy vy y Ee Ge © 2% Kx Wx Xx 2a Bo es uu ¥ Hun @xk 1. Be a ek mm We uw Ke Ke mow a ener ded Mu KL uw be 6% He Ax 0» Dw 00 Oe Aas Q 4 Letters and sounds Since there is practically no difference between the way Bulgarian is written and spoken, there is no danger of being misunderstood or ridiculed even if you mispronounce certain sounds or words. But it ‘might still be helpful if you know more about the way Bulgarian is pro- nounced, read and written, and the following pages are intended to explain the basic facts about Bulgarian letters and sounds. Some Bulgarian letters and the sounds they stand for are similar to English letters: Bulgarian English Bulgarian English A A K K E BE M M o o T T More often, however, Bulgarian letters that look like familar English ones are pronounced differently: Bulgarian English Bulgarian English B v H N P R c s y u x H Many Bulgarian leters look strange, but stand for sounds that are similar to English sounds: Bulgarian English Bulgarian English Bulgarian English B B Ty G x a n P a L 3 Zz ® F u Ts q cH ri SH b ER uy SHT 0 you # YA Essentially, all Bulgarian sounds are slightly different from English sounds and the parallels used as examples here are intended merely to give an approximate idea of their characte. For a more accurate grasp of Bulgarian pronunciation, listen carefully to the tapes (if you have them) and try to imitate the Sounds and sound combinations produced by native speakers. Consonants ‘Consonants are all those speech sounds or letters of the alphabet that are not vowels. In English all letters ofthe alphabet except a, e, i, 0 and u ‘are consonants.With a few exceptions (for example, B-IT, T-M1, X, Ll and Il) most Bulgarian consonants are pronounced in a mote or less similar manner to their English equivalents. The main differences are that Bulgarian consonants are pronounced less energetically than English ones, while the contrast between voiced and voiceless consonants (in English, for example, the voiced d and the unvoiced 1) is more important in Bulgarian, ‘There are 21 Bulgarian letters, which stand for as many consonant sounds, and they are used in a number of different combinations 10 express more complex consonant sounds (as, for example, JDK rendering the g sound in ‘range’) Bulgarian consonants can thus be grouped in four categories: voiced B (6), B (v), T (g) as in garden, JI (d), 3 (2); voiceless TI (p), © (/), K @&, T ©, C (s); sonants P(r) JT), M (m), H (n) and a few “speci cases, like Hl (sh?) Bulgarian voiceless consonants are rather similar to their English counterparts and a simple explanation or parallel is often enough. For example: K sounds like k in kt, ¢ in come or q in question sounds likes in sit, ¢ in cinema or ss in chess ® sounds like f in ft or ph in phone I sounds like sh in ship or shop 4 sounds like ch in check TI sounds roughly like p in pen UL (a sound that occurs rarely in English) sounds like ts inthe words Patsy, wants, and wet Socks or like tz in quartz ‘But some corresponding Bulgarian voiced consonants — B (B), B (V), T ), 1 @), K ZH), 3 (Z) — are alittle more problematic, although the basic pronunciation of most of this group is simple enough, as can be seen from the following examples: B sounds like b in baby B sounds like v in vase T sounds like gin get 2K sounds likes in measure 3 sounds like z in zer0 oF 200 AA sounds like d in do but rater different from it. In fact, neither 2 (D) nor T (1) correspond to their English counterparts, so any Pirallel between them should be used to suggest a roughly approxi- ‘mate sound effect rather than close similarity “The opposition between voiced and voiceless consonants in Bulgarian is important in two ways: 1 When the Bulgarian voiced consonants (B, B,C, JI, 2K, 3) are atthe end of a word or before a voiceless consonant (HI, ®, K, T, Ill, C, X, I, 4) they become voiceless and are pronounced like their respective voiceless counterparts (ie. B - II, B- ®, J\- T, K - I, 3- ©, unlike English voiced consonants which remain voiced irrespective of, their postion inthe word. 2 Conversely, the Bulgarian voiceless consonants (II, ®, K, T, Ul, C) ‘become voiced when preceding a voiced consonant and are pro- nounced like their voiced counterparts (ie. (II-B, ® ~ B, K -T, T-J,-*,C-3), ‘The Bulgarian letter If stands for two consonants: (H+ = SH+T) as sh and tin ash tree. ‘The Bulgarian X sounds like hin hit or hot but is pronounced less energetically and sounds more like the Scottish ch in loch. ‘The Bulgarian P is different from the English r and is pronounced much ‘more like the Scottish r, but the British and particulary the American pronunciation of r in rock can be used as a good starting point. The difference is that in Bulgarian te tip ofthe tongue should be against the upper teeth or as near to them as possible to pronounce r. {TL sounds like 1 in lip or lot H sounds like n in not or now M sounds like m in man or milk Vowels Vowels (a, ef 0, u) are sounds that can be pronounced continuously ‘without interruption. The Bulgarian vowels are: A, E, H, O, Y, 10 and 3. ‘most Bulgarian consonants are roughly similar to theit English ‘counterparts, Bulgarian vowels differ noticeably from the English ones in both quality and length. Since the quality of the Bulgarian vowels is also affected by the surrounding consonants, learning how to pronounce and read them if possible, with the help of the accompanying tapes, before beginning to study the language itself will help considerably. ‘That is why a few exercises to enable the beginner to practise thepronunciation of Bulgarian vowels and consonants are introduced at this stage. The underlying principle behind this pronunciation drill is to practise the use of Bulgarian vowels in all environments. However, these drills will make sense only if it is remembered that, apart from the correct enunciation of the separate sounds, attention should be paid to intonation, rhythm and the specific peculiarities of Bulgarian sounds. Note the following examples: © ‘there is no distinction between long and short vowels in Bulgarian, so the basic rule should be to assume that they are all short; © all voiced consonants at the end of a word or before voiceless con- sonants themselves become voiceless; © ‘more often than not, when a is at the end of a word it is pronounced ‘more like ®. Pronunciation and reading drills The Bulgarian a sounds like a in ‘ask’ but shorter or like U in ‘butter’ or like o in ‘mother’ (In the following drilsa selection of the examples are included on the tapes.) 6a ma a6 an kak xx ndwa_—pcava bapa asap Mak Mia wana xpantira ra ca ar acca = 66a ria Gpandéra wa Ta ak ar caM mia dpa mara xa a ax ab ram xd6a-Xéra_rndawara saoxa a3, ax ac sai awara Ka ua oak ats pac sna apaazta ya ya oan aw ac pa mina dcxata Ma ua am am pax —mdpamud6aMiicxara Ha uaa = amma pda mura acd Read and lear: ak how iica a table sewiara a book ‘xdwra a bag dia a lady ‘ram there Note: Most nouns ending in -a (stica, xwira, sdirra) are feminine in gender. The Bulgarian e sounds like e in ‘pen’ ora in ‘many’ Ge me 6 en mex G86e newt mnevéne Geni nex pe pe eB ep Tex néxe pené mérene éHa pend re ce er ec Cex steré céme wenécen rerd cera ge Te en er pex xené Téme ménene emi Tex xe de x et Men ane denép peméne end déca xe xe 2 ex ec éme veré cenéue 3éra_xéxTap Ke ue ex em mec stére uéne Térnene xéfa ew ne we en et pex méne uénen denépen nexé ménne Me me em em cea HeGé méwer menéne Meck wéxpa He me ex em Te6 mepé umiéue wienréne néxa véma Read and lea: ser child 66 baby ise teddy (beat) ‘Note: Most nouns ending with -e (nevé, 6é6e, éye) are neuter in gender. The Bulgarian v sounds likei in ‘it, ‘bit’ or ‘kit’ or like @ In ‘Peter’ (but shorter) or like ea in ‘eat’ (but shorter). 6x mm nO mn HM Giipa mim sucun Giipa pH mR mp oT wiqH pliner xMBMN BH cn mr Me MAT Tip cit sine ritpa TH Wa HT MHC aM GM Kui siBA Qu wx a> TH iio xn miNeH ina iG XH WO UX ame inet mM MCT sia ima I HK wm Mup xu wicTH cm cha wera Sw wx Bp sm x Tue sm ina UM HM mI cmt Nee unitTH mpm xc xin 1H ak MP rat pM HMM Hd KA Read and learn: xewGpirr (safety matches) _néeramn (a newspaper) Note: EEEESHERE 1 Most nouns (man, dog), adjectives (big, red) and pronouns (I, who) ending on M are in the plural. 2 Most nouns ending on a consonant (KuGpiir, BécrHMK, mmep) are ‘masculine in gender.10 The Bulgarian o sounds likeo in ‘lot’ 60 0 0G om Tox Gop noréx Gonecrré nonecs BO pO OB op coK pon péMoH wowitre — pomint To co or oc Tom roa cképo romiua cron HO TO OX OT COM JOM TémI0 oHecd — TonmMd KO ho OK ob KOH 305 éto HGxKOBe hororpic) 30 XO 03 ox Ton Kom xops monéam —xoTémH XO HO OK om TOP 108 1610 Hos — m608e 0 YO 1 O% Mop Hon HOMO NORiiKa —voRéKa Mo ulo oM our ton mon andro Pociiua saméro Ho m0 oH OWL Mor poG Koréro Tonmmd HEMIoTO Read and lean: sreraié a bed Hem a letter 26am a pencil ton achair momé a boy sitio wine and what ‘rosé e this is Kaxsé e Tosa? ‘What is this? Towd e mucmd, Thisft isa leter. Topd e ser6. This/It isa bed. Topd e piino. This/It is wine. Topé e Momné, This/It is a boy. Note: 1 Most nouns ending in -o (nue, niin, ster6) are neuter in gender. 2 Alll voiced consonants (b, d, g) become voiceless (p, t, k) when at the end of a word: 606 (bop) beans, po6 (rop) slave, més» (molif) pencil, rpas (grat) town The Bulgarian y sounds like u in ‘put’ or like o in ‘move’; or like oo in ‘room’ but shorter 6y my yO yn ym nya ILYM 6yajman nanjeraue ay py ye yp TyK pyst ayast st0pjmam napyuiéume ry cy yr ye Gyk pyc syK moryGxam uTepecyant ay Ty ya Yr ayk eye myw nonyeaw narjmpan xy dy yx yb ayx ctyn myp craxjeam dynnaséut sy XY ys YK aya emyrxjna paayaen Gyurjnane sy ny YR Yu yk Tpya Myr Gpaxjsan myworésnna " ay yy" YX KYM yr mypM ayajpam myporin My wy YM yu xyn yr apyM ysgpane mypesynane wy uly YH yi nypa Tpyn Spiro mpasuyam noGpynane Read and lear: ayk (an onion), puma (a pear), ve (a dog) ‘Tyxa here, tpya labour, yt foot Kaxné € Tosa? - Tosa ¢ ayx, ‘Kaxé ¢ Tosa? ~ Tosa e xpyuia, ‘Kaxnd Tond? ~ Toni e xy. Note: “Tlyx ~-masculine gender (itends on a consonant); Kpjmua ~ feminine gender (it ends on -a) Kae — neuter gender (it ends on -). The Bulgarian » sounds like a in ‘a boy’ or like o in ‘money' or like -2F in ‘bitter’ but shorter 6» om x6 on mew Ges ook her Gina Bb pb bB Bp KBr meu mot Gucréx wuxé Th ch wr te Kee rocr pser xbsTiK repOi ab TH BM BE ChM BIT cen Gépeaaépna xp ge wx wh con xEIT Ton Bip xine 3e Xb 30 BK BBN SBT XB Xba 3B Ke mb BK i cbT LG mpox atuekd Kone wb 4b BN 3% KBP MPSA BBB CTpBB Miron Me ur 3M BI Mik OBps MBcT Képna peat Hb Ul BH BIL MBX cBuL UpEcT Mbpua TBEpae Read and lean: ‘nox a man, pbx a peak, ré6a a mushroom Mor aroad, gueréK a peanut, Kwme where Kax6 e rosa? ~ Toss e mmx. ‘Kaxné € rosa? ~ Tosd e apex. Kaxné e Tosa? - Tosa e ré6a. Kaxoé ¢ rosa? - Tosa e mst. Keaé e rosa? ~ Where is that? Note: The definite article in Bulgarian (the) is in the form of an ending added to the noun (man, dog, box) and it has different forms in the different genders (BT for the masculine; -TA for the feminine and -TO for the neuter gender.12 13 nx — senor ‘xed — xenéra sere —aeréro (aman) (the man) (a woman) ~ (the woman) (a child) ~ (the child) ‘The Bulgarian letter 0 sounds like ew in ‘new’ or like u In ‘union’ or like eau in ‘beauty’ 610 mo 106 on tor Gopé mo biinene Bio plo 108 op fos Gropéx mmo dpuuTe Tio clo or oe tom = aon = avoutre mo TO OR or OM =— om‘ pronérxa x10 p10 10x =o) oR toTHin—_yrotuocrré 310 x10 103 OX Gmio0moGR—opemip MO MO OK ton’, oxeH = M0658 YoxHMTE mo oon OHM foam ouOMaTa Mio uno 10M = om yioT = ytoren ~—_sopiicruTe Ho myo on = Yom ToHK ~—TOHAYeH _soHduecTBO Read and leam: G10p6 a desk/bureau, Kmo4 a key, tor south Youu June, som July, sors an iron Kaxaé ¢ ros? ~ Toss e 610p6. Kaxsé e Tosi? - Toss e kos, The Bulgarian letter 9 sounds like ya in ‘yard’ 6a na x6 an Gatos ina SG uaa Ba pt sp appa fente Ta ch arm mpsme inon_aonitr ah | ast ané— otra nam anc xa ox mk mt TiraMiipxa rene oo xe x foa pina nda mpena xi om ok ota pinia actor aa 47 ow tH apn mpacua fpocre Ma wa mM Mima cMitram énopos ea mga AM oman ompsixa arduurre Read and leam: a1 (white), mw (to cat), Guana (an apple) ina (a turnip), sroga (a strawberry) Kaxaé e rosé? - Tons e i6nmca, Kaxsé e Tons? ~ Toad e firona, Kaxné e Tos? ~ Tond e pina. Note: Most nouns ending on -fl are feminine in gender: Gina a bath iu a mile The Bulgarian it sounds like y in ‘yes’ Popnin oii — x6itro. —nopolino —MHoro6péiio Wonka Got wittro erp Sito —_nditucTayBamL Vidura sok —miiro.