[Ch.

6] Sequences and Series 453 Mathematics (Part-I)

sum of n terms of a geometric Series

The formulas to find the sum of n terms of a geometric series is given by
a1 (1 – rn)
Sn = if |r| < 1
1–r
and
a1 (rn – 1)
Sn = if |r| > 1
r–1
Infinite Geometric Series
The geometric series which has infinite number of terms is called infinite geometric

om
series. For example,
a1 + a1r + a1r2 + a1r3 + …… + a1rn – 1 + ……
is an infinite geometric series.
The formula to find the sum of infinite terms of a geometric series is given by

.c
a1
S = 1 – r if |r| < 1

Q.1
ty
EXERCISE 6.8
Find sum of first 15 terms of geometric sequence, 1,
1 1
, , .......
3 9
ci
Solution:
Given sequence
em

1 1
1, , , .......
3 9
1
3 1
le

Here a1 = 1, r = 1 = 3, n = 15

a (1 – rn)
As Sn = 1–r
ta

15
  1 15
11–   1– 
1
 3  3
Sn = 1 = 2
1–3 3

= 2  1 –  3   = 2  1 – 14348907 
3 1 15 3 1
     
3 14348907 – 1 
= 2 = 
3 14348906  7174453
=
 14348907  2  14348907  4782969

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 454 Mathematics (Part-I)

Q.2 Sum to n terms, the series

(i) .2 + .22 + .222 (ii) 3 + 33 + 333 + ....... (Lahore Board 2010)
Solution:
(i) .2 + .22 + .222 + .......
Sn = .2 + .22 + .222 + ....... n terms
= 2 [.1 + .11 + .111 + ....... n terms]
2
= [.9 + .99 + .999 + ....... n terms]
9
2
[(1 – .1) + (1 – .01) + (1 – .001) + ....... n terms]

om
=
9

= 9   1 – 10  +  1 – 100  +  1 – 1000  + ….. n terms

2 1 1 1
      
=  (1 + 1 + ….. n terms ) –  + + ….. n terms 
2 1 1 1
9 +
 10 100 1000 

.c
1 
 1– n

1
10  10 
2
= 9 n–


1

1 – 10 ty
 1 1 – 10n 
1
ci
2
= 9  n – 10 9 
 10 
em

= 9 n–91– n
2 1 1
  10  
(ii) 3 + 33 + 333 + ....... (GujranwalaBoard 2007)
le

Sn = 3 + 33 + 333 + ....... n terms

= 3 [1 + 11 + 111 + …… n terms]
ta

1
= 3 [9 + 99 + 999 + ....... n terms]

1
= 3 [(10 – 1) + (100 – 1) + (1000 – 1) + .......n terms]

1
= 3 [(10 + 100 + 1000 + ....... n terms) – (1 + 1 + 1 + ....... n times)]
n
1  10 (10 – 1) 
 10 – 1 – n 
= 3

= 3  (10n – 1) – n 
1 10
 9 
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 455 Mathematics (Part-I)

Q.3 Sum to n terms of series

(i) 1 + (a + b) + (a2+ab+b2) + (a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3) + ....... (Lahore Board 2008)
2 2 3
(ii) r + (1 + k) r + (1 + k + k ) r + ....... (Lahore Board 2003)
Solution:
(i) 1 + (a + b) + (a2+ ab + b2) + (a3 +a2b+ab2+b3) + .....+ n terms
Sn = 1 + (a + b) + (a2+ ab + b2) + (a3 +a2b+ab2+b3) + .....+ n terms
Multiply and dividing by (a – b)
(a – b) Sn = a – b + (a – b) (a + b) + (a – b) (a2+ ab + b2) + (a – b) (a3 +a2b+ab2+b3)

om
+ .....+ n terms
2 2 3 3 4 4
(a – b) Sn = a – b+(a – b )+(a – b )+(a – b ) +..... n terms
(a – b) Sn = [(a + a2 + a3 + a4 + ..... n terms) – (b + b2 + b3 + b4 + ...... n terms)
n n
a (a – 1) b (b – 1)

.c
a–1 – b–1
1  a (an– 1) b (bn– 1) 
 a–1 – b–1 
Sn = (a – b)

1
= (a – b)
n
ty n
 a (b – 1) (a – 1) – b (a – 1) (b – 1) 
 (a – 1) (b – 1) 
ci
a (b – 1) (an – 1) – b (a – 1) (bn – 1)
= (a – b) (a – 1) (b – 1)
em

(ii) r + (1 + k) r2 + (1 + k + k2) r3 + .......

