ME 321: Design of Machine Elements Lecture 1

OBJECTIVE

This course mainly considers the design of power transmission elements: gear,
shaft and bearing. The objective of the course is to discuss the critical design
parameters so that a smooth and reliable power transmission occurs even
under severe operating conditions. To achieve it the surface failure theories,
lubrication, and fatigue failure theories are also discussed.

COURSE CONTENT

Gears-General
Introduction to gear drives. mathematical modeling of gear tooth profiles,
fundamental laws of involute curves, contact ratio, interference, gear tooth
failures and its remedies.

Design of Spur, Helical, Bevel and Worm gears

Fatigue failure theories, design of shaft and axle

Rolling contact bearings

Bearing types, Standard dimensions of the bearing, Stribeck equation,
reliability and life, Selection of bearing for variable loading.

Sliding contact bearings

Different regimes of lubrication, generalized Reynolds equation and its
solution, bearing characteristics number, design of hydrodynamic and
hydrostatic bearings.

TEXTBOOK

Design of Machine Elements by Spots M F and Shoup T E, Pearson Education

Machine Design An Integrated Approach by Norton Robert L, 2nd Edition, Pearson

Education

Design of Machine Elements by Bhandari V B, The Tata McGraw-Hill

Mechanical Engineering Design by Shigley J and others, The Tata McGraw-Hill

Comparison between Friction Discs, Crossed Belt & Pulleys and Gear Drives:

When it is required to transmit rotary motion from one shaft to another at a definite
ratio, with the shaft rotating in opposite directions, several means can be employed.

One method is to use Friction disks. It does not satisfactorily transmit uniform angular
motion because they lack positive driving contact. As soon as sufficient load is
imposed on the driven member, slippage between disks occurs.
ME 321: Design of Machine Elements Lecture 1

Pulleys and Crossed Belt are more dependable than the friction disks due to greater
area of frictional contact but here again due to lack of positive driving contact
between Crossed Belt and Pulleys, slippage occurs when sufficient load is applied to
the driven pulley.

Gears offer the most practical and dependable means for transmitting uniform angular
motion, but the shape of the teeth has an important bearing on the smoothness of the
motion transmitted. Experience has proven that the involute provides the most
satisfactory profile for spur and helical gear teeth, and fulfills the requirements for
transmitting smooth uniform angular motion.

Q. What will be the diameters of the friction discs in friction disc drive and
pulleys in crossed belt drives if the velocity ratio and centre distance between
shaft remain same as in gear drives? The angle between the crossed belt and
the normal to the line of centers of shafts is same as the pressure angle of
gears. The pitch circle dia of the gears are 30 mm and 60 mm respectively.
The pressure angle is 20.

For comparison, we draw diagrams for Friction Discs, Crossed Belt & Pulleys and
Gear Drives taking centre distance and velocity ratio same. The angle between the
crossed belt and the normal to the line joining the centers of shafts is also taken same
as the pressure angle of gears.

Fig.1. Diagram illustrating three means for transmitting rotary motion from one shaft
to another.

If we superimpose these diagrams, we will notice that friction disks are the pitch
circles of the gears. The pulleys are the base circles, and the crossed belt represents
the line of action. Where the belt crosses the line of centres is the pitch point.

Fundamental laws of the involute curve

1. The involute is wholly determined by the diameter of its base circle.

2. An involute moving about its base circle centre imparts rotative motion to a
contacting involute in the exact ratio of the diameters of their respective base
circles.
ME 321: Design of Machine Elements Lecture 1

3. An involute has no pressure angle until brought into intimate contact with
another involute or rack.
4. The pressure angle is determined by the centre distance and the base circle
diameters. Press angle = Base circle Dia/2*Center Distance
5. The pressure angle once established is constant for a fixed centre distance.
6. An involute has no pitch diameter until brought into intimate contact with
another involute or a rack.
7. The pitch diameter of an involute contacting another involute is determined by
the centre distance and the ratio.
8. The pressure angle of an involute contacting a rack is unchanged when the
base circle centre is moved toward or away from the rack.
9. The pitch diameter of an involute contacting a rack is unchanged when the
base circle centre is moved toward or away from the rack.
10. The pitch line position of an engaging involute and rack is determined by the
intersection of the line of action and a line passing through the base circle
centre and perpendicular to the direction of rack travel.