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Science
Quarter 3 – Hybrid Module 6
Biodiversity and Evolution (Part 2)
Week 6

SDO Taguig City and Pateros

 Let’s Learn

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The pieces of evidence which support the process of evolution is the main concern in
creating this module. Generally, this module will help you explain how evolution through
natural selection can result in biodiversity

Specifically, after going through this module you are expected to:
1. explain the occurrence of evolution according to Lamarck’s ideas;
2. explain the occurrence of evolution according to Darwin’s ideas; and
3. explain the occurrence of evolution by comparing the ideas of Lamarck and Darwin.

Let’s Try

Directions: Read the following questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer
and write it on your answer sheet.

1. Who developed the theory of evolution based on acquired traits?

A. Charles Bonnet C. Antoine Lavoisier
B. Charles Darwin D. Jean Baptise de Lamarck

2. Theory of evolution postulated by Darwin is anchored on which of the following ideas?

A. Acquired traits C. Genetic drift
B. Natural selection D. Catastrophism

3. Based on the theory of acquired traits, what would be the appearance of the offspring’s
skin if his parents developed dark skin due to frequent exposure to sunlight?
A. lacks skin pigment C. dark skin
B. skin with blemishes D. lighter skin

4. Which of the following is NOT part of the main ideas of evolution based on acquired traits?
A. Changes in the body structures of an organism resulted from adaptation into
changing environmental conditions.
B. The frequently used body structures develop, while the unused body structures
weaken and disappear.
C. Changes in the body structures as the result of either use or disuse are inherited
by the offspring.
D. Organisms with favorable distinctions which primarily affected by genetic variation
and expression can survive and reproduce better.

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5. What does the theory of use and disuse suggests?
D. When a specific body structure is not used, it develops.
A. When a specific body structure is often used, nothing happens to it.
C. When a specific body structure is not used, it weakens and disappears.
B. When a specific body structure is often used, it weakens and disappears.

6. Which structure may be attributed to the theory of use and disused?

A. Vestigial structures C. Homologous structures
B. Analogous structures D. Embryological structures

7. Which of the following ideas of Lamarck may be accounted for in the transmission of the
long-neck trait of giraffes?
A. Acquired traits may be inherited by offspring.
B. Transmission of traits depends on the number of populations.
C. Adaptation on the changing environmental condition favors only few.
D. Organisms with favorable traits have better chances of survival and reproduction.

8. What is the idea associated with the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin?
A. Survival of the brightest C. Survival of the fittest
B. Survival of the strongest D. Survival of the riches

9. Which idea in the theory of natural selection refers to differences manifested by

individuals belonging to the same species?
A. Speciation C. Variation
B. Gradualism D. Overproduction

10. What would likely happen if small changes accumulated, causing a marked change in
the population over a very long time?
A. Speciation C. Variation
B. Gradualism D. Overproduction

11. Which of the following pertains to the process that results in the differential reproductive
success of those individuals best adapted for specific environmental changes?
A. Gradualism C. Overproduction
B. Competition D. Natural selection

12. What would happen if a particular trait which is not harmful to an organism and does not
lessen its survival capacity gets established and manifested in the population?
A. Genetic drift C. Isolation
B. Natural selection D. Speciation

13. Which characteristic based on the theory of natural selection is manifested by organisms
which are more fit than the others?
A. stronger and healthier
B. adapted to their environment
C. can compete with other organisms
D. with better chances of survival and reproduction rate

14. As observed by Darwin in the Galapagos Island, what can be the purpose of induced
adaptation which resulted in the variation in the beaks of finches (species of bird)?
A. mating and reproduction C. migration

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 B. increasing heat tolerance D. feeding habit

15. According to Lamarck’s theory of evolution, what type of characteristic is inherited by the
offspring?
A. favorable B. varied C. acquired D. artificial

Lesson
Biodiversity and Evolution
6 Part 2

Let’s Recall

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle by using the clues below.

1 6
E
2
O

3 4
S A

O O

Clues
1. These are preserved remains or traces of primitive organisms that lived during
prehistoric times.
2. The process in which species change through time.

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 3. These structures are body parts that appears to be reduced in size and does not seem
to have a function.
4. They are the parts of the organisms that perform the same function but differ in
structures.
5. These are the structures of organisms that appear similar based on their origin.
6. The study of organisms’ developmental changes in bodily structures that takes place
from egg to adult.