-—«GElisGon—_necTpiinoTO Visto —Gpolk —Géiiuo crux —Mar06péitHoTo Tiéuo —cxpolt_expéitno —_es6itruino Gea6pOiimure The Bulgarian letter b has no sound value and serves merely to indicate that the preceding consonant is soft. It is never used at the beginning of a word. 2Kémo Térs0 —_cittbo Miso ers sanm6p Bao Héxto Bulgarian syllables Bulgarian syllables can consist of: © asingle vowel: a, 4, y © a vowel and one consonant: 0, 40, 3a, mt, My, OT, YM © vowel and more than one consonant: 868, Upell, KPBET, -CTBO Here are a few examples of words divided into syllables: eax, md-ea, Maal, O-nm-c4-a-e, mpeT-CT4-BH-Te:-€TBO iap-ra-wéur, ro-e-wu-né-ra, pas-u-pé-res-crn0-10 Stress in Bulgarian ‘The stress in Bulgarian is not fixed and its place can vary from word to word: ‘© in words of one syllable it falls on the vowel: 8, TH, TH, TOH, HOI, CTO, MOCT, TPBET; ‘© in words with more than one syllable, it varies: ica sparé ysirres pasnpocrpansinam HakassumeTo4 Since itis difficult to give rules for the place of the stress in each word, the stress of each mew word and phrase is shown in the Notes and Explanations after each dialogue to help you. Intonation Intonation in Bulgarian does not have as prominent a grammatical function as it has in English and so itis less pronounced, but ~ apart from that ~ is rather similar to the English pattern. The two basic intonations are: 1 Falling — used in declarative sentences: Masiu e rx. Ivan is here. 2 Rising — used for questions: ‘Avant sm xatira? Do you have a book? Handwritten letters ‘The handwritten equivalents ofthe Bulgarian letters once again, are: 4a, 5,06, Ta, 9, be, We, 3y, x the, tha In, se, hia He, be, a In te Bn, My, Bop, Le, Ya, Ue, o x u 4 uty, bo, be, Ww, He i m b &b wo a It will help if you try to practise reading and writing the following words. Practise writing letter by letter. MOEUTVER SE XMOCHNVRORENS AEE OKO Ie MD Kee HOUR OR EEA HH ERO RTE Oe eer eteeee Aaa Bplitras Bipaa Pepsin od Eerén Kenéna Bap Hains Hoopainus Kanda Moncey Soecnerdypt Moxréama Hopoéri ca0 Maparséal Pyiia Condimn ‘Tipu Yurépaa matin Pranaapecd onda pene Ana Tact mon Banna Finuases Dawes Comrorcerd Kenebo Faup Uenaved hoygones Kaxage Morons Hopbeeees Or0 Topabad Gycurd Cauases Paypigus Wapes TaLgoguk gee Worninas Meznae geg erne ‘bene Tierso Oto Sinonms gacnee Brscw Hevato Wagaca Inosed anand 15 axanac see | Sede Sune mie 0996 nia gasra cen xen e009 sams gereyo iran Hecx te wasp “eet on. sabpir 227d rant ace iow ceeeae manta WA 9EYEDA exon x00 amép 7eene pe nino pono cuopr nope omy efron yyted ero ep Bone cong ree | ies suds mene sua yo rep aca subar GG woe Gunto voce shenca1 Mo3gpasu, Bbnpocu wv OTTOBOpN Greetings, questions and answers In this lesson you will leam how to: © greet and address people © ask simple questions © recognise and use the masculine, feminine and neuter forms of nouns. © recognise and use the present tense forms of the verb ebm (am) Nlosgpasuvepnpocn ‘Note how Bulgarians exchange greetings, ask questions and give answers Man: Jlo6po yrpo. Ana: Tlo6po yrpo. VMinax: Bue sm cre rocnoxuna Bouena? Zia, a3 ces rocnoxmua Bouena. ‘Ho6xp nen. Ho6xp zeu. ‘Tyx sme rocnomun Baxes? Za, toil e tyr, To6sp nexep. To6sp nexep. Bue au cre rocnoxa Panena? He, ne coM, A3 CBM rocttoxuma Pastena. Sapaseit, Ana. 3apaneit, Miso. Kax cu? Braronapa, a06pe cba. A TH KaK cit? Baaronaps, a3 ceuto cbM 106pe. 7 Vocabulary Note the stress marked by // above each word. o6p6 frpe Good moming —_N66up nésep Good evening. Bite m cre ...? Areyou...?/ roemoasé Fenn Mrs Ganeva oceéxma MissBoneva He, eco ——_No, Lam not. Bonesa Sapanéii! Hello! aa yes Kax ox? How are you? nam Tan Baaronapé Thank you ‘MoGep nen Good aftemoon —_o6pé cut Lam well, Lam fine (Good day) Arweaxe ex? And you? How Tye ame Is... here? axe you? roenonéat Bénen Me Vanev ‘Ax chao ex Tam fine, 00. Toletys ——Heis here. op Greetings ‘The Bulgarians like to shake hands not only when they are being intro- duced but whenever they see a person after an interval of a few days. ‘The usual Bulgarian greetings are: 3apanéi! Hello! or its more informal version 3apdera! Hil used for closer friends, or 3apanéitre! Hello! when you are greeting someone formally or when Yyou are greeting more than one person. Other conventional greetings dlring the day are: J106p6 §xp0 Good moming — usually until 11 am, JA6Gup en Good day ~ any time of the day ‘T66ep nésep Good evening — any time after sunset Addressing people ‘The simplest ways of addressing people in Bulgarian are by using: Tocnonia (Mz) oetoaiin Tlonés Mr Popov Tocnoniat nocadnmx Mr Ambassador Tocnoxé (Mrs) ocnoasi Pénesa Mrs Ganeva Tocndacma (Miss) Tocaéaama Hsan6sa Miss Ivanova Tlésm w rocnons Ladies and gentlemen18 ‘There is also a special way of addressing people called the vocative case, which is formed: (a) By adding the ending e to male names. For example: Vindu ~ Visine; Baciia — Baciine; Pysten ~ Pfwene In some cases the last syllable of the name is contracted before adding the ending e to it: Anscersp — Iuocierpe; Hlérep — Térpe; Ténea — Témae When using someone’ title rather than his name you may also use the ‘ending e to address him: Tocnosiin mpoipécope (Mr) Profesor Tocnonim n6xrope (Mr) Doctor Toenozim menéxrope (Mr) Inspector (b) By adding the ending e or to female names, for example: Panwa — Dime; Péaxa — Péiawe; Ana Awo; Eaéna ~ Eatwo ‘The vocative form (ie. the way in which you address people) for Tocnéaxnua is Foenéasme and for Tocnoa it is Foenéao. You can use them both with and without the names of the persons you are addressing: Toenéxo Aurénosa Mrs Antonova Toendaco smpéxcrop Mrs Director Tocadaame Merp6sa Miss Petrova Tocnéaame pentixcrop Miss Editor Tocnosiue, Focnéxo and Toenéxnme are also the forms you use to begin letters: ‘para rocnonine Dear Sir (Cian rocnomime ‘Dear (or Esteemed) Sir Yaauciewu rocuonime Dear (or Respected) Sir Apéra rocnéxo/rocnéxae Dear Madam/Miss ‘Cicgua rocnéxo/rocaéamme Dear Madam/Miss ‘Yoarsiiewa rocnéaco/rocnéamie Dear Madam/Miss So, when used without names or titles the word Tocnostime usually ‘means ‘Sir (or the American ‘Mister’) while the word Pocnéaco usually ‘means ‘Madam’. And since you will see them quite often written in an abbreviated way, it might help to know that: r-m = rocnonint rata = rocnoaé; rua = roenéacmua. Gender and nouns ‘There are three gender groups in Bulgarian ~ masculine, feminine and neuter ~ and each Bulgarian noun belongs to one of them. Gender is very important in Bulgarian because adjectives (e.g. red, tall, good), pronouns (e.g he, she, it ete) and participles (c.g. writen, reading) also have to agree in gender with the nouns they refer to. You have already seen this in the dialogues. For example, the greeting JA6Gep nen consists of the noun sew (Gay), which is masculine in gender, and the adjective 2064p (good), which agrees wih it, i. is also masculine in gender. The greeting J06p6. frpo consists of the noun $rpo (moming), which is neuter in gender, and the adjective 1066 (good), which is also neuer in gender. The gender of each noun is very easy to recognise and use if you follow these simple and reliable rules The masculine gender With very few exceptions, all nouns of the masculine gender in the singular end on a consonant: 3K (aman) KOH (ahorse) croll (a chair) The feminine gender Again, with a few exceptions, all nouns of the feminine gender end on Aor: wend (a woman) K6TKA (a-cat) sii (a mile) The neuter gender Nouns of the neuter gender usually end on E., M, O, ¥ or 10: ner (a child) Giop6 (a desk) eurypY (a kangaroo) ‘There are a few exceptions to these rules and these are shown in the Grammatical Summary at the end of the book. However, if you are in any doubt about the gender of a noun, you should look it up in the vocabulary where an abbreviation in brackets after each noun gives you its gender: (m) = masculine, (1) = feminine, (n) = neuter, e.g. mbit (im), eeu (D, nev€ (0). 19Personal pronouns (1, you, we, etc) ‘The basic Bulgarian personal pronouns are: hare Hie we Tu —you(sg)(=thou) Bite you Tot he Te they Ta she To it 1 There are two forms of ‘you’ (Ta and Bae). 