Accepted Manuscript Not Copyedited

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering: Including Wind Energy and Building Energy Conservation.
Received February 07, 2017;

Accepted manuscript posted May 25, 2017. doi:10.1115/1.4036855
Copyright (c) 2017 by ASME
ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION OF N IDENTICAL EVACUATED TUBULAR COLLECTORS

INTEGRATED DOUBLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL
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Desh B Singh
Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,
HausKhas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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e-mail: dbsiit76@gmail.com
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Gopal N Tiwari
Bag Energy Research Society, Sodha Bers Complex, Plot No. 51, Mahamana Nagar, Karaudi,
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
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e-mail: gntiwari@ces.iitd.ernet.in
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ABSTRACT
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In this paper, analytical expression for characteristic equation of double slope solar still included with series connected N identical
evacuated tubular collectors (N-ETC-DS) has been developed. The derivation is based on fundamental energy balance equations for
various components of the proposed system. The analytical result of the proposed N-ETC-DS has been compared with results reported
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by earlier researchers for the same basin area under similar climatic condition. It has been concluded that daily energy efficiency is
higher by 23.90%, 26.45% and 42.65% for N-ETC-DS than N identical partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) compound
parabolic concentrator collectors integrated double slope solar still, N identical partially covered PVT flat plate collectors integrated
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double slope solar still and conventional double slope solar still respectively at 0.14 m water depth under optimized condition.
Moreover, daily yield, exergy, energy and exergy efficiency have been computed.
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Key words: N-ETC-DS, characteristic equation, energy and exergy

1 INTRODUCTION
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The solar desalination of water with the help of the proposed active solar distillation system can be one of the best
alternatives to assuage the contemporary issue of the scarcity of potable water in far flung areas. In the proposed active solar still, the
external heat is added to the basin using evacuated tubular collectors (ETC). Rai and Tiwari [1] investigated active solar still in forced
mode theoretically for the first time and concluded that the daily yield of active solar still was higher by 24 % than conventional solar
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still. In unison, Zaki et al. [2] studied the active solar still under natural circulation mode for the first time and concluded that the
maximum enhancement in distillate output was 33 % higher in comparison to conventional solar still. Solar still can be integrated with
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a number of series connected flat plate collectors (FPC) to form a closed loop so that hot water can be discharged either directly or
indirectly by providing heat exchanger in the basin. Single slope solar still (SS) included with inverted absorber asymmetric line-axis
CPC collector was investigated by Yadav and Yadav [3] and they concluded that the production of potable water was improved as
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compared to conventional solar still because solar energy was provided to solar still both from top and bottom concurrently ensuing in
enhanced temperature difference between water surface and glass cover. An experimental investigation of solar still having mirrors at
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interior walls and coupled with FPC was done by Badran and Tahaineh [4]. They observed an enhancement in distillate output by 36
% as compared to conventional solar still. It happened due to enhanced temperature difference between water surface and inner
surface of glass cover. Abdel Rehim and Lasheen [5] studied basin type SS by integrating solar parabolic trough collector and heat
exchanger. Serpentine oil was used as working fluid in collector. The amount of distillate output obtained from such system was 18 %
higher as compared to conventional solar still because of the attainment of higher water temperature in basin as water received solar
energy from top and also through heat exchanger in basin. Tripathi and Tiwari [6] explored experimentally basin type SS included
with two collectors and operating in forced mode. They concluded that higher production of potable water was obtained during off-
sunshine hours due to heat storage effect at higher depth. Badran et al. [7] explored basin type solar still (double slope) which was
included with FPC and the system was operated in forced mode. They concluded that the production of potable water was higher by
SOL-17-1050, Singh 1
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Journal of Solar Energy Engineering: Including Wind Energy and Building Energy Conservation. Received February 07, 2017;
52 % as compared to conventional solar still. Taghvaei et al. [8] studied experimentally SS coupled with FPC to assess the long term
performance (continuous 10 days) and recommended a higher depth of water for practical application as the amount of potable water
production and efficiency were found to be higher at higher depth due to heat storage effect.
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El-Sebaii et al. [9] compared the performance of single basin active solar still theoretically between with and without a
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sensible storage material (sand) and reported that daily productivity of the solar still with storage was 23.8 % higher than that when it
was used without storage. An experimental study regarding the performance of various designs of active solar still was done by Arslan
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under closed cycle mode and he obtained highest overall daily efficiency for the circular box active solar still design [10]. In a
variation, a slowly rotating light-weight hollow drum was partially submerged in solar still cavity and an improvement of 20-30 % in
the production of potable water was reported as compared to conventional solar still [11]. However, the production of potable water
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becomes 60 % higher than the conventional solar still if the basin of an FPC integrated solar still is partitioned [12]. A considerable
enhancement in productivity is also obtained if thermal energy is supplied to solar still by circulating heat transfer fluid at its bottom.
It was reported that doubling the heat transfer fluid rate effected a 9 % enhancement in the production of potable water. The relation
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between production of potable water and the heat transfer fluid rate is thus non-linear [13]. A novel tri-generation system employing
PVT collectors was designed by Calise et al. for seawater desalination in European Mediterranean countries, known to have abundant
renewable sources but deprived of fossil fuels and water resources [14]. Ibrahim et al. [15] investigated experimentally the
performance of modified solar still consisting of external air cooled condenser and reported an enhancement of 16.2% and 29.7% in
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the production of potable water and thermal efficiency respectively for the proposed system over conventional solar still.
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Active solar distillation system can be made self-sustainable so that it can operate even in remote areas having abundant
sunlight but electrical power is not available and the system can generate electrical energy too if need arises. It can be done by
including a photovoltaic (PV) panel with FPC coupled to the basin of solar still. The integration of PV panel to collector was proposed
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by Kern and Russell [16] and it was reported that electrical efficiency was enhanced if fluid was allowed to pass below the panel. A
theoretical study of such system was done by Hendrie [17]. In continuation of this approach, an experimental study of SS by
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incorporating two series connected FPCs (one partially covered with PV) was done by Kumar and Tiwari [18-22] and an enhancement
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in production of potable water by more than 3.5 times over conventional solar distillation system was reported. They developed
empirical relation for heat transfer coefficient and also reported that the payback period of active solar distillation system lied in the
range of 3.9 to 23.9 years. It was extended for double slope active solar still by Singh et al. [23]. Further, Tiwari et al. [24] and Singh
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et al. [25] extended their work by partially covering both series connected identical FPCs with PV panels. They performed
experimental investigation and reported that though the exergy efficiency and overall thermal efficiency values of the system where
both FPCs are partially covered with PV panels are better, the thermal efficiency is lower than the system reported by Kumar and
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Tiwari [21] and Singh et al. [23]. Also, value of annual productivity varies from 120.29 % to 883.55 % indicating that the proposed
system was feasible. The optimum number of collectors on the basis of exergy efficiency was found to be 4 for 50 kg water mass in
the basin of active solar still coupled with a number of PVT-FPCs as reported by Gaur and Tiwari [26].
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Eltawil and Omara [27] studied a solar distillation system consisting of SS, FPC, spraying unit, perforated tubes, solar air
collector and PV panel to improve the production of potable water and supply electrical power. They reported an enhancement in the
production of potable water by 51-148 % over conventional solar still depending on the type of modification. Saeedi et al. [28]
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performed optimization of PVT solar still on the basis of energy efficiency using simulation technique and reported optimum mass
flow rate and number of collectors as 0.044 kg/s and 7 respectively. Singh and Tiwari [29-31] performed theoretical study on basin
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type solar stills included with N identical PVT-CPC collectors for New Delhi climatic condition and reported that the performance of
double slope solar distillation system was better than the similar single slope set up at 0.14 m water depth under optimized condition
due to higher energy, exergy and lower embodied energy for double slope set up. They also reported that the performance of single
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slope was better than double slope PVT-CPC active solar still on the basis of average daily productivity, thermal and overall thermal
efficiencies if depth of water in the basin is higher than 0.31 m and vice versa. Singh et al. [32] investigated the performance of SS
augmented with evacuated tubes in natural mode in which one end of all tubes were inserted into the basin and concluded that overall
energy and exergy efficiencies has lied in the range of 5.1–54.4% and 0.15–8.25% respectively during the sunshine hours at 0.03 m
water depth for a typical day in the month of summer. Further, Kumar et al. [33] investigated SS augmented with evacuated tubes in
forced mode in which one end of all tubes were inserted into the basin and concluded that the daily yield was 3.47 kg at 0.01 m water
depth and 0.006 kg/s mass flow rate for climatic condition of New Delhi.

