Hate speech on social media, particularly on platforms like Twitter, has become a significant

concern due to its prevalence and impact on individuals and society. Various studies have
highlighted the need to address hate speech on Twitter specifically. Waseem & Hovy (2016)
emphasize the challenge in identifying hate speech due to the varying definitions and manual
efforts involved (Waseem & Hovy, 2016). This manual effort is further supported by the study
by (Hangartner et al., 2021), which discusses how the rise of online forums has provided
perpetrators with higher visibility and direct targeting capabilities (Hangartner et al., 2021).

Silva et al. (2021) conducted a large-scale study focusing on the main targets of hate speech in
online social media, shedding light on the specific groups or individuals that are often subjected
to hateful content (Silva et al., 2021). This aligns with the findings of (Febryanti et al., 2022),
who identified specific targets of hate speech during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as political
figures and government institutions (Febryanti et al., 2022).

Yuliyanti et al. (2020) delve into the forms of hate speech on social media, providing insights
into the types of hateful comments and illocutionary speech acts present in online discourse
(Yuliyanti et al., 2020). Moreover, Bachari (2019) and Widiantho (2020) focus on hate speech
directed towards specific individuals, like President Joko Widodo, showcasing how hate speech
can be targeted at public figures (Bachari, 2019; Widiantho, 2020).

Caldera et al. (2020) highlight the increase in hate speech on social media platforms during the
COVID-19 pandemic, indicating the relevance of studying hate speech trends during crises
(Caldera et al., 2020). Additionally, Elsherief et al. (2018) and Rangkuti et al. (2019) provide
insights into the linguistic aspects of hate speech, emphasizing the importance of linguistic
analysis in identifying hate speech acts (Rangkuti et al., 2019).

Overall, the prevalence of hate speech on Twitter necessitates a multi-faceted approach involving
linguistic analysis, target identification, and trend analysis to effectively combat and mitigate the
harmful effects of hate speech on social media platforms.

References:
Bachari, A. (2019). Analysis of form and theme of hate speech against president joko widodo on
social media: a forensic linguistic study.. https://doi.org/10.2991/icollite-18.2019.49
Caldera, H., Meedin, G., & Perera, I. (2020). Time series based trend analysis for hate speech in
twitter during covid 19 pandemic.. https://doi.org/10.1109/icter51097.2020.9325491
Febryanti, D., Mahmud, Z., Putri, S., Ovalia, F., & Sekarwangi, Y. (2022). Tipologi hate speech
di twitter terkait kebijakan pemerintah selama pandemi covid-19. Jurnal Komunikasi Global,
11(2), 274-299. https://doi.org/10.24815/jkg.v11i2.26733
Hangartner, D., Gennaro, G., Alasiri, S., Bahrich, N., Bornhoft, A., Boucher, J., … & Donnay,
K. (2021). Empathy-based counterspeech can reduce racist hate speech in a social media field
experiment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(50).
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116310118
Rangkuti, R., Pratama, A., & Zulfan, Z. (2019). Hate speech acts: a case in batu bara. Language
Literacy Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching, 3(2), 225-233.
https://doi.org/10.30743/ll.v3i1.1998
Silva, L., Mondal, M., Correa, D., Benevenuto, F., & Weber, I. (2021). Analyzing the targets of
hate in online social media. Proceedings of the International Aaai Conference on Web and Social
Media, 10(1), 687-690. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14811
Waseem, Z. and Hovy, D. (2016). Hateful symbols or hateful people? predictive features for hate
speech detection on twitter.. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-2013
Widiantho, Y. (2020). Hate speech addressed to president joko widodo in online media:
impoliteness strategies analysis. Lingpoet Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research, 1(1), 14-
19. https://doi.org/10.32734/lingpoet.v1i1.4692
Yuliyanti, T., Subyantoro, S., & Pristiwati, R. (2020). Form of hate speech comments on najwa
shihab youtube channels in the general election campaign of president and vice president of the
republic of indonesia 2019. Seloka Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 9(3), 254-
263. https://doi.org/10.15294/seloka.v9i3.42513
References
Bachari, A. (2019). Analysis of form and theme of hate speech against president joko widodo on
social media: a forensic linguistic study.. https://doi.org/10.2991/icollite-18.2019.49
Caldera, H., Meedin, G., & Perera, I. (2020). Time series based trend analysis for hate speech in
twitter during covid 19 pandemic.. https://doi.org/10.1109/icter51097.2020.9325491
Febryanti, D., Mahmud, Z., Putri, S., Ovalia, F., & Sekarwangi, Y. (2022). Tipologi hate speech
di twitter terkait kebijakan pemerintah selama pandemi covid-19. Jurnal Komunikasi Global,
11(2), 274-299. https://doi.org/10.24815/jkg.v11i2.26733
Hangartner, D., Gennaro, G., Alasiri, S., Bahrich, N., Bornhoft, A., Boucher, J., … & Donnay,
K. (2021). Empathy-based counterspeech can reduce racist hate speech in a social media field
experiment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(50).
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116310118
Rangkuti, R., Pratama, A., & Zulfan, Z. (2019). Hate speech acts: a case in batu bara. Language
Literacy Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching, 3(2), 225-233.
https://doi.org/10.30743/ll.v3i1.1998
Silva, L., Mondal, M., Correa, D., Benevenuto, F., & Weber, I. (2021). Analyzing the targets of
hate in online social media. Proceedings of the International Aaai Conference on Web and Social
Media, 10(1), 687-690. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14811
Waseem, Z. and Hovy, D. (2016). Hateful symbols or hateful people? predictive features for hate
speech detection on twitter.. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-2013
Widiantho, Y. (2020). Hate speech addressed to president joko widodo in online media:
impoliteness strategies analysis. Lingpoet Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research, 1(1), 14-
19. https://doi.org/10.32734/lingpoet.v1i1.4692
Yuliyanti, T., Subyantoro, S., & Pristiwati, R. (2020). Form of hate speech comments on najwa
shihab youtube channels in the general election campaign of president and vice president of the
republic of indonesia 2019. Seloka Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 9(3), 254-
263. https://doi.org/10.15294/seloka.v9i3.42513