2. Bie is used both for the plural (ie, more than one person) and as a polite address to a stranger or a superior. The present tense of the verb coo (I am) ‘The first verb used in this lesson was ema (Lam), not ‘to be’. That is because there is no infinitive in Bulgarian. When you look up a verb in ‘an English dictionary, you will find ~ for example ~ “to be’ or ‘to read’, But a Bulgarian dictionary will give you only the form for the first person singular. Here are all the forms of cba in the present tense: Positive Negative Asc = Tam As ne com Tam not Ten ‘You are (thou art) Tw we cx ‘You are not Tole He is Toit ne e He is not Tae She is Tanee She is not Toe Itis Tone e Itisnot Hite ewe Weare Hie ne ewe We are not Bie cre You are Bite ne cre You are not. Teea They are Te we ca ‘They are not Interrogative Negative-Interrogative Asam eum? AmI? ‘As ne cba ami? Am not? Tu amex? Are you? ‘Tune cn mm? Aren't you? Toit ame? —Ishe? Toit we e am? Isn'the? Tame? Isshe? Tanee sm? — Isn'tshe? Tome? — Isit? To nee sm? —_ Isn'tit? Hie am eme? Are we? Hie me eme an? Aren't we? Bie zm cre? Are you? Bie we cre aw? Aren't you? Tesmea? Arethey? ‘Teme cam? Aren't they? 2 Asking questions In Bulgarian, asin English, there are three basic ways of asking question: by using a question word like ‘who’, ‘what’ or ‘wity” or how”; by using a special word like ‘do’; and by using a ‘tag’ like ‘are you?”, *hasn't he?", “dd we?" and ‘was she?". Using special question words Some Bulgarian words have different forms for the different genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), while thers have no gender forms. Here are the Bulgarian question words: Nogender Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural xaxés = kaked = axed = kaxmé what Koll oii 08 Koi who ‘at as sane wi whose eae — where ord when ax how samé why ‘x6aK0 how many? how much? ‘These words are usually at the beginning of the question: Kaxaé e rond? ‘What is this? Kax cn 1H? How are you? Koiie roi? Who is he? Kent e Hiniat Where is Ivan? Koré ¢ ryx Térep? When is Peter here? 3amé Ana ne e tyk? ‘Why isn’t Anna here? Using a special word ‘When there is no question word like who, why or how, the word sm is ‘used instead. JIu cannot be used at the beginning of the question. Tyx am e Créan? Is Stephen here? ‘Mépa ne ¢ sm TyK? Isn’t Mary here? ‘Tu am cu Toss? Is that you?22 Using ‘tag’ words ‘Occasionally “tag words are used to tur a sentence into a question that is intended to confirm something or to express some doubt and is usually answered with ‘yes" of ‘no: Toit e ryk, nami? He is here, isn't he? Bie cre rocnostia Fonds, wait? You are Mr Popov, aren't you? Dami-ra e tyK? wonder if she is here? Answering simple questions ‘There are many different ways of answering different questions. But it ‘might help to know that there are several ways of answering simple {questions requiring a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer, any of which is perfectly acceptable: Bie 2m cre rocuoniat Ta, 23 com rn Tlonés. (e-#) Monde? Ala, a3 com. Ha. ‘Ty am e rocnoiin He, r-a Mapwon ne tyK. (-n) Maxon? He, ne e. He, Exercises 1 Read aloud each answer and write ga (yes) after the correct one Example: How does Anna greet Ivo? 3apasei! (Ila) How does Ivan greet Anna? Sapaséii! Dooep To6p6 sxpo! What does Vasil ak Katya! Bie an cre rocnéxuua Bouesa? ‘Tyke am e rocnoni Baines? Kax cx? How does Ms Ganeva answer Peter's question? Za, 23 com rocndéxuna Pénena. Baaronaps, a06pé com. He, me com. 2 Read aloud each sentence and explain who does what Example: Baca: Jo6ep sen. (4) Vasil greets someone Minax: J106p6 frpo. (1) Replies to a question Tlersp: Bae au cre ria Béwesa? (2) Asks about someone's health BACH: Tyk ame rou Bines? (3) Asks if someone is the person he/she needs Kara: Ja, rote tyx. (4) Greets someone Ana: Kak a (5) Asks if someone is here Miso: Baaronapé, o6pé cust. (6) Answers that someone is here 3 Turn the following sentences into the negative Example: As ew rocnoxin Taéwen Tén0p0s. ‘Aa ne com rocnoain FLxémen Té10p08. Ta cu n06pé. Hie exe ty Toit e rocozin Maaude. Bie cre 206p8. Tae rocnowé Ana Tapnéza, Te ca 1yx. ‘Aa cb Mapiis 4 Tur the following sentences into questions EX Example: A3 com 06pe. Alo6pé am com as? ‘Aa a06pé am cunt? Tu cx Ténop. Hie cme n06pé. Toii e Mapxo Téres, Bite cre ru Anapées, Tae rocnéxnna Merpésa. Te ca tx. Ana n Mapiis ca s06pé.5 Use the correct forms of the verb cba (cbM, cH, €, cMe, cre, ca) in the sentences below Te... 1yK. Brie mut. . . rocnomin Monde? Aa... rocndxuua Pawesa, Toll ue... TK. Kax... 1H? Minin... yx. Hie. . . 206pé. Ta no6pé sm. ..2 Tocnéanua TéMoza a3... TYK. Tocnoain Boxes, rocnoxa Béxesa u rocnéxnma Bonena we aH Ty? 6 Now use the appropriate forms of the personal pronouns (23, TH, TOM, TA, To, Hie, Bike, Te) at ere rocnomin Flon6t sm e rocnoxé Hisanéna? coM ANTORL ne e rocnoatin Paes. = eMe TYK. ax cH? + eme 06pé ne e rocndaxnna Terpéea. + € HOGp6 sere. eee raerere 7 Which is the odd word out in each of the following lines? © brie, To, TA, a3, Toi, cre, Hie, TE cate, e et, €2, 23, cb, cre @ ésep, nen, xax, Jrpo © kak, Koil, Kora, 3amm6, YTpo, KaKBO (© Mx, aeTé, aan, Kena, Mom4é, MoMiIe 8 Give the questions to which the following are the answers Mla, a2 cust rocuostin Manse, fla, rocnéxama Bénena ¢ Tyx. He, as we com rocnonis Panes, He, rocndxuma Ana ne © TYR. Braroaapa, 206pé com. Braronaps, a3 ciao cane 06pé, 9 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian Good evening! Are you Mr Petrov? Yes, [ am. Hello! Is Mrs Ganev here? No, she is not here. Good morning! Are you Mr and Mrs Boney? Yes, we are. Good aftermoon! Isn't she here? No, she is not here Ladies and gentlemen! Thank you. How are you? I am fine, thank you.2 B camoneta uv Ha aeporapa Coqua On the plane and at Sofia ‘port In this lesson you will learn how to: '* Ask and answer questions about names, native places, and professions {Ask and tell where something is ‘Ask and tell whether someone has something Recognise and use the definite article (the) Use the verbs nian (to have) and Hamam (to have not) in the present ‘© Recognise the gender of adjectives (e.g. big, red) and pronouns (2.9. he, she, it) Bcamonera ‘Mr Thomas Hill, an architect from Britain, is on his way to Bulgaria On the plane he meets Katya, a Bulgarian girl, who exchanges a few words in Bulgarian with him Kara: Kax ce xasnare? Tom: As ce xaspam Tomac Xuut, A Bue? Kara: Aa ce xaspam Kara Monona. Tom: Orksze cre? Kars: Aa cos or Bearapus. Tom: Or xoii rpaa cre? Kara: Aa coat or rpan Corpus. A Buc? Tom: As com oT JTomoH. Kata: Kawa cre no mposecs? Tom: Apxuexr. A Bue xaxsa cre to npoipects? Kars: A3 cha cTyaeHTKa. Tom: Miwa am ome auoro mst x0 Codus? Kats: He, waa. He cme noxrit » Coops. 65 zoguxyu LA 5-TH ANNIVERSARY = rouncas AIRPORT “@ AETUWE BYPTAC wEcrrzaroz HA CYMEP ABHOWOY CBC CYNEPCAMOAET esos GOH 767 HA ABHOKOMMAHHA ‘BAAKAH* CAMO HA 9 OKTOMBPH (METBK) {FHSEDA-BBRPTA APOE WPORAMSK 50% NAMAAEOIE TA SEAM CYREATH ABHOKOMTANAR AETHUE BYPTAC Ha aeporapa Coun Mary Jones isa the Customs Office desk ‘Murumuar: Tlacnopra, mons! Orxeae cre? Meu: Sanopsaaiite. As com or AMepuxa, Muramuar: Mnare sm Garax? Mepu: Za, was. Tosm crap xyap u Tasi Hosa wanrTa. Murumuar: Keae e xytpapur? Mepu: ‘Tyx wa Macara. Murauuar: Mare sm nemo 3a aexnapupane? Meer: He, naman Huo, Murranvar: Kaxno uma rast waxra? Mepi: ‘Muoro newta: roam mapiros, masa Kyra 3a Gira, nnyapa, 4epaiino, cmlcaHe, BECTHHK, MHCAIKA . . . Murnuuar: Baarosaps, rocnoxmue Jone. Joswxnane. 27Notes and explanations Kax ce xéspare? Whatisyourname? won (mm), ésa new Aa ce dspam... My name is (f), mmo (n) amcaled)... wfap(m) ——_asuitcase Orwené cre? Where areyou ura () abag from? scant e xfipapor? Whereis the Asewor —— Tamfrom suitease? Baap Bulgaria ‘Tye ma eicara Here, onthe table Or Koil rpax Which town/city mare am némo Do you have cre? are youfrom? 38 anything to ‘Kax-is/sii cre What is your tekaapipame? declare? ‘no mpodécas? profession? ‘He, wlstam wo No, I don't have apart an architect anything cryaéer, ama student, a néao authing, anything, ceryaéwmea female student something en has, theres ao nothing, anything won has nother isn't Kate ea 8 Whats therein nowt almost nearly Thaw ira? this bag? norrmmép Customs House Muro wens many things official; oni napéio aig (lerge) racndpr (m) passport perfume sacnipra the passport ashen xyrin a smal (ite) box da please Gus jewellery Banonsaitre! ‘Here you are! yap powder Help yourself! sepaixo a lipstick iware a Do you have any camedame ‘amagazine Garda? luggage? term newspaper Téa (m) rho hi aed. apen (0, 1084 () Baaroapét Thank you! crap (m),erdpa old Honisane! Goodbye! (), erdipo (n) Polite words, phrases and expressions ‘There are two ways of addressing people in Bulgarian: formally (by using the forms for the 2nd person plural like Bie) and informally (by using the forms forthe 2nd person singular like m) There ae also some words, phrases and expressions that are usually used in polite language. Sanonéutaiire! (Help yourself! Here you are!) or its more informal ver- sion 3anonaaait is the usual Bulgarian way of expressing hospitality. It js used practically always when you invite someone or when you offer him/her something: Banonsinaiire na récru! Please, come to visit me (us)! 3amonsizaiire ua obi lease, have lunch with us (me)! Banonsinaiire, este! Please, do come in! Banonsinaitre ems kage! Please, have a coffee! 3anonsaitre oF wiioro! Please, help yourself to some wine! Méam (please) is the usual and most neutral Bulgarian expression of politeness. Méaas is used whenever you would use ‘please’ in English — cither at the beginning or at the end of the sentence: Méas, nacnéprat Your passport, please! Tlacndpra, w6ax! Your passport, please! Méaa, euxé e renepémsy? Whereis the telephone, please? Kauée reseomur, méas? Whereis the telephone, please? ‘osnunére or its equivalent Mssmuisaitre (Excuse me, pardon me, | beg your pardon, if you don’t mind) is the most universal Bulgarian word for attracting someone's attention, expressing apologies or making Vosnunére, wnaé e Gimsara? Excuse me, where is the bank? Voanunsinaitre, yk am e Térep? Excuse me, is Peter here? [Not infrequently, instead of sapmuiaitre/sammére, the Bulgarians tend to use its equivalent npoutiaaiire/upocrére, which has the same ‘meaning but is slightly more formal. ‘And whenever you want to express deep regret you should use cuxasinam (I regret, Iam sorry). Other useful polite expressions are: Axo o6ieate! If you please! Would you mind, please! Biixre sm Would you...? Would you mind ...2 More am May I?Goodbyes ‘The usual words on parting with people are: Aonicxaane! Goodbye! ‘Tio cxépo wicxaame! ‘See you soon! Ho ¥rpe! ‘See you tomorrow! (or any fixed time) C66rom! Farewell! But more and more often young Bulgarians tend to use the more collo- ‘quial and slightly slangy word sso (the Italian ciao) instead of sosicxaiane (goodbye). Articles (a, an, the) and nouns ‘There is no Bulgarian equivalent of the indefinite article (a, an) in English. If it is necessary to use something like an indefinite article (for instance, to emphasise that itis a matter of one person or object), you should use the appropriate form of ‘one’: enian (m), emu (f) or ex6 (1): ‘Tyx fa ein wjbap. There is a suitcase here, ‘Tyx fina ennd dura, There is a bag here. ‘Tye ma ean6 comcdnme. ‘There is a magazine here. So, don’t worry about indefinite articles, as the equivalent of a is used only in some special cases and even if you omit it you will still be understood. With a very few clear exceptions which are shown in the Grammatical ‘Summary at the end of this book, you should not have any difficulties ‘with the definite article (i.e. the) because it is usually used where you would use the definite article in English. ‘The only obvious difference is that, unlike its English counterpart, the definite article in Bulgarian is always added as an ending to the noun and has different forms for the different genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) as well as for the plural. Masculine ‘There are two long forms (-s4 or -#r) and two corresponding short ones (-9 or -s) of the definite article (-wr/a; -21/s). sox aman ‘som a horse wow ér/wroxd the man wousr/k6na the horse ‘The long forms of the definite article (the endings -Br and -s) for nouns of the masculine gender are used when the noun is the subject of the sentence: Crémor e TyK. ‘The chair is here. Kéusr e yk. ‘The horse is here. ‘The short forms (the endings -a and -1) are used when the noun is any ‘other part of the sentence: Kaper ¢ na créaa, Muar e 10 xéus, ‘The suitcase is on the chair. ‘The man is by the horse. Feminine ‘There is only one form of the definite article for nouns of the feminine ‘xendra the woman Génara the bath ‘The bag is on the table. ‘The pen isin the bag. Gama a bath Usurara e na mécara. Tincésnsara e 8 udurara, Neuter There is only one form of the definite article for nouns in the neuter gender ~ the ending -r0: aeré a child aeréro the child G10p6 a desk Gropéro the desk sxéarypy a kangaroo émrypy70 the kangaroo “Yepaiiioro ¢ ua Gropéro. ‘The lipstick is on the desk. ‘Camedumero we e wa mécara, ‘The magazine is not on the table. The present tense of the verbs imam (to have) and HAmam (to have not) AAs you can see from the present tense of the verb cbt (Lam), there are different endings for the different persons (I, you, we), of the verbs. 