The contemporary literature survey implies that the analytical expression for characteristic equation of double slope solar still
included with N identical series connected evacuated tubular collectors (N-ETC-DS) has not been reported by any researchers.
Recently, Mishra et al. [34] have reported the development of characteristic equation for N identical ETC connected in series. These
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collectors have not been analyzed by incorporating with double slope solar still. To accomplish this research gap, this paper presents
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the derivation of expression for characteristic equation of N-ETC-DS. In the proposed system, N identical ETC form a closed loop
with double slope solar still as outlet of Nth ETC is discharged to the basin and 1 st ETC is fed with water from basin with the help of
pump. The proposed system is different from the system of earlier researcher in two ways. Firstly, a number (N) of identical FPC/CPC
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have been replaced by N identical ETC. Secondly, a number (N) of ETC have been connected in series instead of inserting one end of
all collectors to the basin as reported by Singh et al. [32] and Kumar et al. [33]. A comparison of analytical results of the proposed N-
ETC-DS with similar set up reported by earlier researchers has also been carried out. The main aims of the proposed investigation can
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be stated as follows.
(i) To develop analytical expression for characteristic equation of N-ETC-DS based on the inscription of basic energy balance
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equations for various components of the system.
(ii) To compute daily production of potable water (yield), energy and exergy of the proposed system for a typical day in the
month of June for New Delhi climatic condition.
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(iii) To compute daily energy and exergy efficiencies of the proposed system.
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(iv) To compare the proposed N-ETC-DS with N-PVT-CPC-DS (N identical partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT)
compound parabolic concentrator collectors integrated double slope solar still) [29], N-PVT-FPC-DS (N identical partially covered
PVT flat plate collectors integrated double slope solar still) [34] and CDS (conventional double slope solar still) [35] for the same
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basin area under similar climatic condition on the basis of daily production of potable water, energy, exergy, energy efficiency and
exergy efficiency.
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2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Fig. 1 shows the cross sectional view of evacuated tubular collector (ETC), Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram of the
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proposed N-ETC-DS and Table 1 represents the exhaustive specification of the system. There are N numbers of identical ETC in the
proposed system. Each ETC consists of an inner copper tube through which water is allowed to flow and outer evacuated coaxial glass
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tube. The inner surface of evacuated coaxial glass tube is coated. The evacuated coaxial glass tube consists of two tubes and an
evacuated space is provided between two glass tubes to minimize the heat loss by convection. The radius of inner copper tube is
0.0125 m. The inner radius of inner glass tube of evacuated coaxial glass tube is 0.0165 m. The outer radius of outer glass tube of
evacuated coaxial glass tube is 0.024 m. The thickness of inner/outer glass tube of evacuated coaxial glass tube is 0.002 m. The inner
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copper tube is covered by copper plate to facilitate the transfer of heat to water flowing through the inner copper tube. The outlet of
first ETC is connected to the inlet of second ETC; the outlet of second ETC is connected to the inlet of third ETC and so on. This type
of arrangement of collectors is called series connection and it has been taken because our aim is to increase the temperature of water in
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the basin to get higher distillate. The hot water available at the outlet of Nth ETC is discharged to basin and inlet of 1st ETC is fed with
water from basin with the help of pump resulting in the formation of closed loop. An inclination of 30 o has been provided to all series
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connected ETC in the proposed system with an aim to obtain yearly maximum solar radiation. DC motor pump can be run either by
grid supply or photovoltaic module. The function of pump is to overcome the pressure drop so that water circulates through water
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collectors and basin of solar still. Water while passing through pipes of water collector receives heat and gets heated and this heated
water is discharged to the basin.
The double slope active solar still (East-West oriented) has an effective basin area of 2m×1m and it is made up of glass
reinforced plastic (GRP).A transparent glass inclined at an angle of 15 o with the horizontal has been taken as condensing cover of the
solar still. It is sealed with the help of window-putty. The inner surfaces of bottom and side walls of solar still are painted black so that
maximum portion of solar flux is absorbed.