Let’s Explore

LET’S VOLT IN
Directions: 1. Below are words divided into halves
2. Find the pieces that fit together and then write it on the space provided.

dar favo the use arck

sur grad ves ural uired
fit ori muta petition lution
acq adap organ tation its
dis com test ation tion
nat vari ciation tigial isms
spe tra lam ualism vival
rable evo win ory gin

Questions in your mind…..

Did you see any connections in the words you found?
(provide a brief explanation)
What do you think is the relevance of these words in this week’s topic?

Let’s Elaborate 1. Read the following discussions.

2. Use a graphic organizer to better
understand the discussions.
3. Highlight the important concepts
if necessary.
necessary.
Theories of Evolution
There are several theories that attempted to explain how evolution occurs. Some of
which were already rejected by the scientific community due to a lack of conclusive evidence
to support the claims. As of this day, several studies are still conducted to better understand
how evolution takes place and to gather more data about the factors which trigger evolution.

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 For this module, the discussion in
compliance with the objectives will be limited to the
Theory of Evolution of Charles Darwin and Jean
Baptise de Lamarck.

A. The Theory of Acquired Traits

Jean Baptise de Lamarck is a French
scientist who introduced the theory of acquired
traits. In 1809, while he was working as a professor
of the insects, worms, and microscopic animals at
the Natural History Museum, he observed that fossils of invertebrates manifest a striking
similarity to the modern invertebrates. He then postulated that these prehistoric invertebrates
are the ancestors of modern invertebrates. This observation leads to his theory of Acquired
Traits.

Figure 1.1. Jean Baptise de Lamarck

Theory of acquired traits may be summarized into the

following ideas:
1. Organisms modified their behavioral patterns to
adapt to environmental changes. Their changed
behavior, in turn, modified some of their organs.
2. Their adaptation causes some body structures to
be frequently utilized while the other structures
were not commonly used. This is known as the
Principle of Use and Disuse. This principle
suggests that when a certain body structure is often used for adaptation becomes more
developed, while those structures which are not commonly used, weaken and eventually
disappear.
3. Developed body structures as a result of their adaptation and the disappearing structures
are inherited by their offspring.1

To learn more about the Theory of acquired traits of Jean Baptise de Lamarck, you
may visit the following links.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Eo8EcSAixg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAT77MEGAns

The classic example is that giraffes developed their elongated necks and front legs by
generations of browsing on high tree leaves as means of adaptation to the alternative source of
food. The frequent exercise of stretching up to the leaves improved the neck and legs, and their
offspring inherited these acquired characteristics.

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Figure 1.2 Giraffe browsing on
high Tree leaves

Another example is the disuse of the human tail

known as coccyx. According to the principle of use and
disuse, structures that are not commonly used, weaken
and eventually disappear. Human, according to
comparative anatomy manifest body structures similar to
primates which gives the impression that primates are
probably the ancestor of human beings. When primates
started to dwell on land, they seldom used their tail which
leads to their disappearance.

Figure 1.3 Human coccyx

B. The Theory of Natural Selection

Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12,
1809 at Shrewsbury England. He was an English
naturalist who developed a theory of evolution based on
natural selection. Darwin went on a journey with H.M.S
Beagle which departed on a scientific expedition to the
South Seas. Their journey leads them to South America,
the Galapagos Island. While on the island, a species of
bird known as Finch caught the attention of Darwin. He
observed that populations of Finches manifest a slight
variation in their beaks which adapted for different feeding
habits. He was also able to note the different populations
of tortoises. Darwin published the result of his research on
the book “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection”. Darwin’s theory of evolution disproves
Lamarck’s Theory. Figure 2.1 Charles Darwin

Darwin’s theory of evolution may be summarized into six points, namely:

1. Overproduction
Most species tend to produce far more offspring that can survive than are needed to
maintain the population.
2. Competition
Because of the limited living space and food, organisms compete to survive. Offspring
from each generation must compete among themselves to live.
3. Genetic Variation
Individuals although they belong to the same species still differ in some traits. Suffice to
say that characteristics in individuals in any species are not exactly alike.
4. Adaptation
An adaptation is an inherited trait that increases an organisms’ chance of survival and
reproduction rate in a given environment.
5. Natural Selection
Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and
change. Individuals in a population are naturally different in some ways. This variation
means that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others.
Better suited inherited traits and favorable variations enable the individuals to survive
and reproduce. This simply pertains to the idea of survival of the fittest.
6. Speciation