132 ‘And that holds good for all Bulgarian verbs in all the tenses. Here are the forms for the present tense of two other verbs: iam (to have) and ‘ant (to have not) Positive Negative As fewam T have ‘Aa miotam I have not Tu dona You have ‘Tu wémamn You have not ‘Toit fa He has Toit nisea He has not ‘Ta iowa She has ‘Ta wioaa She has not To ia It has To mia It has not Hite fimame We have Bue fiwate You have Te fmar They have Hite nimase We have not Bie miimate You have not Te winar They have not Interrogative ‘Aa famamt mm Do T have? ‘Tw femaun am Do you have? ... and so on. Negative-Interrogative ‘Aa wisam am Don’t Ihave? ‘Tw mémami st Don't you have? ... and so on. Gender of adjectives Bulgarian adjectives always agree in gender and number with the nouns ‘they qualify. Just like nouns, adjectives have three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter): Masculine Masculine adjectives usually end on a consonant: rosin big nop new xjGas nice ‘aro small (ttle) crap old xpaciia pretty Minin faa os nacndpr. Ivan has a new passport. Ana fava crap nécramx. ‘Anna has an old newspaper. Teréro fia wésrox Kap. The child has a small suitcase, Feminine Feminine adjectives always end on -a roaima big 6ea new xiGana nice daca small (litle) eraipa old kpacima pretty ‘Tins iowa xjGana keira, Tanya has a nice book. ino wina misma Kye. Ivo does not have a small box. Teréro fiva sm wea sierra? Does the child have a new bag? Neuter Neuter adjectives always end on -0: roxiouo big éno new xfano nice sméaxo small (litle) erépo old pacino pretty Tow iowa su n6no cuncénme? Does Tom have a new magazine? Toit wivta xY6ano witeo. He does not have a good video. Gender of the demonstrative (this, that) and Masculine Feminine Neuter ‘v6 this ‘rdau this ‘ond this ‘ua that omiism that ‘ononsi that axée what axed what axe what xkoli who, which oii who, which ko who, which ‘uit whose suit whose sane whose Here are a few examples in which these pronouns are used: ‘Tosu xbap € nos. ‘Taisn sdnra e ua Tom. ‘This bag is Tom's, Tosé nivieo ne € uéno. This video is not new. Onsm rocnoain e apxuréxr. That gentleman is an acl Ondan xend ¢ or Cégus. ‘That woman is from Sofia. ‘Onooné seré fima Osa Tonka. That child has a new ball. Kaxoa nécrum € 1630? ‘What (kind of) newspaper is this? ‘What (kind of) bag do you have? ‘What (kind of) magazine is this? ‘Who is this gentleman? Who is this lady? Who is this child? This suitcase is new. Kaxad sinrra jiware? ‘Kaxé cimesnne e toma? Koi ¢ 163u rocnoain? Kod e résu saa? Koé e rosa aeré?“Unit xsipap e Tésu? Uni siwra e Tésu? Une e Toss wivieo? Whose suitcase is this? ‘Whose bag is this? Whose video is this? Exercises 1 Read aloud all the answers and put aa (yes) after the correct one Example: Kaxn6 witra Tom? Orxeaé cre. (Ila) What does Katya ask? Bie kaxad cre no mpopécus? Kax ce wésnate? Fivwa am due séro mor 0 Céspus!? What does Tom ask? Kaés cre no mpospécus? Bie kaxad cre no mpospécus? Bie or rpaa JI6uaou am cre? ‘What does Mary say’? Hite ete nowrit » COQ Timare an Garda? Tye wa wacara, 2 Read aloud who says what and note who does what Example: Kara: Kax ce wisnare? (4) Katya is asking someone about his/her name. Tom: Onewné cre? 1 Asking someone about his/her profession. Kata: As ce wisnam 2 Telling what your profession is. Kérs Ton6sa, Murranudr: Amare sm wéwo 3a 3 Asking someone where he/she aekaaphpane? ‘comes from, Tom: Or woli rpa ere? 4 Asking someone about his/her name. Mérn: Ty na mécara, _§ Telling someone your name. KAra: Kata creo 6 Asking someone if he/she mpodécns? has something. Murrinude:Kaxe6 fowa » rian 7 Asking how far it isto ‘edo some place, Tow: Fima am 6me wnéro 8 Asking someone if he/she mor 10 COspus? has anything to declare. Kats: As com eryaérxa, 9 Telling someone where something is. 3 Greet the Bulgarian Customs official and answer his questions CavKam: o6pé fxpo. BYE: vsesnenses CovKam: Kax ce xéspate? Bae: = Conpam: Orxoné cre? Bae: : Cavkam: Or xoit rpan cre? Bre: piste CavKam: Viware sim Garéox? i Cavkam: Vimare sm néuto 3a nexnapipane? Caskam: Baarozaps. Josibcaate. 4 Ask the questions to which the following sentences at the answers As ce xéana Cpa Tpit ‘Aa com or Anctpasis. As con or rpax MEnGEpH. ‘Aa cM arpiica mo npodécus. Ta, a9 tian Gar. B sdurrara una napdiom, ajapa m sepsiixo.~ et AUauNe Find the odd word out in each line nacndpr, ctyséur, Ousmecmén, rast, xSibap, crap, peux TomiMo, 106p6, Miko, HOBo, #Tpo, e”H0, Crapo auld, Mii, KaKBO, Koll, KaK, TYK, KBIE, KOAKO Make a sentence using the words in each line ce, Xu, késpam, a3, Tomac Tiéuzox, sie, rpaa, ete, He, OT, aN? nécrimk, Tao, mici.nea, ioea, aura, extra, Buarépus, rocnomia, aourin, Xn, 8, 206pé Guanecnén, mporbécus, coM, a3, 10 aexstapiipae, 9a, 1m, ware, néMmo ao Fill in the missing words, using the words Kjcbap, vara, napdiow, BécTHHK, crucéHne, NCANKa and 6WK) As vias enti Tova e exnd ‘Tw ian enna. . Ta toa ex B rdsu . .. viva end . Ha macata ria exit Ava siowa emi... w exH6 - isdn sia enn Use the correct form of envi in the following sentences Ha mécara viva (env, enn, end) wepsiiz0. Toii e o (eatin, exsd, extn6) rpaa » Bearépus. Ty sia (eatin, enn, exnd) apxnréxr. B wdurrara sia (erie, end, en46) sepaiizo. (Exim, exmd, eomd) crynéurea ¢ 8 rpa. Crisp ona (ea, end, exis) xfbap ut (ean, end, end) waar, Match each word in the first column with one from the second column exné dome xy6askwira romim ——nmcésika no6ip — wisrra Mama = pean enn pécrHinK n6pa cnmcdune 10 Ask someone politely if he/she has luggage suitcase adictionary a newspaper aperfume abag apen amagazine passport anything to declare 11 Answer the questions using the words in brackets Example: Kaxo6 fsa wa micara? (won, cnmcéume) Ha mdcara fava néno concdmme Kaxé sina a micara? (crap, xutira) Kaxn6 sina wa Gropsr0? (xGap, mucd.nKa) Kaxa6 sina wa ner6ro? (ion, BécrHix) Kaxaé sina ua crésa? (Masrox, stra) Kaxné sina » crisra? (rosin, sca) Kaxaé sisca 8 aérata? (Hon, Mémnp) Kaxné siwa » Gropéro? (crap, encase) 12 Use the words in brackets with the correct form of the definite article Example: (K§dpap) ¢ ua (sica). - Kfipaper e ua mécara, 1 (Mex) e 0 (6106). 2 Oem) m (neré) ca ty. 3 Tom es (rpan). 4 (Crynéurea) e wa (cron). 5 (Bécraux) e 8 (Kyibap). 6 (Baréx) e no (sata) 7 Mlapdow) e w (xéz1Ta) 8 (epaiicio) ¢ w (kyTis) 9 (Tlncé.nxa) e 10 (nécrumx).13 Make the words in brackets agree in gender with the nouns they refer to Example: Tom iowa (won) ura, ~ Tost fama néna witrra. ‘Mapiia vinta (sedurbx) séura. Ha sdcava sista (ead, crdp) pécramx. Topi e (wos) cnucdse. ‘Vimau sm (Hos) sepaii10? (Kaxisn) e (16am muro) xrrus? Tona e (xfGan) nucd.mea, Ana ima (Hop) 6mnxy. 14 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian What is your name? ‘My name is Ivan Ganev. ‘What is your profession? Tam a businessman, Where are you from? Tam from Sofia Do you have any luggage? Yes, Ihave. 3 3ano3HaBaHe v NpeactaBave Meeting and introducing people In this lesson you will learn how to: © Introduce yourself and other people Say that something is your property or someone else's Use possessive pronouns (my, you, hs, her, etc) Count trom 1 020 Recognise and use the plural of masculine and feminine nouns '* Use the present tense of verbs of the third conjugation S3ano3HaBaHe MNpepCctaBaAHe fH On his way out of the baggage hall, Tom is addressed by a young woman AuA: Mssmnspaitre, Bue sm cre rocnoams Tomac Xu? Tom: Za, a3 cunt. Kaxwo o6mvare? AuA: To6pe noursn » Baotrapus! Aa ce xassant Ava Tassoa. Tom: 0, aa! Bue cre cexperapxara, Koso TpsGna sia Me aKa. AWA: Tla, cera a3 nocpemam scwKi Hau rocTH. Tom: Moro ce pansam, ma ce sarosias ¢ Bac. AHA: Buaronaps! H aa ce panean., Mexare sum 2a rpprnane? To: Zfa, axo m Bue ucxate. AHA: Tpa6sa camo aa Bu npegcrans saums mopsop. Tlocne soemame Baus Oarax a Tpareane, Tosa sm e Baur Garax? Tom: Jla, rosa e Mos xyap, a Tona e Mosra wai, AWA: ‘A ‘ocranamsr Garax? ViMa ome ama xydapa w 1p sanrH, Tom: Te ne ca mon, Binxsare st onaatt nama 1 oxaH rocnoguH? Ava: Ja. 3amo? Tom: ‘THeara xyhapa ca Heroes, a 1pure 4aHTH ca Helis,‘Awa: Torasa, a tpurmame, Orupame wuy Bama xoren, @ nocse » pecropanra. Tam vaxat Banrre xozerH, Vocabulary Hianuuinaitre! Excuse me! iva 6me 8 ‘Kax6 oGivare? What can do for bapa ‘There are two ‘more suitcases you? Tene ca mou They aren't mine ‘Aobpé sourkx n Welcometo ——«Bitwaare am? Do (can) you see? Buardpus! Bulgaria! onda xia (f) that lady cexperdipxara (f) the (female) Gua rocnoaiia that gentleman secretary ) Muéro ce Tam very glad andra jipapa the two suitcases pismaw, we... that oy ‘au ce aanosnin tomect you ca méront are his Bac ‘plete wésr (pl) the three bags sséxan (3) to wait ca niin ae hers saénmser our driver Tordaa aa Lets go then iogp.6p (m) ‘pirmame Mésr, Mera, my oviname (3) we are going, Méero we zo Avccrdmammar — What about the Bama xoréa your hotel, Gari? rest ofthe luggage? Introducing people ‘The usual phrases when introducing yourself and other people to some- ‘one are: exam (wéra ma ce want to (may 1) introduce spercrina myself lease (néra sm) 2a Bu T want to (may Pintroduce npencréoa +10 you Tlosmaaére at na Bu ce Allow me to introduce myself upenerins Tlosnoaére seu aa Bu npeneréss Allow me to introduce... to you 2a Bu upeacrésn wend Let me introduce my wife (onus) cw (husband) Méam 1a me npeacrénnre na... Please, introduce me to... 2a sn sanosuis: Let me introduce you: rt Xna, rxa Ben Mr Hill, Mrs Benn Yiwaw vecrré sa npexerdes ... Tam honoured (have the honour) to introduce . Banoausire ce ¢... Come and meet. Péiapan ce 2a ce sanosués ¢ Bac I am glad (pleased) to meet you Tipuiruo (xpéro) sme... Tam glad (pleased) Asking people what they want In the dialogue, Tom says Kaxe6 oGivare? (What would you like?) which is the usual and neutral way of asking someone what he or she wants. There are, of course, a lot of other ways of doing it, ranging from the very polite to the quite familiar: C waxn6 mora aa Bu yexrfoxa? What can Ido for you? Méra am aa Bu yeayxa ¢ wémo? Can I do anything for you? ‘Méra am na Bu npeaéxa néwo? Can I offer you something? Weware sm weio? Do you want anything?” Kaxné exare? What do you want? Expressing pleasure at meeting someone Inthe dialogue, Tom says Mu6ro ee pésipass to express his pleasure at ‘meeting Anna. Other standard phases used for that purpose are: Panam ce, ve Bu niraqas. Tam glad to see you. a42 Zparo mm e, 4¢ Bu nicxnam. Tam pleased to see you. Tipuitruo wm e sia ce sanosuis. Pleased to meet you. Uynécwo e, we cre TyK! tis wonderful that you are here. Counting from 1to 20 1 ems 11 exmmétecer (exmiicer) 2 ane 12 anandatecer (ananiiicet) 3 1p 13. pmmiaecer (rpumicer) 4 sérapu 14 serupuninecer (xerupasiicet) 5S ner 15 neruiaever (neruiiicer) 6 meer 16 ucernazecer (miectusiicer) 7 céxem 17 cenenmnisecer (cestevmdiier) 8 bce 18 oceyménecer (ocewmiicer) 9 aver 19 aenernéecer (nenernicer) 10 aéver 20 awdiecer (assicer) 1 In Bulgarian emé (one) has different forms for the three genders: exit (rn), est (0, e216 (n) and can be used with the definite article: cei (m), exméira (f), exn6r0 (n). 