The solar flux at the outer surface of transparent glass is transmitted to water after reflection and absorption. Water mass
reflects and absorbs some portion of transmitted solar flux and transmits the remaining part to basin liner. Basin liner absorbs almost
total radiation falling on its surface. Hence, temperature of basin liner increases which transmits heat to water and temperature of
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water rises. Water gets evaporated due to temperature difference between the surface of water and glass cover. This evaporated water
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gets condensed at the inner surface of glass cover through film type condensation. The condensed water trickles down to the channel
fixed to the front side of solar still and it is collected in an external container (jar) through pipe. Saline/brackish water flows to the
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basin with the help of pipe through an opening provided at the rear wall of solar still. An opening is also given at the bottom to
facilitate the washing of basin after some use. The entire unit is fixed on iron stand. East-West orientation of solar still unit is ensured
so that maximum radiation is received throughout the year.
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3 THERMAL MODELING
Following assumptions reported by Singh and Tiwari [29-31], characteristic equations of the proposed N-ETC-DS have been
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developed which are as follows.
3.1 Useful energy gain for N identical ETC connected in series
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Following Mishra et al. [36], the rate of useful thermal output from N identical ETC connected in series can be written as,
( ) ( )
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̇ ( ( )) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1)
( ) ( )
Where, ̇ is the rate of useful thermal output from N identical ETC, N is the number of ETC, ( )is the solar radiation falling on
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collectors, is temperature of fluid (water) at the inlet of first collector and is the ambient air temperature. Expressions
for( ( )) ,( ) and have been given in Appendix-A.
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In their set-up, a number (N) of series connected ETC do not form loop. However, they form a loop with basin of double
slope solar still in the proposed system shown in Fig. 2 as hot water available at the outlet of Nth ETC is discharged to basin and 1st
ETC is fed with water from basin with the help of pump. Hence, the value of is same as the value of in the proposed system
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shown in Fig. 2. The expression of temperature at the exit of Nth ETC ( ) is given by
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( ( )) ( ) ( ) ( )
̇ ( )
( ) ̇ ( )
(2)
Where, ̇ is mass flow rate, is specific heat capacity of fluid, I(t) is solar radiation falling on ETC, is ambient air
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temperature and is temperature of fluid at the inlet of first ETC. Expressions for ( ( )) ,( ) and have been given in
Appendix-A.
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In equation (2), the value of is equal to as a number (N) of ETC form a closed loop with the basin of solar still (Fig. 2).
The hot water obtained at the exit of Nth ETC is discharged to the basin. Hence, the value of is equal to the value of .
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3.2 Energy balance equations for double slope solar still

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Equations resulting from balancing of energy for various components of active double slope solar still can be inscribed as
follows.
3.2.1 For inner surface of east glass cover
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3)

Where, and represent total heat transfer coefficient from water surface to east glass cover and fraction of solar flux
absorbed by the glass cover respectively. ( ) is hourly solar radiation falling on outer surface of east glass cover, is area of east
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glass cover, is temperature of water, is temperature at inner surface of east glass cover, is area of basin, is radiative heat
transfer coefficient from inner surface of east glass cover to inner surface of west glass cover, is temperature at inner surface of
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west glass cover, is thermal conductivity of glass cover, is thickness of glass cover and is temperature at the outer surface
of east glass cover.
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3.2.2 For outer surface of east glass cover
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( ) ( ) (4)
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Where, is thermal conductivity of glass cover, is thickness of glass cover and is temperature
at the outer surface of east glass cover, is area of east glass cover, is temperature at inner surface of east glass cover and is
ambient air temperature.
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3.2.3 For inner surface of west glass cover tN
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (5)
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Where, represents total heat transfer coefficient from water surface to west glass cover, represents fraction of solar
flux absorbed by the glass cover, ( ) is hourly solar radiation falling on outer surface of west glass cover, is area of west glass
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cover, is temperature of water, is temperature at inner surface of east glass cover, is area of basin, is radiative heat
transfer coefficient from inner surface of east glass cover to inner surface of west glass cover, is temperature at inner surface of
west glass cover, is thermal conductivity of glass cover, is thickness of glass cover and is temperature at the outer surface
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of west glass cover.

3.2.4 For outer surface of west glass cover
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( ) ( ) (6)
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Where, , is thermal conductivity of glass cover, is thickness of glass cover and is

temperature at the outer surface of west glass cover, is area of west glass cover, is temperature at inner surface of west glass
cover and is ambient air temperature.
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3.2.5 For basin liner

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( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ) (7)
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Here, stands forthe portion ofsolar intensity absorbed by basin liner, ( ) is hourly solar radiation falling on outer surface
of west glass cover, ( ) is hourly solar radiation falling on outer surface of east glass cover, is area of basin, is heat transfer
coefficient from blackened surface to water mass, is temperature of basin liner, is temperature of water in basin, is heat
transfer coefficient from blackened surface to ambient and is ambient air temperature.
3.2.6 For water mass in basin
( ) ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ) ( ) ̇ (8)

Where, is mass of water in the basin, is specific heat capacity of water, ( ) is hourly solar radiation falling on
outer surface of west glass cover, ( ) is hourly solar radiation falling on outer surface of east glass cover, is fraction of solar
flux absorbed by water mass, is area of basin, is heat transfer coefficient from blackened surface to water mass, is
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temperature of basin, is temperature of water in basin, is total heat transfer coefficient from water surface to inner glass cover,
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is temperature at inner surface of west glass cover, is temperature at inner surface of east glass cover and ̇ is the rate of
useful thermal output from N identical ETC connected in series. The expression of various unknown terms used in equations (3) to (8)
are given in Appendix-A.
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Using equation (1) and equations (3) to (8), one can get the first order differential equation of water temperature ( )for
N-ETC-DS as follows.
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( ) (9)
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The expression for and ( ) used in equation (9) are given in Appendix-A. The solution of differential equation (9) can be
inscribed as
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̅̅̅( )
( ) (10)
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Where, is the temperature of water at and ̅ ( ) is the average value of ( ) during the time interval 0 to t. After
computing the value of with the help of equation (10), one can evaluate values of glass temperature ( )
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using equations (3) and (4) as follows.