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 Over many generations, favorable adaptations in a particular environment gradually
accumulate in a species and “bad” ones disappear. Eventually, accumulated changes
become so great, the result is a new species. The formation of a new species is called
“Speciation” and it takes numerous generations to happen. It happens when the
individuals of a population continue to breed among themselves over a long period of
time and accumulate a new set of traits unique to them.3

To learn more about the Theory of Natural Selection of Charles Darwin, you may
visit the following links.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOk_0mUT_JU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZt1Gn0R22Q

C. Differences Between Lamarck’s and Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Lamarck’s
Variation of offspring brought about
individuals in the population changing
Individuals want to change
Change because of adaptation to the
environment
Individuals in the population change
Changes brought about by adaptation
to the environment are inherited from
parent to offspring
Darwin’s
Offspring inherit variation
Environmental factors are working
randomly
In natural selection, favorable traits best
suited to the environment enable
organisms to survive and reproduce
The population as a whole change
Characteristics are passed on from
generation to generation to enable
individuals to survive in the environment

To learn more about the comparison of Lamarck’s and Darwin’s Theory of

Evolution, you may visit the following link.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x73bsC7WIsE

Let’s Dig In

Activity 1: COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Directions: Select your answers from the Concept Bank, then write them on the proper
column in the T-Table.

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 Theories of Evolution
1 Name of the theory 1

2 Proponent of theory 2

3 Main points of theory 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

Concept Bank
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Theory of natural selection
Survival of the fittest
Characteristics are passed on from
generation to generation to enable
individuals to survive in the environment
Individuals in the population change
Favorable traits best suited to the
environment enable organisms to
survive and reproduce.
Charles Robert Darwin
Theory of acquired traits
Principle of use and disuse
Changes brought about by adaptation
to the environment are inherited from
parent to offspring
The population as a whole change
Change happens because of adaptation
to environment

Activity 2: THE NATURAL SELECTION GAME

Directions: Identify which of the Six Points on the Theory of Natural Selection is
represented by each of the images shown.

1. ___________________________ 2. __________________________

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3. ___________________________ 4. ___________________________

5. ___________________________ 6. ___________________________

Let’s Remember

COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Directions: A. Complete the Venn Diagram below.

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 B. Write the similarities and differences of the two theories of evolution.

Theory of Natural Theory of Acquired

Selection Traits

Similarities

Differences

Let’s Apply

THINKING CRITICALLY
Directions: A. Answer the question below. Using your knowledge on theories of evolution,
create arguments that support your answer.
B. You are allowed to use online sources or books to support your answer.
C. Be guided by the rubric below.

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Scoring Rubric

Scored Factor Very Good Good Developing

6 4 2
Concept The concepts or The concepts or The concepts or
evidence are evidence are evidence are very
complete and error- considerably enough minimal with lots of error
free with minor errors
Organization The concepts or The concepts or The concepts or
and evidence are clearly evidence are properly evidence are unclear
Presentation and properly presented and improperly
presented presented
Grammar There is no There are less than There are five or more
grammatical error five grammatical grammatical error
observed error observed observed

Why was Lamarck's theory of acquired

traits disproved by Darwin's theory of
natural selection?

The reason is…… __________________________________

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________
Let’s Evaluate

Directions: Read the following questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer
and write it on your answer sheet.
1. What is the main thrust of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution?
A. Catastrophism C. Acquired traits
B. Use and disuse D. Natural selection
2. How did the theory of acquired traits manifest in an organism?

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 A. Giraffes developed their elongated necks and front legs by generations of
browsing on high tree leaves as means of adaptation.
B. The offspring of a mouse whose tail has been cut manually will inherit the trait for
having no tail.
C. The beak of several species of birds varied due to their adaptation based on their
feeding habit.
D. Penguins, which are classified as bird loses their ability to fly due to the cold
environment.

3. Who developed the theory of evolution based on acquired traits?

A. Charles Darwin C. Charles Bonnet
B. Jean Baptise de Lamarck D. Antoine Lavoisier

4. According to Lamarck’s theory of evolution, what type of characteristic is inherited by the

offspring?
A. varied C. acquired
B. artificial D. favorable

5. Which point in the theory of natural selection refers to differences manifested by

individuals belonging to the same species?
A. Overproduction C. Competition
B. Variation D. Speciation

6. Which of the following ideas of Lamarck may be accounted for in the transmission of the
long-neck trait of giraffes?
A. Organisms with favorable traits have better chances of survival and reproduction.
B. Adaptation on the changing environmental condition favors only few.
C. Transmission of traits depends on the number of populations.
D. Acquired traits may be inherited by offspring.