2 ae (two) is the form for the feminine and neuter, while the form for the masculine is ma (two). 3 The forms in brackets: (e.g. emudiicer) are the more colloquial versions for the numbers from 11 to 20, Possessive pronouns (gender, number, and article) Gender and number ‘The possessive pronouns (my, your, our, efe) have different forms for the three genders and for the plural: Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural moi my = Mon omy = Me my = 6m my ‘raolt your, sg TBod your,sg Tmoé your, sg T6m your, sg nérop his wérosa his uéroso his éronu his ‘wen her méiina her imo her éliun her am our dma our ime our ium our eam your, pl sama your, pl ode your, pl mmm — your, pl ‘réxen their rstua their riixmo their réxam their There are different forms for the three genders and for the plural ‘because in Bulgarian the possessive pronouns just like the adjectives ~ always agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify, for example: This suitcase is mine (m), ‘This bag is mine (. ‘This child is mine (n). ‘These bags are mine (p). ‘Tésn Gardin © Twoit(néros, wenn, wat, wan, Téxen). This luggage is yours (is, hers, ours, yours, theirs). Téom xuira ¢ 1a6a (nérova, uéita, wna, ada, vitcna). This book is yours (his, hers, ours, yous, theirs). ‘ond cimcime ¢ ro6e (nérono, néino, wim, same, 1SxH0). This magazine is yours (his, hes, ours, yous, their). ‘Tes ronirn ca 1o6u (néroon, ud, ium, asm, 1éxuH). These books are yours (his, hers, ours, yours, theirs) ‘Tosm xsbap € moi, ‘Téisn inva e 6s. ‘Tons aeré e mée. ‘Téan sinrrm ca mon. The definite article with the possessive pronouns One of the main differences between the possessive pronouns in English (amy, his, ete) and Bulgarian is that, normally, all Bulgarian possessive Pronouns are used with the definite article e.g. Ton e mur emu (This is (the) my son), A3 cbm 8 Méa rpayt (I am in (the) my town). When they are used with the definite article, the possessive pronouns always agree in gender and number with the word they define.‘The forms for the different genders are the same as the gender endings of adjectives: Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural éero Moure ‘éero—TaOure nérosoro —wérosure nélinoro —nélinure niwero —ndumre aéumsr/a your pimero sume recmar/a their rixworo —_Téxunre It could be said that the forms without the article: moi, wma, riixno, ‘etc, correspond to the forms: mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs, while those with the article: Méar, TaGara, wimero, etc, correspond to the proper possessive pronouns in English: my, your, hs, her, our, their: Tod e moar Garicx. ‘This is (the) my luggage. mosr/a my mésr/a your éronusr/a_ his néimmrr/a her néumsr/a our Tond e ménra Kons. ‘This is (the) my car. Toné e méero ere. This is (the) my child Tons ca moure xuirn, ‘These are (the) my books. Too ¢ rear (néronusr, uéhimsr, néumsr, séumsr, TéxmT) Gari. This is your (his, her, our, your, their) luggage. Tosa ¢ Taéara (uérosara, néinara, uimara, sémara, réxnara) hua. This is your his, her, our, your, their) house. The present tense of verbs of the third conjugation You already know that Bulgarian verbs have no infinitive form (e.g. to read), What goes under the name of ‘infinitive’ is the form for the Ist person singular present preceded by the particle aa: for example 1a Gbaa (to be), a miima (10 write). ‘There is only one present tense in Bulgarian so it is used to render at least two of the four English present tenses (e.g. mitram =I ask =I am have asked = I have been asking). Since it is clear that the Bulgarian and the English names for the tenses are not identical, it will bbe more helpful to use the Bulgarian names with an English explanation in brackets to avoid confusion: e.g. cerdummo wpéme (present tense). ‘There are three classes or conjugations of verbs in Bulgarian. Each con- jugation is determined by the final vowel for the 3rd person singular present: e.g. ser (1) (he reads); ronépH (2) (he speaks); mirrA (3) (he asks). Here is another way of illustrating this: Conjugation Infinitive Present Stem Stem Vowel First (1) tviama (read) ninE (he reads) EB Second 2) paGrs (Iwork) pa66rH1 (he works) Ml ird 3) tmicram (Lask) — mirtA (he asks) A Although it isnot difficult to find out the conjugation to which a given verb belongs, for your convenience it is given in brackets after each verb: eg. werd (1), ronéps (2) It will be best to begin with the third conjugation, which should be famil- iar to you from the conjugation of the verbs want (to have) and witmamt (Go have not) introduced in the previous lesson, since most basic Bulgarian verbs (over 3,000) belong to it, whereas the verbs in both the first (over 800) and the second conjugations (over 800) are less numerous. Cerawio apeme (the present tense): third conjugation Verbs of the third conjugation are verbs ending in a or in the 3rd Person sg: e.,fitpa (comes), nosrpa (repeats) Positive Negative sg Aa mitras ask ne nitray I do not ask ‘Tw nitram you ask ne nitraut you do not ask ‘Toit mitra he asks ne mitra he does not ask ‘Ta mitra she asks ne nftra she does not ask ‘To mitra it asks we nia it does not ask pl Hite mirrante we ask ne nitrate we do not ask Bae mirare you ask ne mirare you do not ask Te mirrar they ask ne nirrar they do not aska7 ‘Negative-interrogative sme mirast smu don’t I ask ne nitramt mm don’t you ask and 50 on. Interrogative sg Aa miras am do I ask ‘Tw mitramm am do you ask «and 0 on. ‘The verbs with a stem ending conjugate as follows: orrondpaw (co answer), orropépam, Toit (ra, 10) orronéps: orronipawe, orrosapsre, orrosipar ‘The Bulgarians do not use personal pronouns (I, you, he, etc) with their verbs as often as English speakers do because, with the exception of the third person singular (he, she, it) the person is always clear from the ending: oGfeaan (I like, Tove) tpiraae (we leave) ioxniam (you see, $B) oGieuare (you like) svéxar (they wait) ceafare (you listen, pl) But: rol (1a, To) oGieua (He (she, it) likes) Plural of masculine nouns Just as in English, there are several rules and many exceptions in ‘forming the plural of nouns in Bulgarian. The basic rules are: Most masculine monosyllabic nouns form the plural with the ending oBe eroa—eréaone (chair—chairs) wax — sardxone (train ~ trains) Wox—néxone (knife knives) xa — xbamose(hill -hills) rpaa—rpayosé (town—towns) moa —_maoaoné (fruit - fruits) ses —sténone (lev, the Bulgarian monetary unit) Here are some of the exceptions: Mua—sewawé — (man—men) —Kon—Koné (horse horses) mer —abrmma (road ~ roads) Most masculine polysyllabic nouns form the plural by adding u to the final consonant or changing the final, iiton apxrréxct — apxwréxt ‘an architect — architects teacher ~ teachers ‘diplomat - diplomats a journalist - journalists ‘a Customs official - Customs officials student ~ students a cassette recorder ~ cassette recorders suitcase ~ suitcases a perfume — perfumes ‘newspaper ~ newspapers « passport — passports ‘policeman ~ policemen a genius ~ geniuses ‘aunaowdr — aun.towdirn sxcypuastiey — axypuaiicrn Narramdp ~ surraaripn ceryaéwr ~ cryaéurn kacevodon — kacerodout fbap ~ Kbapa nnapépiow — napdowm pécrimn ~ necramm nacnépt ~ nacnépra noamudit ~ noamdn évunit — rée All masculine nouns have a special form (called the numerical form) for the plural when used with an exact number, formed by adding the ending a after a consonant enim rpas ~ aa rpa.n ‘enii roa —Tpw er6. fone town — two towns cone chair ~ three chairs For nouns ending in ii, the itis replaced by a: poi — repo hero —heroes ‘nosmndit ~ noc. policeman ~ policemen Exercises 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs BioKgaM, TpbreaMm, oTHBaM, “éKam, KASBAM, pageam ce Moan n Térop .. . » pecropanra, Muéro ... . na ce sanosttis ¢ Bac. Ana... Town xoréna, Bile 8 pecropaura sm . 2 Hie... 3a xoréna. Kar ce... 1630 rocnosini? Crépan... Maplin Ty Kord... Awa w Tow 3a xoréza Huxozéit ... na ce sanosde Broaéra,2 Make a sentence using the words in each line ce, Bac, pimam, ce, a, ¢, méro, sanoswis © néiiau, andra, rpire, ca, w, xfapa, wéarrn © xorés, pecropétira, nécze, wa, 3, orkwame, Bauman © néumsr, ond, modsép, € 3 Read aloud each answer and mark the correct one with Aa (yes) Example: Tom wéapa wa Awa: Ja, a3 com. (2a) Axa mitra Tox: Tow mira Aua: Kaxpé o6jiuare? Biie xu cre Ana? Tiexare su na Tpéreanse? 3am6? Biixnare 2m onésu nésa Kaxsé o6uvare? usu roenomia’? Ana xésna na Tom: Muéro ce papam za ce samosnis ¢ Bac. Tom xispa na Ana; Za, xo u Brie icxare, Te we ca mou. Tordsa, 2a Tpéreane. Tiécae wsémame Banus Garéx — Piwant Sue apa xihapa. w tpérnaMe. 