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(11)
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(12)
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(13)
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(14)
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Where, expressions of unknown terms used in equations (11) to (14) are given in Appendix-A. After computing the value of water
temperature ( ) and glass temperature( ), the hourly production of potable water( ̇ )can be computed as follows.
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( ) ( )
̇ (15)
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Where, L stands for the amount of thermal energy required to evaporate unit mass of water (latent heat) and can be computed with the
help of the expression for the same reported by Fernandez and Chargoy [37] and Toyama [38].Here, represents evaporative heat
transfer coefficient from water surface to inner surface of east glass cover, represents evaporative heat transfer coefficient from
water surface to inner surface of west glass cover, is temperature of water, is temperature at inner surface of east glass cover,
is temperature at inner surface of west glass cover and is area of basin.
Following Nag [39], hourly and daily exergy gain of the proposed system can be inscribed as

( ) ( )
̇ [( ) ( ) * +- [( ) ( ) * +- (16)
( ) ( )
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Where, ̇ represents hourly exergy gain for the proposed system, represents evaporative heat transfer coefficient from water
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surface to inner surface of east glass cover, represents evaporative heat transfer coefficient from water surface to inner surface
of west glass cover, is temperature of water, is temperature at inner surface of east glass cover, is temperature at inner
surface of west glass cover, is area of basin and is ambient air temperature.
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∑ ̇ (17)
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Here, represents daily exergy gain for the proposed system. The hourly and daily overall exergy gain for N-PVT-CPC-
DS, N-PVT-FPC-DS and CDS have been computed using expressions reported by Singh and Tiwari [29], Singh and Tiwari [34], and
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Singh et al. [35] respectively.
Following Tiwari [40], hourly and daily energy gain of the proposed system can be inscribed as
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( ̇ )
̇ tN (18)
∑ , ̇ -
(19)
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Where, ̇ is hourly production of potable water and L is latent heat, ̇ hourly energy gain and E is daily energy gain.
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The hourly and daily overall energy gain for N-PVT-CPC-DS, N-PVT-FPC-DS and CDS have been computed using
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expressions reported by Singh and Tiwari [29], Singh and Tiwari [34], and Singh et al. [35] respectively.
The hourly and daily exergy efficiency for the proposed system can be inscribed as
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̇
(20)
̇ () [ ( () ( ))]
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(21)
∑ [ ̇ () [ ( () ( ))] ]
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( )
Where, ̇ ( ) ( ̇ ) [( ) ( ) ] (22)
( )
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Here, represents hourly pump work which can be expressed as the work required to run the pump for an hour, ̇ is mass
flow rate of fluid (water) in ETC, is specific heat capacity of fluid, is temperature of fluid(water) at the outlet of Nth ETC,
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is temperature at the inlet of 1st ETC, is ambient air temperature, is area of basin, ( ) is hourly solar radiation falling on outer
surface of west glass cover, ( )is hourly solar radiation falling on outer surface of east glass cover, ̇ ( )is exergy output of N
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identical ETC connected in series.

The hourly and daily exergy efficiency for N-PVT-FPC-DS can be calculated using equations (20)-(22) where can be
calculated using the expression given by Shyam et al. [41] in which value is equal to as collectors form a closed loop with
basin. The hourly and daily exergy efficiency for N-PVT-CPC-DS and CDS have been computed using expressions reported by Singh
and Tiwari [30] and Singh et al. [35] respectively.
The hourly and daily energy efficiency for the proposed system can be inscribed as

̇
(23)
[ ̇ () ( () ( )) ]
d
(24)
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∑ [ ̇ () ( () ( )) ]
Where, ̇ is hourly energy output from the system, ̇ ( ) is the rate of useful thermal output from N identical ETC connected in
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series, ( )is hourly solar radiation falling on outer surface of west glass cover, ( )is hourly solar radiation falling on outer
surface of east glass cover, is hourly pump work, E is daily energy output and is area of basin.
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The hourly and daily exergy efficiency for N-PVT-FPC-DS can be calculated using equations (23) and (24) respectively
where ̇ ( )can be calculated using the expression given by Shyam et al. [41] in which value is equal to as collectors form a
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closed loop with basin. The hourly and daily exergy efficiency for N-PVT-CPC-DS and CDS have been computed using expressions
reported by Singh and Tiwari [30] and Singh et al. [35] respectively.
4 METHODOLOGY
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The following methodology has been adopted for the numerical calculation of the proposed system and its comparison with
results of similar systems proposed by earlier researchers.
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Step I
Solar flux on the horizontal surface and ambient air temperature for a typical day in the month of June has been taken from
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Indian Metrological Department (IMD), Pune, India. The value of solar flux on the inclined surface at 30 onorth latitude has been
computed using Liu and Jordan formula with the help of MATLAB. The hourly variation of global and beam radiation on horizontal
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surface and ambient air temperature have been presented in Fig. 2.