Sn = r + (1 + k) r2 + (1 + k + k2) r3 + ....... n terms
Multiply both sides by (1 – k), we get
le

(1 – k) Sn = r (1 – k) + (1 – k) (1 + k) r2 + (1 – k) (1 + k + k2) r3 + ....... n terms

= r (1 – k) r+(1 – k2) r2+(1 – k3) r3 +..... n terms
ta

= r – rk + r2 – r2 k2 + r3 – r3 k3 + ..... n terms
= (r + r2 + r3 + ..... n terms) – (rk + r2 k2 + r3 k3 + ...... n terms]
r (rn – 1) kr (kn rn – 1)
= r–1 – kr – 1

1
Q.4 Sum the series 2 + (1 – i) +  i  + ....... to 8 terms.
 
Solution:
1
2 + (1 – i) + + .......
i
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 456 Mathematics (Part-I)

1–i
a = 2, , n = 8 , r = 2 , S8 = ?
a (1 – rn)
As Sn =
(1 – r)
 (1 – i)8 
2 1–
 2 
=
–
1–
1 i
 2 
1 – i8   (1 – i)2
21–
  2   = 1 + i2 – 2i

om
=
1+i = 1 – 1 – 2i
2 = – 2i
1 – i8 
41–
  2  

.c
= 1+i
 ((1 – i)2)4 
41– 
=



1+i
28

(– 2i)4 

ty
ci
41– 
 28 
= 1+i
em

 24 . i 4 
41– 
 28 
=
1+i

41–
+1
le

 24 
= 1+i
ta

4  1 – 16 
1
 
= 1+i

4  16 
15
  15 1–i
= = 4 (1 + i) x 1 – i  i2 = – 1
1+i
15 (1 – i) 15 (1 – i) 15
= 2 = = 8 (1 – i)
4 (1 – i ) 4 (1 + 1)

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 457 Mathematics (Part-I)

Q.5 Find the sums of the following infinite geometric series.

1 1 1 1 1 1
(i) + + + ....... (ii) + + + .......
5 25 125 2 4 8
9 3 2
(iii) + + 1 + + ....... (iv) 2 + 1 + 0.5 + .......
4 2 3

(v) 4 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + ....... (vi) 0.1 + 0.05 + 0.025 + .......

Solution:

om
1 1 1
(i) + + + .......
5 25 125
1
1 25 1
Here a = , r = 1 = 5, S = ?

.c
5
5

As
a1
S = 1 – r

1 1
ty
ci
5 5 1 5 1
= 1
= 4 = 5x4 = 4
1–5 5
em

1 1 1
(ii) + + + .......
2 4 8
1
le

1 4 1 1
Here a1 = 2 , r = = 4x2 = 2,
1
S = ?
2
ta

a1
As S = 1 – r

1 1
2 2
= = = 1
1 1
1–2 2

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 458 Mathematics (Part-I)

9 3 2
(iii) + + 1 + + .......
4 2 3
3
9 2 3 4 3
Here a1 = , r = 9 = x = , S = ?
4 2 9 2
4
9 9
a1 4 49 27
As S = 1 – r = = 1 = x3 =
2 4 4
1–
3 3

om
(iv) 2 + 1 + 0.5 + .......
1
Here a1 = 2, r = , S = ?
2
a1

.c
As S = 1 – r

2 2
= 1 = 1 = 4
1–2
2 ty
ci
(v) 4 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + .......
2 2 1
Here a1 = 4, r = 4 = 2, S = ?
em

a1
As S = 1 – r

4 4 2 2+1 4 2 ( 2 + 1)
= 1 = =
le

x 2
2–1 2+1 ( 2 ) – (1)2
1–
2
ta

4(2+ 2)
= 2–1 = 4(2+ 2)

(vi) 0.1 + 0.05 + 0.025 + .......

0.05
Here a1 = 0.1, r = 0.1 = 0.5 , S = ?

a1
As S = 1 – r

0.1 0.1
= 1 – .05 = 0.5 = 0.2

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 459 Mathematics (Part-I)

Q.6 Find vulgar fractions equivalent to the following recurring decimals.

.. .
(i) 1.34 (ii) 0.7
... ..
(iii) 0.259 (iv) 1. 53
... ..
(v) 1. 159 (vi) 1.147
Solution:
..
(i) 1.34

om
..
1.34 = 1.3434343434 .......
= 1 + 0.34 + 0.0034 + 0.000034 + .......
0.34 0.0034
 a1 = 0.34,

.c
= 1 + 1 – 0.01 r = 0.34 = 0.01 ,

0.34 0.34 34 133

(ii)
.
0.7
= 1 + 1 – .01 = 1 +
ty
.99 = 1 + 99 = 99
ci
.
0.7 = 0.777777 .......
em

= 0.7 + 0.07 + 0.007 + 0.0007 + .......

