Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculation

Fault Types – Single Phase to Ground

X
Z
A

G
X
C B

Z

Z

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 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Fault Types – Phase to Phase

A Z

G
C B

Z X


X
Z

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 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Fault Types – Three Phase

X
A Z

G
C B

X
Z

X
Z

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 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations – Unbalanced Faults

Symmetrical Components

Decomposes an unbalanced network into

three balanced network

1. Positive sequence network

2. Negative sequence network
3. Zero sequence network

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 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components

lc1
lb2 la2 la0
lb0
la1 lc0

lb1 lc2

Positive Negative Zero

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 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Network Equations

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 Fault Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Network Equations

Ia = I1+I2+I0 In three phase systems, the

neutral current is equal to
Ib = a 2 I1+aI2+I0
In = (Ia + Ib + Ic) and,
therefore, In = 3I0.
Ic = aI1+a2I2+I0

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 Fault Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Network Equations

The same equations apply to the voltages:

 V0 = 1/3(Va + Vb + Vc)

 V1 = 1/3(Va + a Vb + a2 Vc)

 V2 = 1/3(Va + a2Vb + aVc)

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 Fault Calculations
Short Circuit Calculations
Symmetrical Components
Network Representations

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 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Three Phase Fault

Z1
X
1 pu I1

Positive Sequence

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 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Phase to Phase Fault
Z1
X
1 pu I1

Positive Sequence

Z2
X
I2

Negative Sequence

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 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Phase to Ground Fault
Z1
X
1 pu I1

Positive Sequence

Z2
X
I2

Negative Sequence

Z0
X
I0

Zero Sequence

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 Fault Calculations
Short Circuit Calculations
Symmetrical Components
Transformer Representations

H L
Z 1 or Z2

N1 or N2

Grounded Wye - Grounded Wye

H L
Z0

N0

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 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Transformer Representations

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 Fault Calculations
Short Circuit Calculations
Symmetrical Components
Three Phase Fault

1 pu
0.08 pu 0.45 pu 0.25 pu I1

I 2 = I0 = 0
I a = I1 + I2 + I0 = I1 = 1.28 pu A
Ib = a2 I1 I c = a I1
I 25kV = 1.28 pu x 2309 A = 2960 A

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 Fault Calculations
Short Circuit Calculations
Symmetrical Components
Phase to Ground Fault
0.08 pu 0.45 pu 0.25 pu
X

1 pu

Positive Sequence
I1 = I 2 = I 0
I1 = 1.0 = 1pu = 0.35puA 0.08 pu 0.45 pu 0.25 pu
Z 2.86 pu
X

Ia = I 1 + I 2 + I 0 = 1.05puA
Negative Sequence
I25k V = 1.05 x 2309 = 2424 A

0.27 pu 0.45 pu 0.95 pu

X

Zero Sequence

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 Fault Calculations
Short Circuit Calculations
Symmetrical Components
Phase to Ground Fault

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