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Step II
Equation (2) has been used to compute the numerical value of . Basin water and glass temperatures for N-ETC-DS have
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been calculated using equations (10)-(15). Values of various heat transfer coefficients have been computed using expressions given in
Appendix-A. Then, the production of potable water for N-ETC-DS has been calculated using equation (15).
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Step III
The hourly and daily exergies have been computed using equations (16) and (17) respectively. Similarly, the hourly and daily
energies have been computed using equations (18) and (19) respectively.
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Step IV
The hourly and daily exergy efficiencies have been computed using equations (20) and (21) respectively. Similarly, hourly
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and daily energy efficiencies have been computed using equations (23) and (24) respectively.
Step V
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Results obtained from the proposed N-ETC-DS have been compared with results of N-PVT-FPC-DS, N-PVT-CPC-DS and
CDS.
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5 Results and discussion

All associated equations and climatic data viz. hourly solar intensity, ambient air temperature and average wind velocity have
been supplied to computational program using MATLAB. The hourly solar intensity on horizontal surface andatmospheric air
temperature for a typical day in the month of June for New Delhiclimatic condition are given in Fig. 3.The average wind velocity for
the month of June is 4.11 m/s. The output obtained from the computational program is shown in Figs. 7-14.
Fig. 4 represents the variation of maximum temperature of fluid at the outlet of Nth ETC( ) with number of collector
(N) for a given mass flow rate of collector fluid ( ̇ ) of N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June. It is observed that curves

are getting closer to each other as value of ̇ increases and they start almost overlapping beyond ̇ kg/s because collector
fluid gets lesser and lesser time to gain heat in pipes of collector and the rate of heat transfer from absorber plate to water increases
with the increase in value of ̇ . It means that the value of becomes almost constant beyond ̇ kg/s. Hence,
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optimum value of ̇ can be taken as 0.016 kg/s. Further, value of increases as N is increased at optimum value of ̇ .
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However, the value of becomes more than 100oC beyond . Hence, optimum value of N can be taken as 12 since the
working fluid in ETC is water. The thermal modeling will cease to be valid if the value of becomes greater than 100oC. To
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tackle the case of higher temperature (>100 oC), another fluid can be used by inserting heat exchanger in the basin to transfer the
thermal energy to basin water and avoid the mixing of collector fluid with basin water. The optimized condition for active solar stills
(N-ETC-DS, N-PVT-CPC-DS and N-PVT-FPC-DS) has been presented in Table 2.
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Fig. 5 represents hourly variation of various temperatures of proposed N-ETC-DS at 0.14 m water depth, optimum values of
N and ̇ for a typical day in the month of June. It is observed that the maximum value of difference in water temperature and glass
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temperature occurs at 13:00 because maximum value of solar intensity occurs at 12:00 noon. Also, glass temperatures are lower than
basin water temperature which is as per expectation as it should occur for getting the water evaporated at accelerated rate. Basin water
temperature is lesser than because outlet of Nth ETC is fed to basin and mixing of collector fluid (water) and basin water occurs.
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Fig. 6 represents hourly variation of various heat transfer coefficients (HTC) and production of potable water of N-ETC-DS
for a typical day in the month of June. It is observed that the maximum value of hourly production of potable water occurs at 15:00
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because the production of potable water is the function of both evaporative heat transfer coefficient and . Here, stands for the
difference between water temperature and glass temperature. It is also observed that values of convective and radiative HTC are lower
which are as per expectation because they are responsible for losses.
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Fig. 7 represents hourly variation of daily production of potable water with mass flow rate for N-ETC-DS for a typical day in
the month of June. The value of daily production of potable water has been found to decrease with the increase in the value of ̇
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because value of decreases as collector fluid gets lesser and lesser time to gain heat in pipes of collector and the rate of heat
sc
transfer from absorber plate to water increases with the increase in value of ̇ . It results in lowering the value of and hence
lowering the value of . Fig. 8 represents the variation of daily yield with N at 0.016 kg/s mass flow rate for N-ETC-DS for a typical
nu
day in the month of June. It is observed that the daily yield/production of potable water increases with the increase in value of N
because the amount of thermal energy added to basin water increase with the increase in number of collectors. However, we cannot
have N > 12 because the temperature of water becomes more than 100 oC for the value of N higher than twelve.
Ma
Fig. 9 represents the variation of the production of potable water with types of system at 0.14 m water depth under optimized
condition. It is observed that the value of production of potable water is higher by 7.33% and 69.25% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-
FPC-DS and CDS respectively. However, the production of potable water is lower by 3.47% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-CPC-DS.
ed
The production of potable water for N-ETC-DS is higher than CDS by 69.25% because an additional amount of heat is added to basin
with the help of N identical ETC in the case of N-ETC-DS. Further, production of potable water in the case of N-ETC-DS is also
higher than N-PVT-FPC-DS by 7.33% because heat loss in the case of ETC is lower due to presence of vacuum which prevents loss
pt
through convection. In the case of N-PVT-FPC losses occurs due to both convection and radiation. However, production of potable
water in the case of N-ETC-DS is lower than N-PVT-CPC-DS by 3.47% because of the concentration of beam radiation on the
ce
receiver surface after getting reflected from parabolic surface.

Fig. 10 represents the variation of daily exergy gain and daily energy output with types of system at 0.14 m water depth under
Ac
optimized condition for a typical day in the month of June. It is observed that the value of daily exergy gain in the case of N-ETC-DS
is higher by 71.65% than CDS because higher temperature of water is obtained in the case of N-ETC-DS due to the presence of N
identical collectors. However, exergy gain is lower by 27.83% and 9.28% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-CPC-DS and N-PVT-FPC-DS.
It happens because the optimum value of ̇ is lower by 150% and 87.5% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-CPC-DS and N-PVT-FPC-DS
respectively. Further, the variation in energy output is similar to the variation in production of potable water because energy output is
directly proportional to the production of potable water.
Fig. 11 represents the variation of daily exergy efficiency and daily energy efficiency with types of system at 0.14 m water
depth under optimized condition for a typical day in the month of June. It is observed that the daily exergy efficiency is higher by