0.7 0.7 7 0.07
= 1 – .1 = .9 = 9  a = 0.7, r = 0.7 = 0.1

...
le

(iii) 0.259
...
0.259 = 0.259259259259259 .......
ta

= 0.259 + 0.000259 + 0.000000259 + .......

0.259 0.000259
= 1 – 0.001  Here a = 0.259, r = = .001
0.259
0.259 259
=
.999 = 999
..
(iv) 1. 53
..
1.53 = 1.53535353 .......
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 460 Mathematics (Part-I)

= 1 + 0.53 + 0.0053 + 0.000053 + .......

0.53 0.0053
= 1+  a1 = 0.53, r = = 0.01 , n = 
1 – 0.01 0.53
0.53
=
0.99
53 152
= 1+
99 = 99
...
(v) 1. 159

om
...
1. 159 = 1.159159159 .......
= 0.159 + .000159 + .000000159 + .......
0.159 0.000159
=  a1 = 0.159 r = 0.159 = 0.001
1 – 0.001

.c
0.159 159
= 0.999 = 999

53
= 333
ty
ci
..
(vi) 1.147
em

..
1.147 = 1 + .047 + .000047 + .......
= 1 + 0.1 + 0.047 + 0.000047 + .......
0.047
= 1 + 0.1 + 1 – 0.001
le

0.047 0.000047
= 1 + 0.1 + 0.99  a1 = .047 r = 0.0047 = 0.001
ta

47
= 1 + 0.1 + 990

1 47
= 1 + 10 + 990

99 + 47
= 1+ 990
146 1136 568
= 1 + 9990 = 990 = 495

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 461 Mathematics (Part-I)

Q.7 Find the sum to infinity of the series;

r + (1 + k) r2 + (1 + k + k2) r3 + ...... r and k being proper functions.
Solution:
Given series
r + (1 + k) r2 + (1 + k + k2) r3 + .........
S = r + (1 + k) r2 + (1 + k + k2) r3 + .........to infinity
multiplying by (1 – k), we get
(1 – k) Sn = r (1 – k) + (1 – k) (1 + k) r2 + (1 – k) (1 + k + k2) r3 + ....... to infinity
= r (1 – k) r+(1 – k2) r2+(1 – k3) r3 +..... to infinity

om
= r – rk + r2 – r2 k2 + r3 – r3 k3 + ..... to infinity
= (r + r2 + r3 + ..... n terms) – (rk + r2 k2 + r3 k3 + ...... n terms
r rk
= =
1–r 1–rk
r (1 – kr) – rk (1 – r) r – kr2 – rk + r2 k

.c
= (1 – r) (1 – rk) = (1 – r) (1 – rk)
r – rk
(1 – k) S = (1 – r) (1 – rk)
r (1 – k)
(1 – k) S = (1 – r) (1 – rk)
ty
ci
r
S = (1 – r) (1 – rk)
em

x 1 2 1 3 2y
Q.8 If y = + x + x + ...... and 0 < x < 2 then prove that x =
2 4 8 1+y
Solution:
x 1 1
y = 2 + 4 x2 + 8 x3 + ...... to infinity
le

x2
x 4 x2 2 x
Here a1 = 2 , r = x = 4 . x = 2
ta

2
a1
so using S = 1 – r
x x
2 2 x
y = = 2–x =
1 2–x
1–2x 2
x
y = 2–x

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 462 Mathematics (Part-I)

(2 – x) y = x
2y – xy = x
2y = x + xy
2y = x (1 + y)
2y
x =
y+1
2 4 8 3 3y
Q.9 If y = x + x2 + x3 + ...... and if 0 < x < then prove that x =
3 9 27 2 2 (1 + y)
Solution:

om
Given series
2 4 8
y = x + x2 + x3 + ......
3 9 27

.c
4 2
2 9x 4x2 3 2x
Here a1 = 3 x , r = = 9 x 2x = 3
2

using
a1
S = 1 – r
3x
ty
ci
2 2
3x 3x 2x
y = = = 3 – 2x
em

2x 3 – 2x
1–
3 3
2x
y = 3 – 2x
le

y (3 – 2x) = 2x
3y – 2xy = 2x
ta

3y = 2x (1 + y)
3y
x =
2 (1 + y)
Hence proved.
Q.10 A ball is dropped from a height of 27 meters and it rebounds two third of the
distance it falls. If it continues to fall in the same way what distance will it
travel before coming to rest?
Solution:
Distance traveled in first fall = 27 meters
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 463 Mathematics (Part-I)