7. Several factors affect how organisms will adapt to their environment. What happens when
there is limited living space and food available to organisms?
A. Speciation C. Variation
B. Competition D. Overproduction

8. What is the idea associated with the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin?
A. Survival of the strongest C. Survival of the smartest
B. Survival of the fittest D. Survival of the wisest

9. Which of the following statements best explains natural selection?

A. Changes brought about by adaptation to the environment are inherited from a
parent to offspring.
B. Characteristics are passed on from generation to generation to enable individuals
to survive in the environment.
C. Developed body structures as a result of their adaptation and the disappearing
structures are inherited by their offspring.
D. Variation of offspring brought about individuals in the population.

10. What happens when a particular trait that is not harmful to an organism and does not
lessen its survival capacity get established and manifested in the population?
A. Speciation C. Overproduction
B. Genetic drift D. Natural selection Speciation

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11. Which of the following is NOT part of the main ideas of evolution based on acquired
traits?
A. Changes in the body structures of an organism resulted from adaptation into
changing environmental conditions.
B. The frequently used body structures develop, while the unused body structures
weaken and disappear.
C. Changes in the body structures as the result of either use or disuse are inherited
by the offspring.
D. Organisms with favorable distinctions which primarily affected by genetic variation
and expression can survive and reproduce better.

12. The tendency of organisms to produce more offspring that can survive is highlighted at
which point in the Theory of Natural Selection?
A. Speciation C. Overproduction
B. Competition D. Natural selection

13. Which characteristic based on theory of natural selection is manifested by organisms

which are more fit than the others?
A. stronger and healthier
B. adapted to their environment
D. can compete with other organisms
C. with better chances of survival and reproduction rate

14. As observed by Darwin in the Galapagos Island, what can be the purpose of induced
adaptation which resulted in the variation in the beaks of finches (species of bird)?
A. mating and reproduction C. migration
B. increasing heat tolerance D. feeding habit

15. Which among the main points of Darwin’s theory of

evolution is depicted in the picture?
A. Natural selection
B. Competition
C. Adaptation
D. Variation

Let’s Extend

RESEARCHER ON ACTION
Directions: 1. Using the internet or other printed references,
search for other theories which
attempted to explain how evolution occurs.
2. Include the scientists who developed these
theories and their bases.

To learn more about the different theories of Evolution, you

may visit the following links.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKTXxZSz-9s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdgfzdlgUHw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IylM-SqSxLA
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References
Printed References
[1]
Dela Cruz, S.B. (2003). Next Century Biology. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., p. 170.
[2]
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/natural-selection/
[3]
Rabago, et al. (2010). Functional Biology. Philippines. Vibal Publishing House, Inc., p. 330
[4]
Id. p. 165.

Photo Credits
Fig. 1.1 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/02/3/image_pop/l_023_01.html
Fig. 1.2 https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/somalia-giraffes-eat-leaves-acacia-
trees_9369407.htm
Fig. 1.3 https://www.google.com/search?q=vestigial+structures&tbm=isch&ved.
Fig. 2.1 https://www.biography.com/scientist/charles-darwin
https://www.willyswilderness.org/post/it-s-ok-to-handle-a-baby-bird-but-many-don-t-need-
help
https://socratic.org/biology/natural-selection/speciation
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/10.36/
https://www.quora.com/What-are-examples-of-competition-in-the-animal-kingdom
https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/five-astonishing-plant-adaptations/

Development Team of the Module

Writer: IAN LUIGIE D. ORDOÑEZ
Editor:
Content Evaluators: MINERVA M. CONTRERAS, MT II,
JANETH G. MAMANSAG, MT II,
ROBEEMANE B. BALISI, TIII,
JENNY G. BELZA, T II,
AGAPE GRACE D. RIVEZA, T II &
MARY ANNE G. CAMBA, T I
Language Evaluator: KAREN C. SING
Illustrator: VICTOR G. TALEON
Layout Artist: VICTOR G. TALEON
HYBRID MODULE TEAM:
DR. MELEDA POLITA – SDS (Team Leader)
DR. REA MILANA-CRUZ – (School Principal IV-WBNHS)
JAYAR E. LONGASA – MT I (WBNHS)
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
DR. MARIVIC T. ALMO, EPS-SCIENCE
DR. DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

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