4.60% and 73.55% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-FPC-DS and CDS respectively because of their lower input exergy. However, daily
exergy efficiency is lower by 1.02% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-CPC-DS because the input exergy is higher for N-PVT-CPC-DS.
Similarly, the daily energy efficiency is higher by 23.90%, 26.45% and 42.65% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-CPC-DS, N-PVT-FPC-
d
DS and CDS respectively.
ite
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusions
ed
The thermal modeling and development of characteristics equations have been done for N-ETC-DS. The amount of yield,
energy, exergy, exergy efficiency and energy efficiency have been evaluated at 0.14 m water depth under optimized condition for N-
py
ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June and these results have been compared with results of similar systems reported by
various researchers previously. The following conclusions have been drawn on the basis of present research study.
Co
(i) The daily yield is higher by 7.33%; 69.25% and lower by 3.47% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-FPC-DS; CDS and N-PVT-
CPC-DS respectively.
(ii) The daily exergy gain is higher by 71.65%; lower by 27.83% and 9.28% for N-ETC-DS than CDS; N-PVT-CPC-DS and
ot
N-PVT-FPC-DS respectively. The variation in energy output is similar to the variation in yield.
(iii) The daily exergy efficiency is higher by 4.60%; 73.55% and lower by 1.02% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-FPC-DS; CDS
tN
and N-PVT-CPC-DS respectively.
(iv) The daily exergy efficiency is higher by 23.90%; 26.45% and 42.65% for N-ETC-DS than N-PVT-CPC-DS; N-PVT-
FPC-DS and CDS respectively.
ip
6.2 Recommendations
r
The proposed system should be studied for local climatic condition before its installation. The theoretical results of proposed
sc
N-ETC-DS using thermal model developed can be validated by experimental results under optimized condition. The effect of salt
concentration/salinity/particulates/nano-fluids should be studied.
nu
APPENDIX-A
Expressions for different terms used in equations (1) and (2) are as follows.
Ma
( ( )) ( ) ( ) ̇
̇
[ ( )] ( )
ed
̇ ̇
( ) ( )
* +
pt
( )used in equation (7) and expressions of heat transfer coefficients used in equations (9) to (11) are as
ce
Expressions for and

follows.
( ) ( )
Ac
[ ̇ ( ) ]
( ) ( )
( ) *( ) ( ( ) ( )) ( ( )) ( ) ( ( ) )
( ) ( )
( ) +
( )
SOL-17-1050, Singh 10

( )
d
( ) ( )
ite
[( ) ( ) ], -
ed
py
[ ]
Co
( )( )
[( ) ] [ ]
ot
( )( )
[( ) ] [ ]
tN
[ ] [ ]
ip
( )[( ) ( ) ][ ]
r
( )[( ) ( ) ][ ]
sc
References
nu
1. Rai S.N. and Tiwari G.N., (1983), Single basin solar still coupled with flat plate collector, Energy Conversion and Management
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Ma
Kuwait, 1983, pp. 331-335.

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ed
4. Badran, O.O., and Al-Tahaineh, H.A., (2004), The effect of coupling flat plate collector on the solar still productivity,
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pt
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ce
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Ac
7. Badran, A.A., Al-Hallaq, A.A., Eyal Salman, I.A., Odat, M.Z. (2005), A solar still augmented with a flat-plate collector,
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d
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py
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Co
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ot
Photovoltaic Specialists, June 5–8. Washington, DC, USA, pp. 1153–1157.
17. Hendrie, S.D., (1979), Evaluation of combined photovoltaic/thermal collectors, In: Proceedings of international conference ISES,
tN
vol. 3.Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 1865-1869.
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ip
Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 32 pp. 847–58.

19. Kumar S and Tiwari G.N. (2009), Estimation of internal heat transfer coefficients of a hybrid (PV/T) active solar still. Solar
r
Energy; 83:1656–67.
sc
20. Kumar S and Tiwari G.N. (2009a), Life cycle cost analysis of single slope hybrid (PV/T) active solar still. Applied Energy;
86:1995–2004.
nu
21. Kumar, S. and Tiwari, A., (2010), Design, fabrication and performance of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) active solar still,
Energy Conversion and Management 51, pp. 1219–1229.
Ma
22. Kumar, S., Tiwari, G.N., Gaur, M.K., (2010a), Development of empirical relation to evaluate the heat transfer coefficients and
fractional energy in basin type hybrid (PVT) active solar still. Desalination 250, 214–221.
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double slope active solar still, Desalination, 277, pp. 399-406.

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pt
analyses of partially covered photovoltaic flat plate collector active solar distillation system, Desalination, 367, pp.186–196.
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ce
active solar still integrated with two hybrid PVT collectors, Solar Energy, 130, pp. 207–223
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Ac
Energy, Vol. 87, pp. 1763-1772

27. Eltawil, M.A. and Omara, Z.M., (2014), Enhancing the solar still performance using solar photovoltaic, flat plate collector and hot
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87, pp. 142-152
29. Singh, D.B. and Tiwari, G.N., (2016), Effect of energy matrices on life cycle cost analysis of partially covered photovoltaic
compound parabolic concentrator collector active solar distillation system, Desalination, Vol. 397, pp. 75–91
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30. Singh D.B. and Tiwari G.N. (2017), Performance analysis of basin type solar stills integrated with N identical photovoltaic
thermal (PVT) compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) collectors: A comparative study, Solar Energy Vol. 142 pp. 144-158.
d
31. Singh D.B. and Tiwari G.N. (2017), Exergoeconomic, enviroeconomic and productivity analyses of basin type solar stills by
incorporating N identical PVT compound parabolic concentrator collectors: A comparative study, Energy Conversion and
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Management 135 (2017) 129–147
32. SinghR.V., Kumar S., HasanM.M., Khan M. E and TiwariG.N., (2013), Performance of a solar still integrated with evacuated tube
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collector in natural mode, Desalination Vol. 318, pp 25–33
33. Kumar S., Dubey A and TiwariG.N., (2014), A solar still augmented with an evacuated tube collector in forced mode,
py
Desalination, Vol. 347, pp 15–24
34. Singh D.B. and Tiwari G.N. (2017), Enhancement in energy metrics of double slope solar still by incorporating N identical PVT
Co
collectors, Solar Energy, Vol. 143, pp. 142–161.
35. Singh D.B.,Tiwari G.N., Al-Helal I.M., DwivediV.K. and Yadav J.K. (2016), Effect of energy matrices on life cycle cost analysis
of passive solarstills, Solar Energy Vol. 134 pp. 9–22
ot
36. Mishra, R.K., Garg, V and Tiwari G.N., (2015), Thermal modeling and development of characteristic equations of evacuated
tubular collector (ETC), Solar Energy 116, 165–176
tN
37. Fernandez, J. and Chargoy, N. (1990), Multistage indirectly heated solar still. Solar Energy 44 (4), p.215.
38. Toyama, S., Kagakuv K., 1972. Gijitsu, 24, 159, Maruzen, Tokyo
ip
39. Nag, P.K., (2004), Basic and applied thermodynamics, Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-047338-2
r
40. Tiwari G.N., (2013), Solar Energy, fundamentals, design, modeling and application, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
sc
41. Shyam, Tiwari, G.N., Al-Helal, I.M., (2015). Analytical expression of temperature dependent electrical efficiency of N-PVT
water collectors connected in series, Sol. Energy, Vol. 114, pp. 61–76.
nu
NOMENCLATURE
Symbol
Ma
area of basin, m2
area of east glass cover, m2
area of west glass cover, m2
C specific heat capacity, J/kg-K
ed
̇ hourly energy output, kWh