4 Read aloud who says what and mark who says what Example: Tons sm ¢ Béumsr Garé? (3) Tom: Tova e moar xsiap, a onond e Méara dna, ‘Ana: a3 ce pasipam, he/she wants. ve bit Biba. {G) Asking someone if something ‘Tom: Biie 1m cre rocnosvitt Témos? is his/her property. ‘Anta: Bitxnare su onda néma a (4) Asking someone if he/she 6x3H rocnomin? sees something. Tom: Kaxné o6tivare? (5) Welcoming someone. Ana: Tosa sm e Banmusr Garéxx? (6) Expressing pleasure at Tom: Pasmnam ce, 4 CTe TYR. seeing someone. AWA: obpé xouria » Buarrépus. (7) Saying that something is your property (1) Asking someone for his name. (2) Asking someone what 5 Read the following 3425 (Ipm noc spe e pasno na ner) 32=1 —(Tpu asinye ave e panno ua ens) 543-8 1244216 10-2=8 44367 113-149-326 54429 174219 8-355 G28 74613124618 T=} ITB 6 Put the last word into the plural according to the models Model 1: B créstra ions enim croa. (3, mnéro) B crésrra iowa rpu créaa, B crisra fowa wnéro crésione. B erdsra fima emit cron. (4, MH6ro) B crésra fina emiin crynénr. (15, wn6ro) B créara siwa emia xyihap. (6, mudro) Ha seicara ima esin yxé6um. (2, smiéro) Ha sécara iowa emis péaamx. (9, wero) Ha mécara sia enim sécrax, (12, mrdro) Model 2: Tyx fowa enim cryaéar. (névta, snéro) ‘Tys fia aia cryaéara. Tyk iowa mnro crys, Tyx siwa emit suntomér. (rpriMa, MH6TO) Tyk sia ema yuitres. (xevpia, Miro) Tyk sia emia axypHamicr. (neriina, a5r0) Tam siota exvin mpodécop. (mecriinta, miro) Tam ssa envi abxTop. (cEieM, miro) Model 3: Bicayamt esd wewd. (10, mméro) Birxaam agcer xemi, Bicokaam mu6ro xew, Brisa emu xwiira. (8, maxéro) Biokaant exp mtica. (9, muéro) Brixstam end wdrra. (4, muéro) Bibaaan emid nisa. (7, suéro) Brscranc enna mucdanca. (6, aabro) BioxnaM end end. (5, Mn6ro) Brixsam emmté cexperapra. (3, san6ro) 497 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of uoi, ‘Teo, Heros, HéMH, Haul, Baul, TExeH Example: Aa iowan ere. Tond ¢ méero sere. Hie simame Garéox. Tosa e . . . Gard Biie imate sm mopsdp? Tosd ame. . . moxsop? Te vimar pectopaurr. Tord e . . . pectopaur. ‘Aa imam kiibap, Tona ne ©... jap. ‘Ta ia sméro want. Tond ca... dnt, Tu imams Maéro kuru? Tosa am ca... xusirut? Bile insare wdutra. Tosa e. .. wdvra Te tiwar zeré. onde. . . neré. 8 Replace the personal pronouns given in brackets with the corresponding possessive ones (Hiie) mopsdp ce xésea Mnén Anew. (Tu) cexperdipxa iumsa xécxo. Toné e (a3) Garéxx; a onond e (roit) Gard. (Te) xorén e roxim. (Bie) xonérn waxat # (wie) pecropér. (Ts) séuera € na (1H) sca, (Hite) cexperapxa He © 1yK. (Ts) sana € wa (a3) 6rops. (Colt) neré cerd ne e w (re) xéua, 9 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian ‘Tom meets the secretary of the firm. Her name is Anna. She is very pleased to meet Tom. She introduces her driver. His name is Ivan. Tom. does not have much luggage. He has only a suitcase and a bag. His suitcase is new and his bag is old. Tom, Anna and Ivan take Tom's luggage and leave for the hotel. They go first to his hotel and then to the restaurant of the hotel. His colleagues are waiting in the restaurant. Tom is very glad to meet them all there. They all say: “Welcome to Bulgaria.” 4 Crpann, HayMoHanHoctTu vi Mpocbecun Countries, nationalities and professions In this lesson you will learn how to: ‘© Ask people about their jobs and tell them about yours Talk about countries and nationalities Understand and use the present tense of the second conjugation Use the plural of nouns in the neuter gender Use the article with nouns in the plural Use adjectives in the plural CTpann, HayMoHanHocTH Wnpodecun MH Paul Rix is talking to Maya, the Secretary of the Bulgarian language school he has just joined Ton: — Konko ca Monre xomeri i Kakbo pans Ty? Mas: Boe Baurara rpyna ua miecr yum, Te paGorar ® Bunrapus, Te yaar Tyk, samoTo ome He rosopst Grenrapexn eon. Tox: Kaxsut ca no mpospecus wma sanaTie? Mas: Jlekap, yawrrenxa, xypHamicr, mitxeHep, cTYMEHTKA H ss1oMar. Tloa: Or xou erpast ca u xaxpat ca mMenara uM? Mas: Te ca or passin crpanut: Jam e or AMepixa, Xaput ¢ or Kanaza, Jbxox ¢ or Asctpamis, Tom ¢ or ABTA, Karpmm e ot Morzanaus, a Tarpux e or Mpmanans. Tlox: Mima sm xopa u ot sapyri HannoHasmocr#? Mas: Mame anepmxana, Kangen, ascTpasmtew, moT-astaKa, anrmivannm mpmasiten. ToBa MaAKO Zu HaposHoCTH ca? Tox: 0, ne! TIpocro mura stam mwa mt naKxoll Mol cebntaposnK82 Mas: A Bue Kaxpp cre no naponmocr? Tlon: As cbM xonanzen or FOxua Abpuxa. To nporpecus cb unen uirxenep. Hcxam aia ya GbarapeKn, a cnest TORA na paGors » Buarapis, As cbM xeHeH, ¢ TPH rosieMit ena, A Bue? Mas: Aa cbM Gnarapxa or Coopus, cexperapxa, Heomsiketa Vocabulary Kéaxo....2 How many? How amos (m) diplomat uch? Or Kot ‘Which countries xeonéra (m, _acolleague-—-expanea? ——_-do they come veoxéru (p)_ colleagues from? ‘mer aagmm (pl) five people cerpand (1), ‘acountry — pins, todo expan (pl) countries pou (2) Kaxaica What are their passa, to work wwwenira we? names? ara (2) fine (n), name ~ names ross, to speak vet (pt) ronspau (2) ‘wn sm Opa? Are there any Ja, frum (2) tostady people? (Note: Gtorapexn Bulgarian There are two ‘eal (0) Tanguage Bulgarian words aaron thats why for people’ mpodécus (f),, profession, ‘xopa and syn) samirue (f) occupation maonimmocr(f), nationality, ies vap (m)——_adoctor “x (p) (feom Latin) ‘abeapwa() female doctor apamoer (0, nationality, ies yyowres (m), teacher, 4) (from Slavonic) ‘yviveaxa(f) female teacher mio exampizum some compatriot -xypuasnicr (m), (m) ere (D) exe T0808 after tat, then joumalist —2Kéwen, xp Married with mxenép (m) _anengineer,a room gen three big vuxenpra (9) female engineer children wine mining engineer eovetaena unmarried ‘mexcenp (m) cexperdp (m), male secretary, ceryaéar (m), amale student, a ~pxa (f) afemale cexyaéwrea (f) female student secretary Countries, nations and nationalities JIn Bulgarian, as well as different words for countries and their nationals, there are different endings for the three genders and for the plural. Take, for instance, all the words derived from ‘Europe’. ‘Enpéna — enponéeu ~ esponéiiun ~ esponéiixa — enponéiixa ~ espontiicxn/a/o ‘Europe — European (man/woman) — Europeans — European (peoplefobjects) Aperpamis (Australia) Asus (Asia) Anépura, (America) Adpura (Africa) Auroms (England) Boarapna (Bulgaria) Tepadinns (Germany) Thaw (ndia) Mpaanana (lreland) Menanna (Spain) Mrdams (aly) averpamien averpaziina ase aaniran awepnxanen awepuxésit abpuxisen apnea nro nro 6éarapa Géarapu repwénieu repmasu née GM serie sexi mpxénen padi wenden enna ramen wramduun ancrpamiiixa apcrpamilick avctpamiiixn — apctpamiiicxa ancrpamiiicxo aondrxa aomaTeKn aware aaméreKa aamaTeKo aMepuxduxa aMepixévicxn aMepHKdnxn — aMepwxdticxa aMepidnicxo adpmxdexka —adpaxdncn agpmxénxn —adppmxinicra anrausduKa — appHKaHcKo anrevénnn — anruiiioxa anr.miicxo Géorapea ——Gutrapex Gésrapkn © Gismrapexa Sénrapexo repmduxa repack repwanxn ——_repydnicka wescins néMext HeMaiiH HeMCKa éwexo/repMaxicxo mika mien natin wuuiiicKa/nmiticKo upmdwaxa ——upmdweK pniniaxn npnénizcxa/spadaacko emda wendaicxit remix endwicKa endHicKo wramimxa —ramdvieKst wramiucn —wramdneKa wramwancxo55 Kanda amen, xandaxa xandsleKH Popocnosxo appeo (a family tree) (Canada) kana xanax xandsicKa - saninono Guo] [aenwo] ——_[reorr]}-_{oranc ea) [era] ee ee ee oe] as a) (Russia) pycrdin: pyckrin pycka \Gpare wa axzo Ba Com cone = pycKo: bonaas = G6 Ba) [fmmconn) fara) [ca] ero] fares) [er Talking about marital status om Ba f 7 Ise a paral nr bee ] = me com mon ‘You have probably noticed that in the dialogue, Paul and Maya use dif- aaa ferent words to tell each other whether they are marred or not, That is because there are atleast two ways of saying ‘I am married/single’ in Bulgarian: ‘Aa (man) cba wénen (nexcenen) 1am married (single). ea ee eee coo Sr lam) a) Each of these words (aénen ~ weaéuen, owiaena ~ weombaxena) has =e quent all the characteristics of an adjective, with different endings forthe di ae = ferent genders and for the plural, that can be used whenever necessary: cna) [Een] [Fewo] — [emnso] © [ara] uname} frown) 2Kéneno sm € Trond Mosué? Is that boy married? 2Kéenn am ca éaw xépa? Are these people married? Ontéaceno am e rond Mowiive? Is that girl married? uso} Oneéaxeum sm ca Tésn xen? — Are these women married? am a In fact, the words ménen and ovkakesa are so similar that they are inter- ri changeable in colloquial speech and no one would really mind if you ‘onocNéBHO ARPES tse the word ssénex for both men and women nano ‘randiather par brother - 7 86a ‘grandmother Gpatosyég (male) cousin ‘Toii e wénen sonéx. ‘He is a married man. bau father 6paTosueéaKa (female) cousin ‘Tae wénena Keni. ‘She is a married woman. ania mother wypelt brother-in-law But in such cases, when you are not sure which word to use, it is much nina aunt (your wife's better to use the appropriate form of the word ceméet exéno uncle (your brother) ‘aunt's husband) nnéenwsika niece ‘Ceméen sm e Minn? Is Ivan marred (a family man)? fy eee ee Ceutina am e Anat Is Ana married (a family woman)? a lence aaa Cea as ‘Cemtéiiun sim ca vésn x6pa? Are these people married? om ‘aunt (your ‘eupph daughter ‘On the opposite page is a family tree showing the relationships between paternal cHaxd daugher-in-law different generations. The box below the family tree provides trans- uncle's wie) ony ‘grandson lations of the terms used cocrpa sister enya ‘granddaughter56 Present tense of verbs of the second conjugation You already know that there are three conjugations in Bulgarian and have leamed how to conjugate the verbs of the third conjugation (iowa, exam, Girvan, etc). So, once you are aware of the slight differences between the verbs in the third and the second conjugation, you should rot have any difficulties in learning how to conjugate verbs from the second conjugation. Unlike the verbs of the third conjugation, which end on either a or a (e.g. obf4a, he loves; sami, he remembers), in the 3rd person singular, verbs of the second conjugation end only on in the 3rd person singular: (e.g. $m, he (she) studies) and conjugate as follows: Positive ‘Aa fra I study ‘Tw fram You study Told jum He studies ‘Ta fom She studies Negative ‘As me sua Ido not study Ta we fam You do not study Toit we fom He does not study ‘Tw we fu She does not study To fr It studies To we Gum It does not study Hite ant We study Hite ne fone We do not study Bie jure You study Bie we ssurre You do not study Te sar They study Te ne fuar They do not study Interrogative Negative-Interrogative ‘Aa $a am Do I study? ‘Aa me gua sm Don't I study? ‘Tw Som sm Do you study? ‘Tu we ommn sm Don’t you study? Plural of nouns in the neuter gender ‘You already know how to form the plural of nouns in the masculine and the feminine genders. The reasons why we have to consider the plural for the neuter gender separately are very simple: (a) there is only one rule for the endings of nouns in the masculine (a consonant) and femi- nine (either a or a) singular, while there are several different endings for those in the neuter; (b) there is only one plural form for nouns in the feminine gender (wewd ~ axenti, Géns — Gian) and only three plural forms for nouns in the masculine gender (ma rpisa, Muro rpaioné: ‘but rpu méamna, mn6ro MGB), while there are several different rules 87 for the plural of nouns in the neuter gender. They are not difficult but they have to be leamed and here are all of them: (a) Neuter nouns ending in 0, ne and mme form the plural with the ending a: céx0~ cea village —villages __cwpné— copmi heart — hearts, yeticamme — ysicammta school — schools (b) Neuter nouns ending in we or we form the plural with the ending #: ceamedume — emnedimns magazine ~ magazines ssérene ~ nérennst reading ~ readings (©) Neuter nouns ending in e, e, e, w, 10 oF y form the plural with the endings era or Ta: kagené — xadenéra café — cafés ‘Taxeit — raxeftra taxi taxis -Mowrse — MoMmuéra boy — boys ‘Meu ~ meura menu ~ menus (@)_ Neuter nouns ending in me form the plural with the ending ena: spéme — spemens time — times aée — nemend tribe — tribes ude — snaMend flag — flags (©) A few neuter nouns form the plural with the ending eca: We64 — neBecd sky — skies ‘so — syed miracle ~ miracles (© A few neuter nouns form the plural with the ending m: ‘0x6 — ow eye eyes yx6 — yt ear — ears 2xunéruo — sxunGram animal — animals (g) There are several neuter nouns that have two plural forms, which can be used interchangeably: ‘pdwo — pamend (pamtené) shoulder — shoulders xoatino ~ kostend (sconené) knee ~ knees xxpia6 — pusrd (paid) wing — wings Exceptions: eré — newd child ~ children The definite article with nouns in the plural © The definite article for most masculine and feminine nouns is the ending te added to the plural form of the noun without any other changes: cron a chair créawr the chaireréaone chairs eréaonere the chairs dca a table cara the table sien tables acute the tables pag a town rpaagrthe town paoné towns rpagonére the towns ‘xen a woman wxendra the woman ‘went women -xentire the women yotires a teacher ‘Yee teachers Yolerear the teacher ‘treme the teachers © The definite article for all nouns in the neuter gender is the ending +a used after the plural form of the noun without any other changes: 610p6 ~ Gropa — Gropara a desk ~ desks ~the desks cmcdnme ~ ened — cancénmsra. a magazine ~ magazines — the magazines céao ~ cena - cena a village — villages ~ the villages ex6pdnme evpamea — ceOpsnusra — a meetings — meetings ~ the meetings The plural of adjectives Unlike the plural of nouns, the plural of adjectives should present no problems because the plural of all adjectives in Bulgarian, imespective of their gender, is always formed by the ending w, added after the stem. without any other changes: ye ~ pew pea ~ pycu ico ~ pfeu blond, fair xfGan—xYGann —xyama—xfGasm —_xfGano — xfGanu pretty Gi.arapexu — Gharapeka ~ 6é.arapexo — Gharapex Bulgarian aurick ~ amr-xiiieka — auraiitexo — anraitiexn English Although the ending for the plural -cxm of adjectives whose gender forms end in -ckm (m), -exa (f) or -exo (n) seems identical with that for the masculine gender (eg, rpdseks.— rpibtern), they are easy to distin- auish by the form of the noun they quality péncxn sacésumx a town clock pais wacéemmm town clocks Exercises 1. Answer the questions using the words in brackets Example:Onwwaé e Tow? (Auraua) Toit e or Auras. Kaxéo e Haw? (amaosix) Toi e sunaomar. Orxeaé ¢ Kérpun? (Woraénans) Orxené ¢ Térpux? (Césepna Mpzaniana) Orewa € Jhism? (Amépixa) Orewaé e Xapu? (Kania) Orenaé e Miso? (Buardpus) Kaxéo e Tlarpux O'K6aep? (nixenép) Kaxée ¢ Tom Jlanc? (1éxap) Kaxod e Kérpust Max6it? (aéxapxa) Kaxés e J>xo Bpayn (Gnsnecnés) Kaxnd e Tita Cranes? (xypuamicrea) ‘Kaxés ¢ Xapa Jiéeun? (xypnamtict) 2 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words Example: Iywon e or Aursus. Toll € .. . W ronépu. . - Toit e anrawénnn ronépy aur.aiiicxn, Tlérep e or Bearapus. Toit... w ronépat Xanc ¢ or Fepaauns. Toft e. .. w rosépu Xoeé e or Hendmna. Toit e.. . w rosdpu. ‘Mapuo e or Mraus. Toll e . .. w ronépit Hardua e or Pyciia. Tae... w rosépu Ewir e or @panuna. Tae... u rosdput Kpuc e or Xoaanaus. Toile... w ron6put 3. Use the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets Example: Hise ($a) Obarapeas e3i Hite fous Gé.arapera esi.Tom (pa66ra) » Bunrépus. ‘Aura ne (rox6pa) anrsniiicen esti. Capa u Xapm (fsa) pénees esti. Toss (ronéps) Gharapexn eatin. Biie tyx 3m (pa6618)? Hite (fa) Gtutrapexu esx. Bile (rondpa) 1m Obrrapexs estix? Tu rat (pars)? Keaé (pa6dra) Hindu w Térep? 4 Put the following sentences in the plural Toit ima roaémo aeré. Hamero cenélictao He ¢ roniso. Topé crépo kadené ¢ » rpand. Tona mésiko Momsé rondpi c ToR’ roam Mostt¥e, Ts méma enmid w6n0 Taxi Oniipan » extu6 xf6aB0 oé20. 5 Ask the questions to which the following are the answers Ta, te pa6érar » Benrépns. He, rol ne e anrsmvdmn no napoawocr. Zia, 19 ronépx Obrapexu estix. Te sua Ghrrapexn esiix npemi na sander piGora. Te ca or pasaisant crpant Ta, 1a Hcxa xa fan anrmiiionn esi 6 Read aloud each answer and mark the correct one with 4a Kaxné mitra Tlox? Tod miisko sm napdaHoctH ca? Bile xaxés cre no Hapanoct? Kaxori ca no mpopécnx nom sauitrue? Kaxeé mitra Max? Or xoit crpanti ca m axpit ca uMtendtra uM? Tord miko sm HapéstHocTH ca? Via am x6pa m or apyrm wanmoHdmHocTH? Kaxpé xéssa Moa? Te pa6otar » Bunrépus. 61 Viexane aa $a Gf.trapexu. Te ca or pasa erpan. Kaxn6 xaina Max? Tho npopécus cont mrinen mexenép. Pa66tx » Baardpns. “Te ne rosépar Gunrpeu estix. 7 Read aloud who says what and say who does what Example: Ton xéana: Kaxed e 1a no npopécas fim santrue, Paul is asking about the profession of a woman. Tlon: Kéaxo ca mone xonéri? 1 Asks a woman about her Aua: Kaxie cre no wapémmocr? —_ profession. Tom: Tondpure mm Gésrapexs? 2 Asks a woman about her MAS: Bie xoaé xunéete? smavital status ‘AHA: Mapiia cenéiina me? 3. Asks aman about his nationality. Tivo: Kaxna cre no mpopécus? 4 Asks how many people there are 55 Asks if you speak a given language. 6 Asks you where you live. 8 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian ‘Six people are working for « Bulgarian company in Sofia. Two of them cean speak Bulgarian. The other four do not speak Bulgarian, but they are studying it in Bulgaria now. They come from different countries and they have different professions and occupations. Jane is a joumalist from America. Robert is an engineer from Canada. Vasu is a diplomat from India. Toby is a doctor from Australia and Patrick is lawyer from Ireland, van Dimitrov is the director of the Bulgarian company. He is a Bulgarian from Sofia, married, with three children. Ivan speaks only Bulgarian, But his secretary speaks five languages: Bulgarian, Russian, English, French and German,Additional reading Read and translate the following Bulgarian texts using the glossary at the end of this book. Then retell each of the texts in your own words. 1 Teree: Men: Terr: MBAu: Vide, xord e taéar poxuén nen? ‘Aa wiMaMt poxnéi eH Kax raxd néaut poxnén zen? As coat poaén mpes Homa. Vioware sm wéuo 3a vétene? Tia, fiwante. Kaxed xutira ricKare? Vicxam néwo xj6avo. TIPOAABAY: —Mlexare sm némo néxo 3a aérene? Kawent: Hawa sasénme, A3 coat c xo. 3 Ton: Kaxnd e résu erpaza? Mo: Ton e xbmara na mpesuménra wa néuara xommdss. Toit uma gpexickn roraés, néwcxa wueréska, mpmantexn miogsdp, moraéwacKK MoHTEGp, aHTmiicKM HKOHOM amepuxantexu cexperdip. Tox: Towa we e miixaxna xéma. Tona ¢ cpevéeHa oprannséun. 5 B xotena At the hotel inthis lesson you will learn how to: ‘* Ask and explain about rooms and prices at hotels '* Ask for things you want and for directions * Use all the verbs inthe present tense ‘Understand and use other forms of personal pronouns Bxotena Paul is talking to Nadya, the hotel receptionist, while he is trying to book a room in her hotel Hans: Kaxso xenaere, Mons? Tloa: imate am cpo6oaue cran? Haga: Ha, uwtaMe crac enHo sero, ¢ be mera w anaprane- sem, Kaxna eras scxate? Ton: Weexast ena cras ¢ exumisio sero m eaKa © spofito sera, Haga: 3a chxkanenne HaMaMme caoOouHH cTaH ¢ ABOMHM Jerr, Ton: A xaxen cram MMaTe? Hana: Mora a Bu mpensioxa camo cran ¢ 110 sive sera w anapramentu ¢ Ho exia ex 1 esa OMA cra Tion; — Kontxo erpyna extia eras Ha nevep? Haas: Cras ¢ eto sero erpysa 100 sesa a newep; cras © save sera crpysa 140 sea vom no 70 esa Ha serT0; a ‘cexit anapramenr crpysa no 200 sepa Ha BeYep. Tio: ‘Tasi uewa wkomoyna sur 2aKycka? Hans: He, saxyexara ce mama orgemio ~ no 30 esa wa sioner. Tox: axyckara ¢ eptima m craure we ca exém. Hisar st Gans?Hana: Bonen cra mMar aywione, a B anapramewTiTe HMA H Mion; Torana exam anaprawent 3a rp nouyt, Kora o& mata? Haga: [nama ce npenpaputemuo. Bamara cmerka e 600 sina. Ton: Kaxau apyru yenyrn mpeaarare? HAs: Tipane, raaene, xuMurvecko suicrewe 3aKycKa » Tas ‘ra, Benxa yonyra ce sanzama gomsmmremo. Ero si xmowa, Tlon: — Buaronaps. Knne e pecropasrst? Haga: Pecropanrsr e BaacHo oT peventusta, GapbT € BAABO, a acaiicuoper e #anpaso. Vocabulary xoréa (im), ahotel,hotels. mo 10.aéna na 10 evs per person xorém ()) ond Kaxné wendere, Whatcan do for mews (0, price, prices a you? ent (p) cao6éren, ma, fice Gian (0, ‘bathroom, 0, x Génn () bathrooms exis (9, ‘100m, rooms aya (m), shower, erin (p)) ajmose (pl) showers ceria ceamé ——asingleroom na (, bath, baths eraé dan (9) ceria ¢ ane aerad adouble room rorisa then, after that auapraséar (xm) aflat,asuite a4 xp mum for three nights exmmiemo/ single! Koré ce nna? When do you sanbino ern double bed have to pay? aa coxanéme unfortunately mpemapiresmo in advance nfs (9) bedroom Biwara your bill Kézxo expfan How much docs eaérxa (f) wa pévep? cost per yeafra(, a service, services ‘night? yeagru (pl) amemivaman (3), to include mpeaniran @), —tooffer senba (2) mpeanéxa 2) saxyexa (f) a breakfast pane (n) washing axjewara ce Thebreakfast —radzene(n) ironing xia ispaidfor _xwieexo dry cleaning covaano separately stierene (0) sannimamt (3), 10 pay ‘maupdno, navicno straight on, tothe ‘sandra (2) (ea1m0) right (left) aomesmicreano additionally, extra _acanes6p(m) lift xav0s (on), akey, keys semnove (pl) ; t TIAMIIOPOBO, XOTEI 'CRETA BEA’ 3% fe a he 206, Seeeet— = f= Per irom, XoTEA ROCTOP* *>* ‘een ne pan cs =] ae SHE Asking for things When you want something, the usual ways of asking for it in Bulgarian are: Fisare am erdu Géu? Do you have a room with bath? icxaw exanivaa cran c Géua, I want a single rom witha bath. Méme am a mm nanére Can you give me a single room? eammirana cris? ‘iéitre sm ean an6iina cris. Give me a double room. fe ma aanére sm emérsara? Will you give me the bill? Asking about prices The following questions and answers range from the very polite to casual conversation:How much do Lowe you? What do I owe you? You owe me 260 levs. Kéawco erpfaa xuminwecxoro How much does the ‘sficrene? dry cleaning cost? Tovd erpfaa 100 tna. This costs 100 levs. Kaxsé e uewira ua créara? What isthe price of the room? Llensira na résu cris e 80 aésa The price of this room is a neve. 80 levs per night. Kéamco e cmérwara Mu? How much is my bill? (Corerxara Bu e 564 aéna, Your bill is 564 levs. (Caterxara Bu pen S64 sm. Your bill amounts to 564 levs. Conjunctions Conjunctions are used to link identical parts in a simple sentence or separate simple clauses in a compound sentence. You are already famil- iar with two Bulgarian conjunctions: w and a. For example: et ‘There are two suitcases and three bags. A ocrénamsr Garica? ‘And what about the remaining luggage? can also be used in another sense to mean ‘also, too, as well": Was ce pésmoam. am also glad. Axo w Bie fiexate ... And if you, too, want .. Axo Toit ro frexa w a3 ro fckam. If he wants it, so do I Often, instead ofa it is more appropriate to use wo or o6a%e: Tésm Garsix e moll, wo Susu ne e. ‘This luggage is mine but that isn’t. ‘Aa nosmsam Téan rocnozim, o6fve me