2
Height of first rebound = 27 x 3 = 12 m

2
Height of second rebound = 18 x
3

Total distance = 27 + 2  
18 12 2
2   a1 = 18 r = =
18 3
1–3 
 
18
= 27 + 2 x
1
3

om
= 27 + 108 = 135 meters
Q.11 What distance will a ball travel before coming to rest if it is dropped from a
2

.c
height of 75 meters and after each fall rebounds of the distance it fell?
5
Solution:
Distance of first fall = 75 meters
2
Height of first rebound = 75 x 5 = 30 m
ty
ci
2
Height of second rebound = 30 x 5 = 12 m
em

2 24
Height of third rebound = 12 x 5 = 5 m

Total distance = 75 + 2  30 + 12 + 5 …. to infinity 

24
le

 
 a = 30
ta

= 75 + 2  
30
2  12 2
1–5  r = 30 = 5
 

= 75 + 2  3 
30
 5 
 
150
= 75 + 2 x 3 = 75 + 2 (50) = 75 + 100 = 175 m

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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 464 Mathematics (Part-I)

Q.12 If y = 1 + 2x + 4x2 + 8x3 + ......

y–1
(i) Show that x =
2y
(ii) Find the interval in which the series is convergent
Solution:
y–1
(i) x =
2y
Given
y = 1 + 2x + 4x2 + 8x3 + ..... 

om
a1
Here a1 = 1, r = 2x, using S = 1 – r

1
y = = y (1 – 2x) = 1
1 – 2x
y – 2xy = 1

.c
y – 1 = 2xy

(ii)
y– 1
x = 2y

y = 1 + 2x + 4x2 + 8x3 + .......

ty
ci
The given series will be convergent if
|r| < 1  r = 2x
em

 |2x| < 1
1
 |x| < 2
1 1
 –2 < x <
le

2
x x2
Q.13 If y = 1 + + + ......
2 4
ta

 y– 1 
(i) Show that x = 2  
 y 
(ii) Find the interval in which series is convergent.
Solution:
x x2
(i) y = 1 + + + ......
2 4
Given series
2
x x
y = 1 + 2 + 4 + ...... 
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 465 Mathematics (Part-I)

x a1
Here a1 = 1, r = 2, using S = 1 – r

1 1
y = =
x 2–x
1–
2 2
2
y =
2–x
y (2 – x) = 2
2y – xy = 2
2y – 2 = xy

om
2 (y – 1) = xy
2 (y – 1)
x = y
x x2
(ii) y = 1 + + + .......

.c
2 4
The given series is convergent if
|r| < 1

Here r = 2

x < 1
x ty
ci

2
 |x| < 2  –2 < x < 2
em

Q.14 The sum of an infinite geometric series is 9 and sum of sequence of its terms
81
is . Find the series.
5
Solution:
le

Let the required geometric series is a + a r + a r2 + a r3 + ....... 

By the given condition
a + a r + a r2 + a r3 + .......  = 9
ta

a
or 1–r = 9
or a = 9 (1 – r)  (1)
also it is given that
81
a2 + a2 r2 + a2 r4 + a2 r6 + ......  =
5
2
a 81
or = 5
1 – r2
or 5a2 = 81 (1 – r2)  (2)
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 [Ch.6] Sequences and Series 466 Mathematics (Part-I)

Put equation (1) in equation (2), we get

5 [9 (1 – r)]2 = 81 (1 – r2)
5 x 81 (1 – r)2 = 81 (1 – r) (1 + r)
5 (1 – r) = 1 + r
5 – 5r = 1 + r
5r + r – 5 + 1 = 0
4 2
6r – 4 = 0  r =
6  r =
3

om
2
Put r = in equation (1), we get
3

a = 91– 
2
 3

a = 93 = 3
1

.c
 
so
the required series is
a + a r + a r2 + ……
2 2 2 3
ty
3 + 3  3  + 3  3  + 3  3  + …..
ci
2
i.e.
     
4 8
em

or 3 + 2 + 3 + 9.......

EXERCISE 6.9
Q.1 A man deposits in a bank Rs. 8 in the first year, Rs. 24 in the second year,
Rs. 72 in the third year and so on. Find the amount he will have deposited in
le

the bank by the fifth year.

Solution:
ta

Deposited amount is given by

8 + 24 + 72 + ...... which is a G.P
Here a1 = 8 , r = 3, n = 5, S5 = ?
n
a1 (r – 1)
As Sn = r–1
8 (35 – 1)
S5 = (3 – 1)

8 (243 – 1)
= 2
= Rs. 968

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