daily energy output, kWh
pt
collector efficiency factor, dimensionless

̇ hourly exergy gain, kWh
ce
daily exergy gain, kWh

convective heat transfer coefficient from water to inner surface of glass cover, W/m2-K
evaporative heat transfer coefficient from water surface to inner surface of east glass cover, W/m2-K
Ac
evaporative heat transfer coefficient from water surface to inner surface of west glass cover, W/m2-K
convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
heat transfer coefficient from blackened surface to ambient, W/m2 K
heat transfer coefficient from blackened surface to water mass, W/m2-K
heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
radiative heat transfer coefficient from water to inner surface of glass cover, W/m2-K
radiative heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
total heat transfer coefficient from water surface to inner glass cover, W/m2-K
SOL-17-1050, Singh 13

total heat transfer coefficient from water surface to inner glass cover, W/m2-K
radiative heat transfer coefficient from inner surface of east glass cover to inner surface of west glass cover
( ) solar intensity on collector, W/m2
d
() solar intensity on east glass cover, W/m2
ite
(t) solar intensity on west glass cover, W/m2
K thermal conductivity, W/m-K
Thickness of glass cover, m
ed
L latent heat, J/kg
length, m
py
̇ mass flow rate of fuid/water, kg/s
̇ mass of distillate from double slope solar still, kg
̇ useful energy gain for N identical collector connected in series, kWh
Co
inner radius of outer glass tube of evacuated coaxial glass tube, m
outer radius of inner glass tube of evacuated coaxial glass tube, m
outer radius of outer glass tube of evacuated coaxial glass tube, m
ot
radius of copper tube in ETC
Reflectivity
outlet water temperature at the end of Nth water collector, oC
tN
ambient temperature, oC
glass temperature at inner surface of east glass cover, oC
glass temperature at inner surface of west glass cover, oC
ip
T time, h
r
Two water temperature at t=0, oC

sc
Tw water temperature, oC
overall heat transfer coefficient
V velocity of air, m/s
nu
Abbreviation
CPC compound parabolic concentrator collector
Ma
CDS conventional double slope solar still

DS double slope solar still
ETC evacuated tubular collector
FF fill factor, dimensionles
ed
FPC flat plate collector

N-ETC-DS double slope solar still included with N identical ETC
N-PVT-CPC-DS double slope solar still included with N identical PVT-CPC
pt
N-PVT-FPC-DS double slope solar still included with N identical PVT-FPC

penalty factor first, dimensionless
ce
penalty factor second, dimensionless

PVT photovoltaic thermal
Ac
penalty factor due to the glass covers for the glazed portion
SS single slope solar still
Subscript
basin liner
East
Effective
Energy
Exergy
Fluid
SOL-17-1050, Singh 14

Glass
Incoming
Outgoing
d
Water
ite
West
Greek letters
absorptivity (fraction)
ed
efficiency, %
( ) product of effective absorptivity and transmittivity
Stefan - Boltzmann constant, W/m2-K4
py
temperature dependent electrical efficiency of solar cells of a number (N) of PVT-FPC/PVT-CPC water
collectors
Co
Transmittivity
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 15

Figure caption list
d
Fig.1 Cross sectional view of evacuated tubular collector (ETC)
ite
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the proposed double slope solar still incorporated with N identical ETC connected in series (N-
ETC-DS)
Fig.3 Hourly variation of radiation on horizontal surface and ambient air temperature for a typical day in the month of June
ed
Fig.4 Variation of with N for given ̇ of collector fluid of N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
Fig.5 Hourly variation of various temperatures of N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
py
Fig.6 Hourly variation of heat transfer coefficient and yield of N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
Fig.7 Hourly variation of daily yield of N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
Fig.8 Variation of daily yield with N for N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
Co
Fig.9 Variation of daily yield with types of system for a typical day in the month of June
Fig.10 Variation of daily exergy gain and daily energy output with types of system for a typical day in the month of June
Fig.11 Variation of daily exergy efficiency and daily energy efficiency with types of system for a typical day in the month of
June
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 16

Table caption list
d
Table 1 Specifications of double slope solar still incorporated with N identical ETC
ite
Table 2 Optimum condition for N-ETC-DS, N-PVT-CPC-DS and N-PVT-FPC-DS
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 17

Outer glass tube Inner glass tube
d
ite
ed
Heat transfer fluid
py
Vacuum
U tube
Co
Fig.1: Cross sectional view of evacuated tubular collector (ETC) in series (N-ETC-DS)
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 18

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
r ip
sc
Fig. 2: Schematic diagram of the proposed double slope solar still incorporated with N identical ETC connected in series (N-ETC-DS)
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 19

June-global June-beam June-ambient air temperature
d
1200 40
Ambient air temperature (oC)

ite
35
Solar intensity (W/m2)
1000
30
ed
800
25
600 20
py
15
400
10
Co
200
5
0 0
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
Time of the day (h)
ot
tN
Fig. 3: Hourly variation of radiation on horizontal surface and ambient air temperature for a typical day in the month of June
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 20

350 𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.002 kg/s

𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.004 kg/s
d
300
𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.006 kg/s
ite
250 𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.008 kg/s
𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.010 kg/s
ed
TfoN, max (oC)
200 𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.012 kg/s

𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.014 kg/s
py
150
𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.016 kg/s
100 𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.018 kg/s
Co
𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.020 kg/s
50 𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.022 kg/s
ot
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
tN
No. of ETC (N)
with N for given ̇ of collector fluid of N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
ip
Fig. 4: Variation of
r
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 21