nosadnam Té3m sia, know this gentleman but I do not know that lady. Other useful conjunctions are: ‘4e (that), Sico (if), a (to), kiro (as), fam (or), sarod (that is why), m= w (both ~ and), fam — fam (either — of), mitto ~ mm (neither — not), TY ~ Ty (now ~ now), eds (only), éo sam (that is why), sarond (therefore), eaeaosdéreamo (consequently), rorda (then) Parts and word order of the simple sentence ‘You have already seen and used quite afew simple sentences as well as few conjunctions serving to link their parts. It might, therefore, help to know more about the pars ofa simple sentence. These are: Subject (the doer of the action), Predicate (the verb), Object (the receiver of the action), Adverbial Modifier (where, orfand when, or/and how, or/and why, etc the action took place) and Attribute (a word qualifying the object, the subject oF the adverbial modifier). Here is a sentence illustrating them: Maisuar wonéx ama uéno cmicéume ua Kpacinoro momime oe a 6 1 oéxn slew 8 xéaa. 8 9 10 ‘The young man gives @ new magazine to the pretty girl every day in the lounge. ‘This sentence, which contains all parts of a simple sentence ~ attributes (1, 4, 6, 8), subject (2), predicate (3), objects (direct, 5, indirect, 7), adverbial modifiers (for time, 9, for place, 10) ~ also illustrates the usual word order in the Bulgarian simple sentence: subject — predicate object — adverbial modifier. But the word order in Bulgarian is much more flexible than in English and each of the parts (with very few exceptions) of the sentence can be placed at the beginning. Each part (with the exception of the predicate) can have an attribute The present tense of verbs of the first conjugation There are about 600 basic verbs (not their derivatives) in the first ‘conjugation and it could be said that most Bulgarian verbs ending in two vowels — e.g. wea (1 want, I wish), mia (I drink), ampés (I live), ‘uiéa (I know) ~ are in this conjugation, All verbs of the first conjuga- tion end in e in the 3rd person singular ~ e.g. mie (he/she drinks), weré (he/she reads), mame (he/she writes) — and they conjugate as follows:Positive Interrogative _ Negative-Interrogative Aa mima we mima ima sm? we mina zn? Tw mianem ne niment —iauenn sw? we mine cH? Toii wane we mime and soon... and soon ra mime ne mime Hite nanew ne niaent Bie mianete ne mimere Te war — ne niwar Case forms of the personal pronouns In Bulgarian, as in English, there is no regular case system but there are 1 few remnants of the old case forms in the use of some personal and possessive pronouns. There are three case forms for the personal pronouns: nominative, accusative and dative. There are two forms (long and short) for each of the latter cases (accusative and dative) and they are all given below: Nominative case Accusative case Dative case Forms: Longishort Long Short Complex Long. Short Ip. as méne meme ua méwe — méye mtto me 2pm réGe Te you na tée Té6e tutoyou 3 pm) Toit nérorohim ua néro —néro_my to him )™ nia her manéa més it toher @) 10 néro roit —manéro—éro_ my toit Ip. mie mac mus aac mac MH t0 Us 2p. aie pac BHyoU maRac BAC BMtO you 3p. te Tax rmthem wa tsx Tax tothem ‘The long and the short forms are identical in meaning. The only differ- ‘ence between them is the way in which they are used. As a rule, the long forms are used after the verb (Aa mitram nero, I am asking him), while the short ones are used before the verb (A3 ro mitra, I am asking him), Here are a few more examples: As miirast 166¢ (wéro, néa, pac), Tam asking you (him, her, you). As Te (ro, 3, au, ri) nitram, ‘Tw micram méne (nac, THX). ‘Tu me (ro, 5, am, ru) nirrau, As roséps na ré6e (uéro, wes). am asking you (him, her, you, them) You are asking me (us, them), ‘You are asking me (him, her, us, them). Lam talking to you (him, her). ‘As 1m (wy, am, wx) ronspa, Lam talking to you (him, you, them). ‘Tu rowépmu wa Méne (mac, Tax). You are talking to me (us, them). ‘Tw san (an, sty, #) ronépmun. You ae talking tome (us, him, her). Counting from 20 to 1,000,000 ‘There are two ways of expressing the numbers 11 to 20 as well as the numbers 30, 40 and 60 — formal (20, asdaecer) and informal or colloquial (20, awaiicer) They are identical in meaning but belong to ‘two different stylistic levels. Here the colloquial forms are given in brackets: 20 apagecet (qpdiicer) 21 apdiicet H eaHd 30 tprinecer (rpitiicet) 22 apdiicet H apé 40 seTupiiaecer (veTHipcet) 23 aBaiicer w TPH 50 netaecér 24 apaiicet u ¥érupH 60 mecraecér (welfeér) 25 apaiicet # net 70 cenemaecér 26 apaiicet u weet 80 ocemtecér 27 apaiicet 1 cénem 90 nevernecér 28 apaiicer 4 6oeM 100 cro 29 apaiicer néser 200 anéera 101 cro mend 300 rpiicra LIS cro w netwiticer 400 sérupneroti 124 cro andiicer w sérmpx 500 nérerorm 136 cro tpiificer w wect 600 miéerorun 148 cro veriipeer cet 700 cénemerorm 152 cro metaecér i Be 800 dcemctorin 163 cro welicér rp 900 nésercrorms 179 cro cenemaecét # aéser 1000 xnnina 222 apécra mpdticer m ape 1001 xniina w estH6 1345 auvioa Tpicra weripoer u ner 2000 spe xin 6879 weer xivtann SceMeToTH 10,000 aécer xine cenenmecér wt ent 1,000,000 ent saxmdH 100,000 cro xian 1,253,487 enim noummon anécra meraecér a TpH XI-TAAI, ‘érupucrotun ocemectr 1 one70 The imperative (commands or orders): simple forms ‘There are two basic forms of commanding, ordering or asking someone to do something: the 2nd person singular (for one individual) and the 2nd person plural (for more than one person). This holds good for all, Bulgarian verbs. Here are a few examples of commands you might need: Singular Plural English Tonopi Kawi erit 1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs Jickam, ctpyeam, obfam, coxanssam, npegndraM, nnéujam 1 Muéro . . ., Ho wémame cpoGéana cris, n Kaxé .. ., més? Kaxed cras... ra Xun? Baie . . . am crs c Gaus? Méas, K6nxo .. . résu cris”? Kord ce. . . emérkara? 2 Choose the correct word from within the brackets 1 Miso (verém, verén, seré) xuira, 2 Hie (nviarar, mite, miinsens) mex. 3 Tom u Cpa (ronépim, ronépiTe, ronépar) 206pé Gistrapcen cent. 4 Biie we (rpeunin, rpeutd, rpeunite) ‘Ava (Gaaronapiine, Gnaronapii, Gnaronapiim) ua Viso. Méns, (nposepére, nposepi, npoveprin) ome pestis! 3 Make sentences according to the models Model 1: A3 nicram Jo. Toit mm orronéps. Tom mitra Xépn. Zo mira Ben 1 Xépu. ‘Aa mitram Tandon. Biie mirare xo. Bent mira Cépa. Xépu mira Jhitn w Cépa. ‘Tn miram Tom a Ben. ‘Te mirar Tow n Ben, ‘Model 2: As exfuast Tom. As cajun nero. A3 ro exfmam. As enjuram Jixo. Tom csrjina Shim, Hite enjmame Hsin. As cavuia Capa. Shim exjuia Tom. Bie cajmare Axa, As cajuram Tom Ana enjura Jtxo. Te exjmat Tom 1 Toxo. u Ana, Twenjmam Ana, Tu onjumam Mindy. Ta enjmaur mene. Tu cnjmam Tom Tu enjuaur Ta cna Tom u méwe, sreréro. uw Ana. ‘Model 3: Ax ronéps wa Jism w Tee. ‘Aa ronéps na mac. A3 ox roséps. ‘As ropéps na Tom Tu ropépmut 11a Tow.‘As roséps Ha Ibxo a Xipn. Toit ronépu wa Tom. ‘As rosdps na Jism, Ta ronopamt na Ana. As rosépa ua Ana una 1é6e. Toli rosépa wa Jim. Aa rovéps na seréro. Tu rosdpaur wa aeréro. ‘Ta ronépx wa Tom. Toit ronop a Jim # Cépa. Tu rondpuu na Tom u Jbxo. Ts ronépi na Mind 1 Bos. Trt ronopmmr wa Bos wna méve, Ta ronépit wa JTiimt m méne. Ta rondpn wa Ibxo w na Té6e, Tu rondpuus Ha Tom 1 JK, Model 4: Aa wirram Minin Bopiic. Tax an witraui? Cran am rw? Aa mitra Boss, Tu mitraur méxe, Toft mitra Shim. Aa mira Jiiom, Tu mitraur uéro. Toit mitra Tost u 1é6e. Aa mitra reGe. Tu mitraurnés. ‘Toft mitra Awa m méne. Asmiram pac. Tu mitra wac. Toft mira Tom Xépu. Aa mitra Bac. Tu mitrau tax. Toit mitra Jim Capa, As mira tax, Tx mitra pac. Hue mitranee Bost Mande, 4 Write out in words: 20+30=50 27432559 300+400=700 40+20=60 17445=62 1234256=379 70-50=20 92-38=54 894-542=352 90-60=30 86-25-61 968-635=333, 5 These are the answers. What are the questions? Tae aéxapka no mpopécus. Aa com ot Anctpéimia. ‘Tigo siexa a fun Gbstrapers este. Zia, sanrara e més. Méra aa ou mpesuiéxa cras ¢ emné nern6. He, Tosa we e kmowir 3a anapraménra, 6 Name five things you want to do using the construction eKam a Example: Wlexawe a fa anr.iiicen exis. Hickam na pa6éra » Buaripus. 7 Write short dialogues for the following scenarios €@ Introducing Mrs Ivanova to Mr Popov © Passing Immigration and Customs control © Explaining that some pieces of luggage belong to a certain lady and not to a certain gentleman. © Booking a hotel room for the night 8 Read aloud the correct answer and mark it with an X Tos mitra: Tlom icra: Kaxeé eras iicrare? cords ¢ 1px sera Kaxoit créu timate? enéreara Vickare sm xmoud? anapraménT Hans mitra: Haas npeandra: rdw ¢ no ead aera6 anapraménr ¢ rpm enim créit ¢ no ape nerd Kaxnd xenéere, més? iexare sm cris c Gina? VAckare am anapramént? 9 Correct the mistakes in this student's work As ce xianame J>xon Carr, As ewe néxap or mpodécis. As ipa © xonéra na Buorépus. Méar xonéra ca oT passant apésnocta. Beisxn fapare 3a paGérn B Cogs. Hike com néve B Buarépus. As sima mdnea Garéox — end xjhap mend sduTa. Mésra npudren sma mudra Gardxa, Toi coxanieam, we visa ‘Ténxona xjbapa m Témxosn wénTH. Hie aibanare emi dma A ‘emtd rocnosint. Tond ¢ Hdmi cexperdpxa u Haima modbép. Hite oviivam ot xovésm, Haute xonérn waxate Tam. 10 Translate the following passage into Bulgarian Ivan is going to the hotel but he has a lot of luggage. He is waiting for his driver. He does not see his driver but he sees his secretary coming. Ivan is not very pleased that she is coming so late and that his driver is ‘ot coming. His secretary wants to say that she is very pleased to see him but she sees the rest of his luggage. Ivan has three suitcases and four bags. The secretary prefers not to see the luggage. She prefers to talk to Ian and to wait for the driver. Ivan is talking to her but he, too, is ‘Waitin for his driver.74 Additional reading Read and translate the following Bulgarian texts using the glossary at the end of this book. Then retell each of the texts in your own words. 1 Emi ra6poseu oriisa w emiu xoréa 8 Céopux m mitra vinta am cnoSoann crn u Késmko crpysar. Xoremméper oTronaps: = Créwre na mépous eréx crpynar 100 néna; Ha stépus — 99 -nésa; Ha TpéTWA— 98 néBa; Ha seTBLpTis — 97 eB PAponewer soicam Méuiko M Tpbrea Ja wossa, ~~ Yaxaii Ge, vouér, xeaé oripaut? ~ mitra xorémeper. = Ile norépes nixoit madro sucéx xorén, ~ xéssa réGposeusr. 2 Kouésrr; — Hioare am rénna w cryaéna aond w 16a xoréa? XoTEMMEP: Ja, Toma mpes sukroro m cTyséHa Mpes 3HiMaTa. 3 MpAH: — Kaxné me xérweur 3a crdute 8 résu xoré? Tere: Créwre ca xjGasx, Ho TpiGsa aa BHHMdpau B Géusra. Mom mjcnem xpina 3a TOnna pond, sanduma a texé pond or xpdwa sa crynéia pond. A wom MAH: Tiere: 4 Xoremer: Kouenr: Xoremmer: Komenr: 15 mjcnem xpéua sa cryséa soni, sanéwpa aa Tevé son or xpdwa sa téniara vos, Ho Tosd wina snanénne. 3ams? 3amdto wina TonuTa Boa, ckare 2m cris ¢ Géus? Ue maéva crésra, no Géurra ne wt TpAGaa x0 cé6ora. Mara aa on sant erés ¢ yu Tipeanowiram craa c neraé — He Méra Ja cna mpaB.