120
𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.016 kg/s, N= 12 𝑇𝑓𝑜𝑁
d
100 𝑇𝑤
ite
𝑇𝑔𝑖𝐸
Temperature (oC)
80
𝑇𝑔𝑖𝑊
ed
60 𝑇𝑔𝑜𝐸
py
𝑇𝑔𝑜𝑊
40
Ta
Co
20
ot
8:00
9:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
14:00
18:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00 tN
Time of day (h)
Fig. 5: Hourly variation of various temperatures of N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 22

160 𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.016 kg/s, N=12 4.5

140 4.0 𝑐𝑤𝑔𝐸
d
Heat transfer coeff. (W/m2-K)
120 3.5 𝑐𝑤𝑔𝑊
ite
3.0 𝑟𝑤𝑔𝐸
100
2.5 𝑟𝑤𝑔𝑊
ed Yield (kg)
80
2.0 𝑒𝑤𝑔𝐸
60 𝑒𝑤𝑔𝑊
1.5
py
40 𝑤𝐸
1.0
𝑤𝑊
20 0.5
Co
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
0 0.0
4:00
8:00
0:00
2:00
6:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
Time of day (h)

ot
tN
Fig. 6: Hourly variation of heat transfer coefficient and yield of N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 23

30 DS-Jun
d
25
N=12
ite
20
ed
Yield (kg)
15
py
10
Co
5
ot
0.016 0.032 0.048 0.064 0.08
𝑚̇ 𝑓 ( 𝑘𝑔/𝑠)
tN
Fig. 7: Hourly variation of daily yield of N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 24

45 Jun-ETC-DS
40
d
ite
35
𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.016 kg/s
30
Daily yield (kg)
ed
25
20
py
15
Co
10
5
ot
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
tN
No. of ETC (N)
Fig 8: Variation of daily yield with N for N-ETC-DS for a typical day in the month of June
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 25

Production of potable water

30
d
ite
25
20
ed
Daily yield (kg)
15
py
10
Co
5
ot
CDS N-PVT-FPC-DS N-PVT-CPC-DS N-ETC-DS
Types of system
tN
Fig 9: Variation of daily yield with types of system for a typical day in the month of June
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 26

Daily exergy gain Daily energy output
d
3.00 20
18
ite
Daily energy output (kWh)
2.50 16
Daily exergy gain (kWh)
14
ed
2.00
12
1.50 10
py
8
1.00 6
Co
0.50 4
2
0.00 0
ot
Types of system
tN
Fig 10: Variation of daily exergy gain and daily energy output with types of system for a typical day in the month of June
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 27

Daily exergy efficiency Daily energy efficiency
d
18 80
ite
16 70
Daily exergy efficiency (%)
Daily energy efficiency (%)

14 60
ed
12
50
10
40
py
8
30
6
Co
4 20
2 10
ot
0 0
tN
Types of system
Fig 11: Variation of daily exergy efficiency and daily energy efficiency with types of system for a typical day in the month of June
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 28

Table 1: Specifications of double slope solar still incorporated with N identical ETC
d
Double slope active solar still
ite
Component Specification Component Specification
ed
Length 2m Cover material Glass
Width 1m Orientation East-west
py
Inclination of glass cover 15o Thickness of glass cover 0.004 m
Co
Height of smaller side 0.2m 0.816 W/m-K
Material of body GRP Thickness of insulation 0.1m
ot
Material of stand GI tN 0.166 W/m-K
Evacuated tubular collector (ETC)
Component Specification Component Specification

ip
Type and no. of collectors ETC , N 0.8

r
sc
DC motor rating 12 V, 24 W 0.968

nu
Radius of inner copper tube 0.0125 m 0.95
Thickness of copper tube 0.0005 m ( ) 1.09

Ma
Outer radius of outer glass tube of Angle of ETC with
evacuated coaxial glass tube 0.024 m horizontal 30o

ed
Inner radius of inner glass tube of Length of each copper

pt
evacuated coaxial glass tube 0.0165 m tube 2.0 m

ce
Thickness of outer/inner glass tube of
of evacuated coaxial glass tube 0.002 m

Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 29

Table 2: Optimum condition for N-ETC-DS, N-PVT-CPC-DS and N-PVT-FPC-DS
Types of system Optimum value of N Optimum value of ̇ (kg/s)
d
ite
N-ETC-DS 12 0.016
N-PVT-CPC-DS [29] 7 0.04
ed
N-PVT-FPC-DS [34] 11 0.03
py
Co
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
SOL-17-1050, Singh 30

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Journal of Solar Energy Engineering: Including Wind Energy and Building Energy Conservation.

Received February 07, 2017;

ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION OF N IDENTICAL EVACUATED TUBULAR COLLECTORS

Key words: N-ETC-DS, characteristic equation, energy and exergy

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3.2 Energy balance equations for double slope solar still

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of west glass cover.

Where, , is thermal conductivity of glass cover, is thickness of glass cover and is

3.2.5 For basin liner

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using equations (3) and (4) as follows.

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identical ETC connected in series.

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surface and ambient air temperature have been presented in Fig. 2.

5 Results and discussion

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receiver surface after getting reflected from parabolic surface.

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Expressions for and

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Kuwait, 1983, pp. 331-335.

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Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 32 pp. 847–58.

double slope active solar still, Desalination, 277, pp. 399-406.

Energy, Vol. 87, pp. 1763-1772

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̇ hourly energy output, kWh

collector efficiency factor, dimensionless

daily exergy gain, kWh

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Two water temperature at t=0, oC

CDS conventional double slope solar still

FPC flat plate collector

N-PVT-FPC-DS double slope solar still included with N identical PVT-FPC

penalty factor second, dimensionless

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Figure caption list

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Table caption list

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Outer glass tube Inner glass tube

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June-global June-beam June-ambient air temperature

Ambient air temperature (oC)

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350 𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.002 kg/s

200 𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.012 kg/s

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160 𝑚̇ 𝑓 = 0.016 kg/s, N=12 4.5

120 3.5 𝑐𝑤𝑔𝑊

Time of day (h)

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Production of potable water